Editing Tortosa

{{For|the city in Syria called Tortosa during the [[Crusades]]|Tartus}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Tortosa
| native_name             = 
| settlement_type         = [[Municipalities of Catalonia|Municipality]]
| image_skyline           = Tortosa (town view).jpg
| imagesize               = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              =  Bandera de Tortosa.svg
| flag_size               = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_shield            =  Escudo de Tortosa.svg
| shield_size             = 
| shield_alt              = 
| nickname                = 
| motto                   = 
| pushpin_map             = Spain Catalonia vegueries
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Catalonia
| coordinates             = {{coord|40|48|46|N|0|31|24|E|source:cawiki|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name        =Spain
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Community]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Catalonia]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[province of Tarragona|Tarragona]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Comarques of Catalonia|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Baix Ebre]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = Jordi Jordan Farnós (2023)
| area_footnotes          = <ref name=idescat>{{cite web|url=http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=431554|title=El municipi en xifres: Tortosa|publisher=[[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya|Statistical Institute of Catalonia]]|access-date=2015-11-23}}</ref>
| area_total_km2          = 218.5
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 12
| population_as_of        = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes    = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total        = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      = Tortosí, tortosina
| population_note         = 
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = 
| area_code               =
| blank_name              = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info              = [[Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]] 
| website                 = {{URL|tortosa.cat}}
| footnotes               = 
}}
[[File:Spain Ebro river in Tortosa.JPG|right|thumb|220px|Ebro river in Tortosa]]
'''Tortosa''' ({{IPA|ca|toɾˈtoza|lang|label=[[Northwestern Catalan]]:}}, {{IPA|es|toɾˈtosa|lang|Pronunciation_of_Tortosa_in_Spanish.ogg}}) is the capital of the ''[[Catalonia/Comarques|comarca]]'' of [[Baix Ebre]], in [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].

Tortosa is located at {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]], by the [[Ebro]] river, protected on its northern side by the mountains of the [[Cardó Massif]], of which [[Buinaca]], one of the highest peaks, is located within Tortosa's municipal boundary.

Before Tortosa, across the river, rise the massive [[Ports de Tortosa-Beseit]] mountains. The area around [[Mont Caro]] and other high summits are often covered with snow in the winter.

==Population centres==
*[[Bítem]], 1.139; includes [[Santa Rosa, Tortosa|Santa Rosa]]
*[[Campredó]], 1.168;
*[[Jesús, Tortosa|Jesús]], 3.755
*[[Els Reguers]], 679
*'''Tortosa''', 27.131
*[[Vinallop]], 363, includes [[Mianes]]
The municipality includes a small [[exclave]] to the west.

==History==
Tortosa (from {{langx|la|Dertusa}} or {{lang|la|Dertosa}}, via {{langx|ar|طرطوشة}} ''Ṭurṭūshah'') is probably identical to the ancient [[Hibera]], capital of [[Ilercavonia]]. This may be the ancient settlement the remains of which have been found on the hill named Castillo de la Zuda. In [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, the town took the name Dertosa ({{langx|grc|Δέρτωσσα}}).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.4.9 Strabo, Geography, §3.4.9]</ref>

Tortosa was occupied in about 714, during the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|Arab conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom]].<ref>{{EI2 |author=María J. Viguera |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1262 |title=Ṭurṭūsha |pages=738–739 |volume=10}}.</ref> It remained under Muslim rule for more than 400 years. King [[Louis the Pious]] laid [[Siege of Tortosa (808–809)|siege to Tortosa]] in 808–809, but although the city submitted he did not manage to occupy it.

The city [[Siege of Tortosa (1148)|was conquered]] by the Count [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona|Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona]] in 1148, as part of the [[Second Crusade]]. Because of the crusading appeal made by Pope [[Eugene III]] and his representative Nicholas Brakespear (the future Pope [[Hadrian IV]]), the siege received the aid of crusaders from multiple nationalities (Genovese, Anglo-Normans, Normans, Occitans, Germans, Flemish and Dutch), who were on their way to the [[Holy Land]]. The siege of Tortosa was narrated by the Genovese chronicler and diplomat [[Caffaro di Rustico da Caschifellone|Caffaro]].

After its conquest, the city and its territory were divided among the victors, with multiple lands being granted to foreign crusaders and to the military and religious orders.<ref>Lucas Villegas-Aristizabal, "Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148-1180", Crusades 8 (2009), pp. 63-129.</ref>

Tortosa also had a sizable Jewish community in the 14th and 15th centuries; vestiges of that community can be seen throughout the City. 
[[File:Tortosa - Formerly a Mezuza Was Here.jpg|thumb|upright|Marks on the side of this dwelling's portal indicate a Jewish family previously lived here, in the ''Call Jueu'' of Tortosa.]]
In the years 1413 and 1414, as an attempt to force conversion upon the Jews, Jews were forced to defend their religion in a two-week [[Disputation of Tortosa]] which took place in the  Cathedral of Tortosa, which is still standing today.

Construction work on a railway line between Tortosa and [[Alcañiz]] began in 1891, to open a communication gate between this region and [[Aragon]].<ref>[http://paginespersonals.upcnet.es/~jmg41/ResumenViaLibre.pdf Historia de la línea de La Puebla de Híjar-Alcañiz-Tortosa-Sant Carles de la Ràpita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619211457/http://paginespersonals.upcnet.es/~jmg41/ResumenViaLibre.pdf |date=2010-06-19 }}</ref> The work, however, was haphazard and the first trains between Alcañiz and Tortosa began only in 1942. The last stretch between Tortosa and [[Sant Carles de la Ràpita]] was never completed before the line was terminated by [[Renfe]] in 1973.<ref>[http://www.vilaweb.cat/www/elpunt/noticia?p_idcmp=3504938 El Punt - El cruel divorci entre Tortosa i el tren]</ref>

==Main sites==
*'''Castle of ''Sant Joan'', or ''Suda''''', commanding the city from a {{convert|59|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=mid|-high}} hill. Though the Romans were the first to fortify the place, the current structure dates to Muslim Caliph [[Abd ar-Rahman III]]. After the conquest by [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona]], in 1148, it became a residence of the Montcada and the [[Knights Templar]], and from the 13th century it became a royal mansion.
*'''[[Tortosa Cathedral|The Cathedral]]''', begun in 1347 and consecrated in 1597.
*'''Bishop Palace'''.
*'''The Royal Schools'''. Founded by Charles V for the education of the Moors, are one of the best examples of Renaissance civil architecture in Catalonia. The architectural known as the Royal Colleges will consist of three buildings: 
**The College of Sant Jaume i Sant Maties (it currently houses the local historical archive of Baix Ebre), 
**The church of Sant Domènec (now the [[Renaissance]] Interpretation Centre).
*Convent of ''Santa Clara'', founded in 1283.
*The Rose street: Despuig Palace (14th century), Oriol Palace and Capmany Palace.
*Oliver de Boteller Palace (15th century)
*Walls and fortresses: Tenasses, Sitjar, Orleans...
*Architecture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: Municipal market, the old municipal slaughterhouse (''Museum of Tortosa''), Montagut Palace, house Pilar Fontanet, Temple of Repair, house Lamote (Siboni), house Brunet, Sabate clinic, house Ballester, house Bernardo Grego, house Pallares, house Camós, house Llorca, Teodoro González municipal park, etc.
*The Old Jewish Quarter (15th century)

*[[Air-raid shelter]] ''number 4'' ([[Spanish Civil War]]) in [[Ernest Hemingway]] Street.

==Museums==
*[[Tortosa Cathedral]] and '''the permanent exhibition'''.
* '''The Museum of Tortosa'''.
* '''The Prince's Gardens''', Santiago de Santiago's outdoor Sculpture Museum.
* '''The Renaissance Interpretation Centre''' (Church of Sant Domènec-The Royal Schools)
* The Holy Week Interpretation Center (''Centre d'Interpretació de la Setmana Santa'') is located in St. Anthony Abbot's Church.

== Tortosa, city of the Renaissance ==
* '''Tortosa [[Renaissance]] Festival'''.<ref>[http://www.festadelrenaixement.org/en ''Festa del Renaixement / Fiesta del Renacimiento''; Official website].</ref> Over 3,000 citizens in period costumes and 60 shows a day with over 500 actors transport us to the Tortosa of 500 years ago. In the second half of July, Tortosa celebrates the Renaissance Festival. Under the title ''the Splendour of a 16th Century City'', the Festival commemorates, through a wide range of cultural and recreational activities, the historical period of the 16th century, one of the most interesting periods in our city's existence.

Declared [[Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain|Fiesta of National Tourist Interest of Spain]] (2005).

== Nature park ([[Biosphere reserve]]) ==
*[[Ports de Tortosa-Beseit]]. This mountains that lie between Catalonia, Valencia and Aragon, are part of a limestone massif, characterised by its abrupt cliff faces, which has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times.<ref>[http://parcsnaturals.gencat.cat/en/ports/index.html gencat.cat] ([[Generalitat de Catalunya]]).</ref>
*[[Ebro Delta]].

==International relations==

===Twin towns — sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain}}

Tortosa is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentació|url=http://www.tortosa.cat/webajt/agermana/index.asp|website=tortosa.cat|publisher=Tortosa|language=ca|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Avignon]], France (1968)
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alcañiz]], Spain (1972) 
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vercelli]], Italy (2003)
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Le Puy-en-Velay]], France (2005)
*{{flagicon|SYR}} [[Tartus]], Syria (2007)
{{div col end}}

==Demography==
{{Demography
|1991=29,452
|1996=30,088
|2001=28,933
|2004=31,979
}}

==Climate==
Tortosa has a [[hot-summer mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') in the [[Köppen climate classification]], bordering on a [[semi-arid climate|hot semi-arid climate]] (''BSh'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos|title=Valors climatológicos normales|publisher=AEMET|access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> Tortosa enjoys a very warm climate for its latitude. Even considering it's located at miles inland from the coastline, this mostly happens because the city lies on the delta of the [[Ebro]] river, which acts as a natural barrier against cold fronts.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Albeit being a Mediterranean climate, winter months have less precipitation than autumn (common pattern in eastern Spain), but there is still a substantial summer drought.{{Weather box
|location = Tortosa 50m (1991-2020). Extremes (1920-present)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 28.1
|Feb record high C = 27.2
|Mar record high C = 32.5
|Apr record high C = 33.9
|May record high C = 36.1
|Jun record high C = 42.4
|Jul record high C = 43.0
|Aug record high C = 43.9
|Sep record high C = 41.4
|Oct record high C = 34.5
|Nov record high C = 28.3
|Dec record high C = 25.6
|year record high C = 
|Jan high C = 15.0
|Feb high C = 16.7
|Mar high C = 19.8
|Apr high C = 22.2
|May high C = 25.8
|Jun high C = 30.1
|Jul high C = 32.8
|Aug high C = 33.1
|Sep high C = 29.2
|Oct high C = 24.5
|Nov high C = 18.7
|Dec high C = 15.2
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 10.4
|Feb mean C = 11.4
|Mar mean C = 14.0
|Apr mean C = 16.3
|May mean C = 19.8
|Jun mean C = 24.0
|Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 27.0
|Sep mean C = 23.4
|Oct mean C = 19.2
|Nov mean C = 14.0
|Dec mean C = 10.8
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Feb low C = 6.1
|Mar low C = 8.2
|Apr low C = 10.3
|May low C = 13.8
|Jun low C = 17.8
|Jul low C = 20.6
|Aug low C = 20.9
|Sep low C = 17.6
|Oct low C = 13.8
|Nov low C = 9.4
|Dec low C = 6.4
|year low C = 
|Jan record low C = -5.0
|Feb record low C = -6.4
|Mar record low C = -2.5
|Apr record low C = 0.1
|May record low C = 3.8
|Jun record low C = 9.2
|Jul record low C = 12.4
|Aug record low C = 12.4
|Sep record low C = 9.1
|Oct record low C = 3.6
|Nov record low C = -2.0
|Dec record low C = -3.8
|year record low C= -6.4
|Jan precipitation mm = 38
|Feb precipitation mm = 24
|Mar precipitation mm = 42
|Apr precipitation mm = 51
|May precipitation mm = 55
|Jun precipitation mm = 25
|Jul precipitation mm = 18
|Aug precipitation mm = 28
|Sep precipitation mm = 59
|Oct precipitation mm = 69
|Nov precipitation mm = 65
|Dec precipitation mm = 38
|year precipitation mm = 
|precipitation color = green
|Jan precipitation days = 4.1
|Feb precipitation days = 3.2
|Mar precipitation days = 4.2
|Apr precipitation days = 5.6
|May precipitation days = 5.4
|Jun precipitation days = 3.1
|Jul precipitation days = 2.1
|Aug precipitation days = 3.0
|Sep precipitation days = 4.7
|Oct precipitation days = 5.0
|Nov precipitation days = 4.5
|Dec precipitation days = 4.0
|year precipitation days = 
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan snow days  =0.2
| Feb snow days  =0.2
| Mar snow days  =0
| Apr snow days  =0
| May snow days  =0
| Jun snow days  =0
| Jul snow days  =0
| Aug snow days  =0
| Sep snow days  =0
| Oct snow days  =0
| Nov snow days  =0
| Dec snow days  =0.1
| year snow days =
|Jan humidity = 65
|Feb humidity = 62
|Mar humidity = 60
|Apr humidity = 59
|May humidity = 59
|Jun humidity = 56
|Jul humidity = 56
|Aug humidity = 59
|Sep humidity = 63
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 66
|Dec humidity = 68
|year humidity = 
|Jan sun = 170
|Feb sun = 181
|Mar sun = 214
|Apr sun = 240
|May sun = 270
|Jun sun = 303
|Jul sun = 335
|Aug sun = 291
|Sep sun = 231
|Oct sun = 202
|Nov sun = 168
|Dec sun = 158
|year sun = 
|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData |title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Aemet.es|access-date = 4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=cat&l=9981A&datos=det&x=9981A&m=13&v=todos|title=Estación de Tortosa (Roquetes): Estación de Tortosa (Roquetes) - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España}}</ref>
|date=October 2016}}

==Notable people==
*[[Ibrahim ibn Yaqub]] (fl.961-962), traveler and merchant
*[[Pope Adrian VI]] (Utrecht, 1459 – Rome, 1523) was Pope of the Catholic Church (1522–1523) and [[Bishop of Tortosa]] (1516–1522).
*[[Francesc Vicent Garcia]] was an early modern Catalan poet known by the pseudonym of the Vallfogona Rector.
*[[Pedro de Alberní]], was a soldier and discovered [[Port Alberni]] (Canada).
*[[Ramón Cabrera y Griñó]] (Tortosa, 1806 – Wentworth, 1877) was a Carlist general. 
*[[Manuel Domingo y Sol]] (Tortosa, 1836 – 1909) was a Roman Catholic priest.
* [[Felipe Pedrell]] (Tortosa, 1841 – Barcelona, 1922) was a composer, guitarist and musicologist.
* [[Jaume Ferran i Clua]] was a Spanish bacteriologist and sanitarian who lived and worked in Tortosa.
* [[Agustí Querol Subirats]] (Tortosa, 1860 – Madrid, 1909) was a prominent sculptor.
* [[Rafael Vidiella]] (Tortosa, 1890 – Barcelona, 1982) was a trade unionist and communist politician.
* [[Pere Estupinyà]] (Tortosa, 1974 – ), biochemist.

==See also==
{|
|valign="top"|
*[[Battle of Dertosa]]
*[[Dertosa]]
*[[Taifa of Tortosa]]
*[[Shem-Tob ben Isaac of Tortosa]]
*[[Bishop of Tortosa]]
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tortosa]]
*[[Disputation of Tortosa]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Siege of Tortosa (1708)]]
*[[Siege of Tortosa (1810-11)]]
*[[Tortosa Pact]]
*[[Battle of the Ebro]] (Spanish Civil War)
*[[CD Tortosa]], football team
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Antoni Virgili, "Angli cum multis aliis alienigenis: crusade settlers in Tortosa (second half of the twelfth century)," ''Journal of Medieval History'', 35,3 (2009), 297–312.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tortosa}}
*[http://www.tortosa.cat/ Official website] {{in lang|ca}}
*[http://www.ebrebiosfera.org/en Discover Terres de l'Ebre Reserva de la Biosfera] (Official website)
* [http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=4315540003 Government data pages] {{in lang|ca}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Tortosa
|N  = [[Tivenys]]
|NE = [[El Perelló]]
|E  = [[Camarles]]
|SE = [[L'Aldea]]
|S  = [[Masdenverge]]<br>[[Amposta]]
|SW = [[La Sénia]]<br>[[Santa Bàrbara, Tarragona|Santa Bàrbara]]
|W  = [[Beceite]] (Aragon)<br>[[Roquetes, Tarragona|Roquetes]]
|NW = [[Aldover]]<br>[[Alfara de Carles]]
}}
{{Baix Ebre}}
{{Municipalities in Tarragona|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Baix Ebre]]
[[Category:Populated places in Baix Ebre]]