Editing Tragopogon

{{short description|Genus of plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Goatsbeards
| image = Tragopogon porrifolius flower.jpg
| image_caption = Purple salsify<br>(''[[Tragopogon porrifolius]]'')
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Tragopogon
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=r>[https://archive.today/20141204141825/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=c0677779-84af-4a52-bd22-bd2b5e50c1cd Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ]</ref>
| synonyms = ''[[Chromopappus]]'' <small>Boriss.</small>
| type_species = ''[[Tragopogon porrifolius]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>lectotype designated by C. Díaz de la Guardia Guerrero et G. Blanca López, Regnum Veg. 127: 95 (1993)</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40016322 Tropicos, ''Tragopogon'' L.]</ref>
}}

'''''Tragopogon''''', also known as '''goatsbeard'''<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TRAGO|taxon=Tragopogon|accessdate=14 December 2015}}</ref> or '''salsify''', is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]]. It includes the [[vegetable]] known as [[Tragopogon porrifolius|salsify]], as well as a number of common wild flowers.

Salsifies are [[forb]]s growing as [[biennial plant|biennial]] or [[perennial plant]]s.  They have a strong taproot and milky [[Plant sap|sap]].  They generally have few branches, and those there are tend to be upright.  Their leaves are somewhat grass-like.  Flower colour varies within the genus, with some yellow species, and some bronze or purple.  Seeds are [[achene]]s and are borne in a globe like that of a [[dandelion]] but larger, and are dispersed by the wind.

The salsifies are mostly natives of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], but several species have been introduced into [[North America]] and [[Australia]] and have spread widely there.  There is one species sometimes considered native to North America, ''[[Tragopogon mirus]]'', but it is in fact a hybrid of two non-native species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Tragopogon|website=Biota of North America Program|accessdate=26 May 2017|title=2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps}}</ref>

Some of the more common species of ''Tragopogon'' are known, in the regions where they are most common, by the common names goat's beard, goatsbeard, salsify, or common salsify, without further qualification.  These names are therefore inherently ambiguous, and best avoided, or reserved for the genus collectively.  In the species list below, the first common name given is the one that seems to be most widely used for that species and is not in significant use for any other species.

The vegetable called salsify is usually the root of the purple salsify, ''[[Tragopogon porrifolius]]''; the root is described as having the taste of [[oyster]]s (hence the alternative common name "[[oyster plant]]" for some species in this genus), but more  insipid with a touch of sweetness.  The young shoots of purple salsify can also be eaten, as well as young leaves [http://www.northernbushcraft.com/plants/salsify/notes.htm].  Other species are also used in the same way, including the black or [[Spanish salsify]], ''Scorzonera hispanica'', which is closely related though not a member of the genus ''Tragopogon''.

==Etymology==
The name ''Tragopogon'' comes {{etymology|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|τράγος}}'' ({{grc-transl|τράγος}})|billy goat||''{{wikt-lang|grc|πώγων}}'' ({{grc-transl|πώγων}})|beard}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neill |first1=Amanda |title=A Dictionary of Common Wildflowers of Texas & the Southern Great Plains |date=2005 |publisher=TCU Press |location=Fort Worth |page=155}}</ref>

==Hybrid speciation==
Salsifies are one example where [[hybrid speciation]] has been observed.<ref>Ownbey, M. 1950. Natural hybrid speciation and amphiploidy in the genus ''Tragopogon''. American Journal of Botany 37:487–499.</ref><ref>S.J. Novak, D.E. Soltis, & [[P.S. Soltis]]. 1991. Ownbey's Tragopogons Forty Years Later. American Journal of Botany 78:1586–1600.</ref> In the early 1900s, humans introduced three species of goatsbeard into North America. These [[species]], the western salsify (''[[Tragopogon dubius|T. dubius]]''), the [[meadow salsify]] (''T. pratensis''), and the oyster plant (''[[Tragopogon porrifolius|T. porrifolius]]''), are now common in urban areas. In the 1950s, botanists found two new species in the regions of [[Idaho]] and [[Washington (state)|Washington]], where the three already known species overlapped. One new species, ''[[Tragopogon miscellus]]'', is a [[tetraploid]] [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of ''T. dubius'' and ''T. pratensis''. The other species, ''[[Tragopogon mirus]]'', is also an [[Polyploid|allopolyploid]], but its ancestors were ''T. dubius'' and ''T. porrifolius''.  These new species are usually referred to as "the Ownbey hybrids" after the botanist who first described them.  The ''T. mirus'' population grows mainly by reproduction of its own members, but additional episodes of hybrid speciation continue to add to the ''T. mirus'' population.<ref>Soltis, D. E., [[Soltis, P. S.]], Pires, J. C., Kovarik, A., Tate, J. A., & Mavrodiev, E. (2004).  Recent and recurrent polyploidy in ''Tragopogon'' (Asteraceae): cytogenetic, genomic and genetic comparisons.  ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82'', 485–501.</ref>

==Species==
;Accepted species<ref name=trop2>{{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/NameSubordinateTaxa.aspx?nameid=40016322 |title=Name – ''Tragopogon'' L. subordinate taxa |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=February 10, 2010}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?12244 |title=Species in GRIN for genus ''Tragopogon'' |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |accessdate=February 10, 2010 |authorlink=Germplasm Resources Information Network}}</ref><ref name=plants>{{ cite web |url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=TRAGO |title=PLANTS Profile for ''Tragopogon'' (goatsbeard) |work=PLANTS |author=National Plant Data Center |publisher=USDA, [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] |accessdate=February 10, 2010}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=19em}}
*  [[Tragopogon acanthocarpus|''T. acanthocarpus'']] Boiss 
*  [[Tragopogon afghanicus|''T. afghanicus'']] Rech.f. & Köie 
*  [[Tragopogon agrostiphyllus|''T. agrostiphyllus'']] Rech.f. & Köie 
*  [[Tragopogon alaicus|''T. alaicus'']] Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon albinerve|''T. albinerve'']] Freyn & Sint. 
*  [[Tragopogon albomarginatus|''T. albomarginatus'']] Kitam. 
*  [[Tragopogon altaicus|''T. altaicus'']] S.A.Nikitin & Schischk. 
*  [[Tragopogon angustissimus|''T. angustissimus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon armeniacus|''T. armeniacus'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon artemczukii|''T. artemczukii'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon aureus|''T. aureus'']] Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon badachschanicus|''T. badachschanicus'']] Boriss. 
*  [[Tragopogon bakhtiaricus|''T. bakhtiaricus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon balcanicus|''T. balcanicus'']] Velen. 
*  [[Tragopogon barbirostris|''T. barbirostris'']] Bisch. 
*  [[Tragopogon bjelorussicus|''T. bjelorussicus'']] Artemczuk 
*  [[Tragopogon bornmuelleri|''T. bornmuelleri'']] G.B.Ownbey & Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon capitatus|''T. capitatus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon castellanus|''T. castellanus'']] Levier 
*  [[Tragopogon cazorlanum|''T. cazorlanum'']] C.Díaz & Blanca 
*  [[Tragopogon charadzeae|''T. charadzeae'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon clavulatus|''T. clavulatus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon coelesyriacus|''T. coelesyriacus'']] Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon colchicus|''T. colchicus'']] Albov ex Grossh. 
*  [[Tragopogon collinus|''T. collinus'']] DC. 
*  [[Tragopogon coloratus|''T. coloratus'']] C.A.Mey. 
*  [[Tragopogon conduplicatus|''T. conduplicatus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon cretaceus|''T. cretaceus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon crocifolius|''T. crocifolius'']] L. 
*  [[Tragopogon cupani|''T. cupani'']] Guss. ex DC. 
*  [[Tragopogon dasyrhynchus|''T. dasyrhynchus'']] Artemczuk 
*  [[Tragopogon dolichocarpus|''T. dolichocarpus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon duarius|''T. duarius'']] Chenev. 
*  [[Tragopogon dubianskyi|''T. dubianskyi'']] Krasch. & S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon dubius|''T. dubius'']] Scop.  – western salsify, western goat's beard, wild oysterplant, yellow salsify, yellow goat's beard, meadow goat's beard, goat's beard, goatsbeard, common salsify, salsify 
*  [[Tragopogon elatior|''T. elatior'']] Steven 
*  [[Tragopogon elongatus|''T. elongatus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon erostris|''T. erostris'']] Boiss. & Hausskn. 
*  [[Tragopogon fibrosum|''T. fibrosum'']] Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn 
*  [[Tragopogon filifolius|''T. filifolius'']] Rehm. ex Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon flexuosus|''T. flexuosus'']] Sosn. ex Grossh. 
*  [[Tragopogon floccosus|''T. floccosus'']] Waldst. & Kit.  – woolly goatsbeard 
*  [[Tragopogon gaudanicus|''T. gaudanicus'']] Boriss. 
*  [[Tragopogon glabrum|''T. glabrum'']] G.Nicholson 
*  [[Tragopogon gongylorrhizus|''T. gongylorrhizus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon gorskianus|''T. gorskianus'']] Rchb.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon gracilis|''T. gracilis'']] D.Don 
*  [[Tragopogon graminifolius|''T. graminifolius'']] DC. 
*  [[Tragopogon hayekii|''T. hayekii'']] (Soó) I.Richardson 
*  [[Tragopogon heteropappus|''T. heteropappus'']] C.H.An 
*  [[Tragopogon hortensis|''T. hortensis'']] Focke 
*  [[Tragopogon humilis|''T. humilis'']] Fisch. 
*  [[Tragopogon hybridus|''T. hybridus'']] L.  – pasture goatsbeard 
*  [[Tragopogon idae|''T. idae'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon iranicus|''T. iranicus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon jesdianus|''T. jesdianus'']] Boiss. & Buhse 
*  [[Tragopogon karelinii|''T. karelinii'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon karjaginii|''T. karjaginii'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon kasahstanicus|''T. kasahstanicus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon kashmirianus|''T. kashmirianus'']] G.Singh 
*  [[Tragopogon kemulariae|''T. kemulariae'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon ketzkhovelii|''T. ketzkhovelii'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon khorasanicus|''T. khorasanicus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon kindingeri|''T. kindingeri'']] Adamov 
*  [[Tragopogon kopetdaghensis|''T. kopetdaghensis'']] Boriss. 
*  [[Tragopogon krascheninnikovii|''T. krascheninnikovii'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon kultiassovii|''T. kultiassovii'']] Popov ex S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon kurdicus|''T. kurdicus'']] Blakelock 
*  [[Tragopogon kurdistanicus|''T. kurdistanicus'']] Chrtek & Hadač 
*  [[Tragopogon lassithicus|''T. lassithicus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon latifolius|''T. latifolius'']] Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon leiorhynchus|''T. leiorhynchus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon leonidae|''T. leonidae'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon leucanthus|''T. leucanthus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon lamottei|''T. lamottei'']] Rouy  – jack-go-to-bed-at-noon 
*  [[Tragopogon makaschwilii|''T. makaschwilii'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon malikus|''T. malikus'']] S.A.Nikitin
*  [[Tragopogon marginatus|''T. marginatus'']] Pavlov 
*  [[Tragopogon melanantherus|''T. melanantherus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon meskheticus|''T. meskheticus'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon minor|''T. minor'']] Mill. 
*  [[Tragopogon mirabilis|''T. mirabilis'']] Rouy  – Ontario goatsbeard 
*  [[Tragopogon mirus|''T. mirus'']] Ownbey  – remarkable goatsbeard 
*  [[Tragopogon miscellus|''T. miscellus'']] Ownbey  – hybrid goat's-beard, Moscow salsify 
*  [[Tragopogon moldavicus|''T. moldavicus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon montanus|''T. montanus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon mutabilis|''T. mutabilis'']] Jacq. 
*  [[Tragopogon nebrodensis|''T. nebrodensis'']] Guss. 
*  [[Tragopogon neglectum|''T. neglectum'']] Hausskn. 
*  [[Tragopogon olympicus|''T. olympicus'']] Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon orientalis|''T. orientalis'']] L. 
*  [[Tragopogon otschiaurii|''T. otschiaurii'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon paradoxus|''T. paradoxus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon parviflorus|''T. parviflorus'']] Trev. 
*  [[Tragopogon perpusillus|''T. perpusillus'']] Arv.-Touv. 
*  [[Tragopogon persicus|''T. persicus'']] Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon phaeus|''T. phaeus'']] Focke 
*  [[Tragopogon pichleri|''T. pichlerii'']] Boiss. 
*  [[Tragopogon porphyrocephalus|''T. porphyrocephalus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon porrifolius|''T. porrifolius'']] L.  – salsify, purple salsify, oyster plant, common salsify, goatsbeard 
*  [[Tragopogon praecox|''T. praecox'']] Focke 
*  [[Tragopogon pratensis|''T. pratensis'']] L.  – jack-go-to-bed-at-noon, meadow salsify or goatsbeard 
*  [[Tragopogon pseudocastellanus|''T. pseudocastellanus'']] Blanca & C.Díaz 
*  [[Tragopogon pseudomajus|''T. pseudomajus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon pterodes|''T. pterodes'']] Pančić 
*  [[Tragopogon pubescens|''T. pubescens'']] Kit. 
*  [[Tragopogon pusillus|''T. pusillus'']] M.Bieb. 
*  [[Tragopogon rechingeri|''T. rechingeri'']] G.B.Ownbey 
*  [[Tragopogon reticulatus|''T. reticulatus'']] Boiss. & A.Huet 
*  [[Tragopogon rezaiyensis|''T. rezaiyensis'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon rhodanthus|''T. rhodanthus'']] Sweet 
*  [[Tragopogon ruber|''T. ruber'']] S.G.Gmel. 
*  [[Tragopogon rumelicum|''T. rumelicum'']] Velen. 
*  [[Tragopogon ruthenicus|''T. ruthenicus'']] Besser ex Claus 
*  [[Tragopogon sabulosus|''T. sabulosus'']] Krasch. & S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon samaritani|''T. samaritani'']] Heldr. & Sart. 
*  [[Tragopogon savranicus|''T. savranicus'']] Sobko 
*  [[Tragopogon scopoli|''T. scopoli'']] Vill. 
*  [[Tragopogon segetus|''T. segetus'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon serawschanicus|''T. serawschanicus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon sibiricus|''T. sibiricus'']] Ganesch. 
*  [[Tragopogon silesiacus|''T. silesiacus'']] Krock. 
*  [[Tragopogon soltisiorum|''T. soltisiorum'']] Mavrodiev 
*  [[Tragopogon songoricus|''T. songoricus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon sosnowskyi|''T. sosnowskyi'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon stribrnyi|''T. stribrnyi'']] Hayek 
*  [[Tragopogon stroterocarpus|''T. stroterocarpus'']] Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon subacaulis|''T. subacaulis'']] O.Schwarz 
*  [[Tragopogon subalpinus|''T. subalpinus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon tanaiticus|''T. tanaiticus'']] Artemczuk 
*  [[Tragopogon tasch-kala|''T. tasch-kala'']] Kuth. 
*  [[Tragopogon tauricus|''T. tauricus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon tesquicola|''T. tesquicola'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon tomentosulus|''T. tomentosulus'']] Boriss. 
*  [[Tragopogon tommasinii|''T. tommasinii'']] Sch.Bip. 
*  [[Tragopogon trachycarpus|''T. trachycarpus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon transcarpaticus|''T. transcarpaticus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon transsilvanicus|''T. transsilvanicus'']] Hayek 
*  [[Tragopogon turkestanicus|''T. turkestanicus'']] S.A.Nikitin 
*  [[Tragopogon ucrainicus|''T. ucrainicus'']] Artemczuk 
*  [[Tragopogon vaginatus|''T. vaginatus'']] G.B.Ownbey & Rech.f. 
*  [[Tragopogon verrucosobracteatus|''T. verrucosobracteatus'']] C.H.An 
*  [[Tragopogon villosus|''T. villosus'']] L. 
*  [[Tragopogon vulgaris|''T. vulgaris'']] Gueldenst. 
*  [[Tragopogon vvedenskyi|''T. vvedenskyi'']] Popov 
*  [[Tragopogon xanthantherus|''T. xanthantherus'']] Klokov 
*  [[Tragopogon × crantzii|''T. × crantzii'']] Dichlt.  – Crantz's salsify 
** [ ''dubius × pratensis'' ] 
*  [[Tragopogon × neohybridus|''T. × neohybridus'']] Farw.  – newhybrid salsify 
** [ ''porrifolius × pratensis'' ]
{{div col end}}

;Formerly included<ref name=r/>
The following species were once included in ''Tragopogon'' and are now regarded as better suited to other genera: ''[[Agoseris]], [[Geropogon]], [[Krigia]], [[Lasiospora]], [[Nothocalais]], [[Podospermum]], [[Scorzonera]], [[Taraxacum]]'', and ''[[Urospermum]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?609,1938 Jepson Manual treatment of the genus]

*{{Commons-inline|Tragopogon}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q889257}}

[[Category:Tragopogon| ]]
[[Category:Speciation events]]
[[Category:Root vegetables]]
[[Category:Stem vegetables]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]