Editing Tonic water

{{Short description|Carbonated soft drink containing quinine}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Tonic water uv.jpg|thumb|Under ultraviolet light, the [[quinine]] in tonic water [[fluoresce]]s, as seen with this bottle of [[Canada Dry]] tonic water.]]
'''Tonic water''' is a [[carbonated soft drink]] in which [[quinine]] is dissolved. Originally used as a [[prophylactic]] against [[malaria]], modern tonic water typically has a significantly lower quinine content and is often more sweetened than the original medicinal form. It is consumed for its distinctive [[bittering agent|bitter flavor]].

== History ==
As early as the 17th century the Spanish used quinine from the bark of ''[[Cinchona]]'' trees to treat malaria after being shown the remedy from the Indigenous peoples of [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], and [[Ecuador]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Achan|first1=Jane|last2=Talisuna|first2=Ambrose O|last3=Erhart|first3=Annette|last4=Yeka|first4=Adoke|last5=Tibenderana|first5=James K|last6=Baliraine|first6=Frederick N|last7=Rosenthal|first7=Philip J|last8=D'Alessandro|first8=Umberto|date=2011-05-24|title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=10|pages=144|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-10-144|issn=1475-2875|pmc=3121651|pmid=21609473 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 

In early 19th century [[India]] and other tropical posts of the [[British Empire]], medicinal quinine was recommended to British officials and soldiers to prevent [[malaria]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-07-05|title=The Hidden Ingredient In Tonic Water You Should Know About|url=https://www.mindbodygreen.com/articles/what-is-quinine-in-tonic-water|access-date=2022-01-21|website=mindbodygreen|language=en}}</ref> where it was mixed with soda and sugar to mask its bitter taste, creating tonic water.

The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858 when it was patented by the owner of Pitt & Co., Erasmus Bond.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raustiala|first=Kal|title=The Imperial Cocktail |url= http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html |work= [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=28 August 2013|publisher=[[The Slate Group]]|access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Just the tonic: A natural history of tonic water {{!}} Kew|url=https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/just-the-tonic-history|access-date=2022-01-21|website=www.kew.org}}</ref> The mixed drink [[gin and tonic]] also originated in [[British India|British colonial India]], when the British mixed their medicinal quinine tonic with [[gin]] and other ingredients to make the bitter medicine more palatable.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tonic water: sweet, bitter medicine. - Free Online Library |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tonic+water:+sweet,+bitter+medicine.-a0184549889 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |access-date=30 December 2009}}</ref> Soldiers in India were already given a gin ration, so the sweet concoction was easy to make.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raustiala |first=Kal |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html |title=Gin and tonic kept the British Empire healthy: The drink's quinine powder was vital for stopping the spread of malaria |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-08-28 |access-date=2014-06-25}}</ref> In 1868, the first known record of a gin and tonic was in the ''Oriental Sporting Magazine'' and was described as a refreshing cocktail for spectators of horse racing, not as a medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keel|first=Toby|date=2019-10-19|title=Curious Questions: Who invented the gin and tonic?|url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/food-drink/curious-questions-invented-gin-tonic-206058|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Country Life|language=en}}</ref>

== Quinine content ==

Medicinal tonic water originally contained only [[carbonated water]] and a large amount of quinine. Most modern tonic waters contain comparatively less quinine, and are often enhanced by citrus flavors. As a result of the lower quinine content, tonic water is less bitter. It is also usually sweetened, often with the addition of [[high-fructose corn syrup]] or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or "slimline") tonic water, which may contain [[sugar substitute]]s such as [[aspartame]]. Traditional-style tonic water with high amounts of quinine and carbonated water is less common, but may be preferred by those who desire the bitter flavor.

In the United States, the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83&nbsp;[[Parts-per notation#Examples of parts per notation|ppm]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008/aprqtr/pdf/21cfr172.575.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419060805/http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2008aprqtr/pdf/21cfr172.575.pdf |archive-date=2009-04-19 |url-status=live |title=21 CFR §172.575 Quinine. |publisher= | website= gpo.gov| access-date=15 December 2008}}</ref> (83&nbsp;mg per liter). In Europe, the limit is 100&nbsp;mg/L, which is 0.25–0.50% of the original strength.<ref name=Marques>{{cite journal |last1=Marques |first1=J.G. |last2=Calado |first2=G. |last3=Martins |first3=P. |last4=Pinto |first4=P.L. |title=Tonic water: A rare cause of exanthema |journal=Allergologia et Immunopathologia |date=January 2012 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=60–61 |doi=10.1016/j.aller.2010.12.006|pmid=21419562 |hdl=10400.17/882 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000&nbsp;mg,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rain-tree.com/quinine.htm|title=Quinine|work=Tropical Plant Database|publisher=Raintree Nutrition |access-date=10 July 2011|location=Section "Current practical uses"}}</ref> and 10&nbsp;mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100&nbsp;mg daily for a {{convert|70|kg|sing=on}} adult).<ref>{{cite journal | journal=[[Malaria Journal]] | volume=10 | pages=1–12 | year=2011 | issue=144 | title=Quinine, an old anti-malarial drug in a modern world: role in the treatment of malaria  | doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-10-144 | last1=Achan | first1=J | pmid=21609473 | pmc=3121651 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Until about 2010,<ref name="FDA Safety Communication">{{cite web | url = https://www.fda.gov/drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm218202.htm | title = FDA Drug Safety Communication: New risk management plan and patient Medication Guide for Qualaquin (quinine sulfate) | access-date = 21 February 2011 | date = 7 August 2010 | publisher = U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110219065903/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm218202.htm | archive-date = 19 February 2011}}</ref> quinine was often recommended as a relief for leg [[cramp]]s, although medical research suggested some care was needed in monitoring doses.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 10335049 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1999.84.2.355 | volume=84 | title=Should people with nocturnal leg cramps drink tonic water and bitter lemon? | journal=Psychol Rep | pages=355–67 | last1 = Brasić | first1 = JR| year=1999 | issue=2 | s2cid= 42278918 }}</ref> Because of quinine's risks, the FDA cautions consumers against using "off-label" quinine drugs to treat leg cramps.<ref>{{cite web | publisher= United States Food and Drug Administration | date=11 December 2006 | title=FDA Advances Effort Against Marketed Unapproved Drugs: FDA Orders Unapproved Quinine Drugs from the Market and Cautions Consumers About Off-Label Quinine to Treat Leg Cramps | url=http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108799.htm | access-date=26 April 2017 | url-status=bot: unknown | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170113075838/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108799.htm | archive-date=13 January 2017 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Use==
[[File:Gin Tonic 4.jpg|thumb|133x133px|[[Gin and tonic]]]]
[[File:Tequila & Tonic.jpg|thumb|133x133px|Tequila and tonic cocktail]]
[[File:Espresso and tonic 20150418 2.jpg|thumb|[[Espresso and tonic]]|180x180px]]
Tonic water is often used as a [[drink mixer]] for [[cocktail]]s, especially [[gin and tonic]]. [[Vodka tonic]] is also popular. Tonic water with [[lemon]] or [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] juice added is often known as [[bitter lemon]] or bitter lime. It is popular for its signature bittersweet taste. Another use of tonic water is in coffee. The [[espresso and tonic]] was created in [[Helsingborg]], Sweden, at Koppi Roasters after a staff party where they mixed tonic water, syrup, and an espresso. Since 2007, the drink has grown in popularity in Scandinavia, Europe, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-03|title=Espresso&Tonic: The Story of the Famous Coffee Drink|url=https://europeancoffeetrip.com/espressoandtonic-story/|access-date=2022-02-09|website=European Coffee Trip|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Negative effects ==
Tonic water is known to cause [[Fixed drug reaction|fixed eruptions]], which is a type of skin reaction to drugs,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shiohara|first=Tetsuo|title=Fixed Drug Eruption|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fixed-drug-eruption|access-date=2022-01-21|website=Up To Date}}</ref> due to the quinine content. Various scientific journals have reported that repeated intake of tonic water can cause fixed eruptions with varying severity, with one reporting the onset of [[Stevens–Johnson syndrome|Stevens-Johnson syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wada|date=2021-05-20|title=Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by tonic water|url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2fjdv.17368|access-date=2022-01-21|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|volume=35|issue=10|pages=e662–e663|doi=10.1111/jdv.17368|pmid=34014581|s2cid=234793002}}</ref> The cases of fixed eruptions were seen after the patients drank tonic water, by itself or mixed with gin. Some symptoms of fixed eruptions include pigmented macules, high fever, erythematous plaques, and bullae.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bel|first=Blandine|date=2009-10-12|title=Fixed eruption due to quinine contained in tonic water: positive patch-testing|url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2fj.1600-0536.2009.01617.x|access-date=2022-01-21|journal=Contact Dermatitis|volume=61|issue=4|pages=242–244|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01617.x|pmid=19825101|s2cid=673226}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ohira|first=Aoi|date=2013-06-03|title=Fixed eruption due to quinine in tonic water: A case report with high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet A analysis|url=https://login.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?qurl=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2fdoi%2ffull%2f10.1111%2f1346-8138.12195|access-date=2022-01-21|journal=The Journal of Dermatology|volume=40|issue=8|pages=629–631|doi=10.1111/1346-8138.12195|pmid=23724855|s2cid=21534602}}</ref>

== Fluorescence ==

The quinine in tonic water will [[fluoresce]] under [[black light|ultraviolet light]]. In fact, quinine will visibly fluoresce in direct sunlight against a dark background.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/blue-glow-quinine.php |title=The Blue Glow Of Quinine |website=indianapublicmedia.org|date=9 August 2011 |author=Steve Fentress|access-date= 16 February 2020}}</ref> The quinine molecules release energy as light instead of heat, which is more common. The state is not stable, and the molecules will immediately return to a [[ground state]] and no longer glow once the UV source is removed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Shining Science: Explore Glow-in-the-Dark Water!|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/shining-science-explore-glow-in-the-dark-water/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Drink}}
*[[Água de Inglaterra]]

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== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary inline}}
* {{commons inline}}

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[[Category:Carbonated water]]
[[Category:Drink mixers]]
[[Category:Quinine]]
[[Category:Soft drinks]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1858]]