Editing Toppenish, Washington

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Toppenish, Washington
|settlement_type          = [[City government in Washington (state)|City]]
|motto                    = 
|image_skyline            = ToppenishPanorama.jpg
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = Northward view over Toppenish in 2010
|image_map                = Yakima_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Toppenish_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location of Toppenish in Washington
<!-- Location ------->
|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Yakima County, Washington|Yakima]]
<!-- Government ------>
|government_footnotes     = <ref>{{cite web|title=City Council|url=https://www.toppenish.gov/city-council|publisher=City of Toppenish, Washington|access-date=November 25, 2024}}</ref>
|government_type          = [[Council–manager government|Council–manager]]
|leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name              = Elpidia Saavedra
|leader_title1            = [[Pro tempore|Mayor Pro Tem]]
|leader_name1             = Loren Belton
|leader_title2            = [[City manager]]
|leader_name2             = Dan Ford
|leader_title3            = [[Councillor|Councilmembers]]
|leader_name3             = Cristian Sanchez<br>Josh Garza<br>Ezequiel Morfin<br>George Garcia<br>Naila Prieto Duval
|established_title        = Founded
|established_date         = 1884
|established_title1       = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date1        = April 29, 1907
<!-- Area --------->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2024">{{cite web|title=2024 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_53.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=November 25, 2024}}</ref>
|area_total_km2           = 5.63
|area_land_km2            = 5.63
|area_water_km2           = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi         = 2.17
|area_land_sq_mi          = 2.17
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.00
<!-- Population ------>
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_est           = 8650
|pop_est_as_of            = 2023
|pop_est_footnotes        = <ref name="USCensusEst2023"/>
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
|population_total         = 8854
|population_density_km2   = 1536.99
|population_density_sq_mi = 3980.81
|population_urban         = 10057<ref name="urban area">{{cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/12/29/2022-28286/2020-census-qualifying-urban-areas-and-final-criteria-clarifications|title=2020 Census Qualifying Urban Areas and Final Criteria Clarifications|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=Federal Register|date=December 29, 2022}}</ref>
|population_metro         = 256643 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|193rd]])
<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[Pacific Standard Time|Pacific (PST)]]
|utc_offset               = −8
|timezone_DST             = PDT
|utc_offset_DST           = −7
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_ft             = 761
|coordinates              = {{coord|46|22|35|N|120|18|36|W|region:US-WA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
<!-- Area/postal codes and others -->
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP Code]]
|postal_code              = 98948
|area_code                = [[Area code 509|509]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 53-71960
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 2412086<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2412086}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|https://www.toppenish.gov/|toppenish.gov}}
|footnotes                = 
}}

'''Toppenish''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|p|p|ə|n|ɪ|ʃ}}) is a city in [[Yakima County, Washington|Yakima County]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States. The population was 8,854 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web|title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Toppenish_city,_Washington?g=160XX00US5371960 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=November 25, 2024}}</ref> It is located within the [[Yakama Indian Reservation]], established in 1855.

Toppenish calls itself the city of Murals, as it has more than 75 [[mural]]s adorning its buildings. The first, "Clearing the Land", was painted in 1989, and the city hosts horse-drawn tours and annual art events. All murals are historically accurate and depict scenes of the region from 1840 to 1940.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visittoppenish.com/blank|title=MURALS. Mural Tour Informatiom|website=toppenish-chamber|language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scenicwa.com/poi/toppenish-the-city-of-murals|title=Toppenish Chamber of Commerce|website=www.scenicwa.com|access-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yakimaherald.com/discoveryakima/toppenish-murals/article_1213bca8-5292-11e9-b987-43f9ad72fe21.html|title=Toppenish murals|website=Yakima Herald-Republic|date=March 29, 2019 |language=en|access-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Toppenish-Murals-Where-Still-Lives/dp/B001BNW170|title=The Toppenish Murals: Where the West Still Lives|website=www.amazon.com|date=January 1999 |access-date=July 9, 2019}}</ref>

==History==
All territory set aside for the [[Yakama Indian Reservation]] by the [[Treaty of Washington (1855)|Treaty of Washington]] was held communally in the name of the tribe. None of the land was individually owned. The treaty of 1855, between the United States government, representatives from thirteen other bands, tribes, and [[Chief Kamiakin]], resulted in the Yakama Nation relinquishing {{convert|16920|sqmi|km2}} of their homeland. Prior to their ceding the land, only Native Americans had lived in the area.

For a time they were not much disturbed, but the [[railroad]] was constructed into the area in 1883. More white settlers migrated into the region, looking for farming land, and joined the ranchers in older settlements bordering the [[Columbia River]].

The [[Dawes Act]] of 1887 was part of federal legislation designed to force assimilation to European-American ways by Native Americans. Specifically, it was designed to break up the communal tribal land of Native American reservations and allot portions to individual households of tribal members, in order to encourage subsistence farming in the European-American style and familiarity with western conceptions of property. Lands declared excess by the government to this allotment were available for sale to anyone, and European Americans had been demanding more land in the West for years. Under varying conditions, Native American landowners were to be allowed to sell their plots.

Josephine Bowser Lillie was among Native Americans granted an {{convert|80|acre|m2|adj=on}} allotment of land within the Yakama Reservation. Of mixed Native American/European ancestry and Yakama identification, she is known as "The Mother of Toppenish." She platted the north {{convert|40|acre|m2}} of her land. These tracts became the first deeded land to be sold on the Yakama Nation Reservation.

[[File:Toppenish - City Hall.JPG|thumb|right|Toppenish City Hall]]
A driving figure in Toppenish's early development was William Leslie Shearer (October 31, 1862 – June 5, 1922). Since Toppenish had no church in 1897 Shearer obtained permission from the Northern Pacific Railroad Company and offered the freight room for religious services. Following this, he helped organize the first Methodist Church and, as trustee, was instrumental in the construction of a building that would house the church and also serve as school classrooms until a separate schoolhouse could be built. The building was completed in time for the 1898-1899 school term.

After leaving the employment of the railroad, Shearer, with Frank J. Lemon as his partner, opened Toppenish's first drugstore in 1905. About a year later, Shearer sold out, turning his attention to the newly organized Yakima Produce and Trading company, with George Plank, A.W. McDonald and M. McDonald as partners. The company bought some acreage and leased more sagebrush land to develop the 1700-acre ranch near Satus Station. Shearer had a system of irrigation ditches constructed leading from Satus Creek to the acreage.

Toppenish was officially incorporated on April 29, 1907, and founded by Johnny Barnes.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} The city lies inside the boundaries of the Yakama Nation's Reservation.

==Etymology==
''Tẋápniš'' in the [[Sahaptin language]] of the Yakama is the likely source of the name Toppenish. The word means ‘protruded, stuck out’ and recalls a landslide that occurred on the ridge south of [[White Swan, Washington]].<ref>[[Virginia Beavert|Beavert, Virginia]] and Hargus, Sharon. ''Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit Yakama = Yakima Sahaptin dictionary''. Toppenish, Washington : Heritage University ; Seattle : in association with the University of Washington Press, 2009; p. 237. OCLC 268797329</ref> According to [[William Bright]], the name "Toppenish" comes from the Sahaptin word ''/txápniš/'', referring to a landslide, from ''/txá-/'', "accidentally", ''/-pni-/'', "to launch, to take forth and out", and ''/-ša/'', "[[Continuous and progressive aspects|continuative present tense]]".<ref name="Bright2004">{{cite book|last=Bright|first=William|author-link=William Bright|title=Native American placenames of the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA508|access-date=April 11, 2011|year=2004|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|page=508}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|2.17|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all land.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2024"/>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1910= 1598
|1920= 3120
|1930= 2774
|1940= 3683
|1950= 5265
|1960= 5667
|1970= 5744
|1980= 6517
|1990= 7419
|2000= 8946
|2010= 8949
|2020= 8854
|estyear=2023
|estimate=8650
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=November 6, 2024|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=November 6, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br>2020 Census<ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
}}

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Toppenish, Washington – racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
! Race / ethnicity <small>(''NH = non-Hispanic'')</small>
! Pop. 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Toppenish city, Washington|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF12000.P004?g=160XX00US5371960|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref>
! Pop. 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Toppenish city, Washington|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US5371960&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref>
! {{partial|Pop. 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Toppenish city, Washington|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US5371960&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=November 6, 2024}}</ref>
! % 2000
! % 2010
! {{partial|% 2020}}
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
| 1,398
| 785
| style='background: #ffffe6; |627
| 15.63%
| 8.77%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |7.08%
|-
| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
| 29
| 18
| style='background: #ffffe6; |17
| 0.32%
| 0.20%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
| 594
| 627
| style='background: #ffffe6; |580
| 6.64%
| 7.01%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |6.55%
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
| 22
| 13
| style='background: #ffffe6; |15
| 0.25%
| 0.15%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.17%
|-
| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
| 1
| 0
| style='background: #ffffe6; |7
| 0.01%
| 0.00%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.08%
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
| 13
| 26
| style='background: #ffffe6; |21
| 0.15%
| 0.29%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |0.24%
|-
| [[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or multiracial]] (NH)
| 115
| 92
| style='background: #ffffe6; |113
| 1.29%
| 1.03%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |1.28%
|-
| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
| 6,774
| 7,388
| style='background: #ffffe6; |7,474
| 75.72%
| 82.56%
| style='background: #ffffe6; |84.41%
|-
| '''Total'''
| '''8,946'''
| '''8,949'''
| style='background: #ffffe6; |'''8,854'''
| '''100.00%'''
| '''100.00%'''
| style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 8,854 people, 2,397 households, and 1,926 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Toppenish%20city,%20Washington%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[population density]] was {{convert|4147.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,453 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1148.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 18.33% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.40% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 9.36% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.36% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.14% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 52.79% from some other races and 18.62% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] people of any race were 84.41% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How many people live in Toppenish city, Washington |url=https://data.usatoday.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/toppenish-city-washington/160-5371960 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> 31.3% of residents were under the age of 18, 9.3% were under 5 years of age, and 11.9% were 65 and older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.4% female.

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 8,949 people, 2,237 households, and 1,900 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|4280.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,334 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1116.7|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 33.85% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.68% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 8.05% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.31% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.07% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 52.58% from some other races and 4.47% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] people of any race were 82.56% of the population.

There were 2,237 households, of which 62.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 15.1% were non-families. 11.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.96 and the average family size was 4.22.

The median age in the city was 24.3 years. 37.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 17.2% were from 45 to 64; and 6.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.3% male and 48.7% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], there were 8,946 people, 2,275 households, and 1,874 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|4762.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 2,440 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1299.0|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 31.48% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.56% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 7.90% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.37% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.02% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 55.95% from some other races and 3.72% from two or more races. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] people of any race were 75.72% of the population.

There were 2,275 households, out of which 52.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.88 and the average family size was 4.26.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 38.8% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 14.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,950, and the median income for a family was $28,228. Males had a median income of $22,264 versus $19,704 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $9,101. About 29.2% of families and 32.0% of the population were below the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]], including 38.1% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Crime==
{{Infobox UCR
|city_name= Toppenish
|year= 2023
|violent_crime= 64
|homicide= 8
|rape= 3
|robbery= 27
|aggravated_assault= 26
|property_crime= 524
|arson= 2
|burglary= 88
|larceny_theft= 333
|motor_vehicle_theft= 101
|source_url= https://cde.ucr.cjis.gov/LATEST/webapp/#/pages/explorer/crime/crime-trend
|source_name= 2023 FBI UCR Data
|notes= 2023 population: 8,650
}}

According to the [[Uniform Crime Report]] statistics compiled by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) in 2023, there were 64 violent crimes and 524 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 8 murders, 3 forcible rapes, 27 robberies and 26 aggravated assaults, while 88 burglaries, 333 larceny-thefts, 101 motor vehicle thefts and 2 acts of arson defined the property offenses.

==Education==
Public schools are operated by the [[Toppenish School District]], whose offices are located here.

The Yakama Nation also operates the [[Yakama Nation Tribal School]], which is adjacent to Toppenish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yakama.org/contact/|title=Contact|publisher=Yakama Nation Tribal School|accessdate=July 13, 2021|quote=601 Linden Street Toppenish, WA 98948}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/GUBlock/st53_wa/place/p5371960_toppenish/DC10BLK_P5371960_001.pdf Compare to map of the city, US Census Bureau, 2010]</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Vicki Adams (trick rider)|Vicki Adams]], trick rider
* [[Fred Anderson (American football)|Fred Anderson]], former NFL player
* [[Leslie E. Brown]], [[United States Marine Corps]] aviator
* [[Westley Allan Dodd]], serial killer
* [[Bunky Echo-Hawk]], Native American artist and poet
* [[Terry Grosz]], game warden
* [[Charles Lollar]], businessman and political candidate
* [[A.B. Quintanilla]], record producer and musician<ref>{{cite web|last=Egan|first=Timothy|title=Illusions Are Also Left Dead As Child-Killer Awaits Noose|work=The New York Times|date=December 29, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/29/us/illusions-are-also-left-dead-as-child-killer-awaits-noose.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114094923/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/29/us/illusions-are-also-left-dead-as-child-killer-awaits-noose.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|archive-date=November 14, 2013|url-status=live|access-date=March 30, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Gregory Short]], composer, educator, and performer
* [[Dale E. Stovall]], [[United States Air Force]] general
* [[Billy J. Williams]], former [[United States Attorney|United States attorney]] for the [[United States District Court for the District of Oregon|District of Oregon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.toppenish.gov/ City of Toppenish – official website]
* [https://www.historylink.org/file/10400 History of Toppenish] at [[HistoryLink]]

{{Yakima County, Washington}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Cities in Yakima County, Washington]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in Washington Territory]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Yakima River]]
[[Category:Washington (state) placenames of Native American origin]]
[[Category:Seats of government of American Indian reservations]]