Editing Tomsk Oblast

{{short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}}
{{Distinguish|Omsk Oblast}}

{{Infobox Russian federal subject
|en_name=Tomsk Oblast
|ru_name=Томская область
|image_map=Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Tomsk Oblast.svg
|coordinates = {{coord|58|45|N|82|08|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
|image_coa=Coat of arms of Tomsk Oblast, Russia.svg
|coa_caption=[[Coat of arms of Tomsk Oblast|Coat of arms]]
|image_flag=Flag of Tomsk Oblast.svg
|flag_caption=[[Flag of Tomsk Oblast|Flag]]
|anthem
|anthem_ref
|holiday
|holiday_ref
|political_status=Oblast
|political_status_link=Oblasts of Russia
|federal_district=[[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]]
|economic_region=[[West Siberian economic region|West Siberian]]
|adm_ctr_type=Administrative center
|adm_ctr_name=[[Tomsk]]
|adm_ctr_ref
|pop_2021census=1062666
|pop_2021census_rank=47th
|urban_pop_2021census=71.3%
|rural_pop_2021census=28.7%
|pop_2021census_ref=<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref>
|pop_density
|pop_density_as_of
|pop_density_ref
|pop_latest
|pop_latest_date
|pop_latest_ref
|area_km2=314391
|area_km2_rank=16th
|area_km2_ref
|established_date=August&nbsp;13, 1944
|established_date_ref
|license_plates=70
|ISO=RU-TOM
|gov_as_of=March 2011
|leader_title=[[Governor of Tomsk Oblast|Governor]]
|leader_title_ref
|leader_name=[[Vladimir Mazur]]
|leader_name_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/politika/15831395|title=Владимир Мазур вступил в должность губернатора Томской области|website=ТАСС|date=22 September 2022}}</ref>
|legislature=[[Legislative Duma of Tomsk Oblast|Legislative Duma]]
|legislature_ref
|website=http://www.tomsk.gov.ru/
|website_ref
|date=March 2011
}}

'''Tomsk Oblast''' ({{langx|ru|То́мская о́бласть|Tomskaya oblast'}}) is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (an [[oblast]]). It lies in the southeastern [[West Siberian Plain]], in the southwest of the [[Siberian Federal District]]. Its [[administrative center]] is the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of [[Tomsk]]. Population: 1,047,394 ([[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>

The development of the territory which now constitutes the oblast began in the early 17th century. Tomsk itself was founded in 1604. Some of the oblast's {{convert|316900|km2|sp=us}} territory is inaccessible because it is covered with [[taiga]] woods and [[swamp]]s. Tomsk oblast contains [[Vasyugan Swamp]], the biggest swamp in the northern hemisphere. The oblast borders with [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]] and [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], [[Omsk Oblast|Omsk]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast|Novosibirsk]], and [[Kemerovo Oblast]]s.

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Tomsk Oblast}}
The oblast is directly divided into four cities and sixteen districts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Overview {{!}} Official Website of Tomsk Region Administration Томской области|url=https://en.tomsk.gov.ru/overview|website=en.tomsk.gov.ru|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> The four administrative cities are the administrative center of [[Tomsk]], [[Kedrovy, Tomsk Oblast|Kedrovy]], [[Strezhevoy]], and the [[closed city]] of [[Seversk]].<ref name=":0" />

== Geography ==
Tomsk Oblast, part of the wider region of Siberia, is almost entirely [[taiga]].<ref name=":0" /> Approximately 85% of the oblast is forested, with [[Pinus sibirica|Siberian pines]], [[Scots pine]]s, [[spruce]], [[fir]], and [[larch]] trees being some of the common trees in the area.<ref name=":0" /> Major rivers which pass through the oblast include the [[Ob River|Ob]], [[Tom River|Tom]], [[Chulym River (Ob)|Chulym]], [[Chaya River (Ob)|Chaya]], [[Ket River|Ket]], [[Parabel River|Parabel]], [[Vasyugan River|Vasyugan]], and the [[Tym River|Tym]].

=== Climate ===
The average annual temperature in Tomsk Oblast is 1.75&nbsp;°C, with the average temperature in July being 19.4&nbsp;°C, and the average temperature in January being approximately -19-21&nbsp;°C.<ref name=":0" /> The frost-free season typically lasts 100–105 days.<ref name=":0" /> Mean annual precipitation in the oblast is 435 millimeters.<ref name=":0" />

==History==
[[Image:RU033 09.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Postage stamps and postal history of Russia|Postage stamp]] depicting the oblast, issued in 2009]]
Long before Siberia became part of Russia, the territory of modern Tomsk Oblast was inhabited by people belonging to the [[taiga]] Kulayskoy civilization known for its bronze artifacts.

The development of the region began at the end of the 16th and early 17th centuries. The oldest settlement in the area is the [[village]] (former city) [[Narym]], founded in 1596.

The administrative center of the province, the city of Tomsk, was founded in 1604 by a decree of [[Tsar]] [[Boris Godunov]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=История Томской области {{!}} Администрация Томской области {{!}} Администрация Томской области|url=https://www.tomsk.gov.ru/history|website=www.tomsk.gov.ru|language=ru|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> From 1719 to 1804 in the province of [[Tobolsk]]. In 1782, is formed by Tomskaya oblast in the composition of Tobolsky namestnichestva (from 1796 - Tobolskaya guberniya). In 1804 the [[Tomsk Governorate]] was founded,<ref name=":1" /> which existed until 1925, when it became part of the Siberian region (since 1930 - the West Siberian region). Tomsk Oblast was re-established on August 13, 1944.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The city grew throughout the mid-20th century due to the migration of many Soviet institutions to Tomsk during [[World War II]], the development of nuclear facilities in the region during the 1950s, as well as the beginning of petroleum production in the oblast during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=":1" />

On July 26, 1995 the Oblast's charter was adopted.

==Politics==
[[File:Tomsk weisses Haus.jpg|thumb|Oblast Administration building in Tomsk, 2000]]
During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Tomsk CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, the CPSU lost its monopoly on power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected [[Regional parliaments of Russia|regional parliament]].

The Charter of Tomsk Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The [[Legislative Duma of Tomsk Oblast]] is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Duma exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the [[Constitution of Russia]].

The current Governor of the Tomsk Oblast is [[Vladimir Mazur]]. The Legislative Duma of the Tomsk Region consists of 42 deputies, and the current chairman is [[:ru:Козловская, Оксана Витальевна|Oksana Kozlovskaya]].

The deputies of the Duma of the Tomsk Oblast of the VI convocation (2016–2021) formed the following deputy associations:
* [[United Russia]] faction (27 deputies);
* [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]] faction (4 deputies);
* [[Liberal Democratic Party of Russia]] faction (9 deputies);
* [[A Just Russia – For Truth|A Just Russia]] faction (2 deputies).

==Economy==
Tomsk Oblast is rich in natural resources such as [[petroleum|oil]], [[natural gas]], ferrous and non-ferrous metals, [[peat]], and various types of waters.<ref name=":0" /> Forests are also among the most significant assets of the oblast: about 20% of the West Siberian forest resources are located in Tomsk Oblast. Industry makes up about half of the regional [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], while [[agriculture]] contributes 19% and construction 13%. Chemical and oil industries are the most developed in the region, followed by machine construction. The oblast's major export items are: oil (62.1%), [[methanol]] (30.2%), and machines and equipment (4.8%). Oil extraction and lumbering are the major business of the region's joint ventures.
=== Transportation ===

==== Air Transport ====
The oblast's main aviation center is the [[Bogashevo Airport|Tomsk Airport]], which is served by a number of national airlines.<ref name=":0" /> The airport was remodeled in April 2013 for the purpose of being capable of handling international flights.<ref name=":0" />

==== Rail Transport ====
6 railway routes pass through the oblast, totaling 346 kilometers in length.<ref name=":0" /> Direct rail routes from the oblast span from [[Adler Microdistrict|Adler]] to [[Vladivostok]].<ref name=":0" />

==== Road Transport ====
Tomsk Oblast has 4,204 kilometers of hard-surface road, as of 2015.<ref name=":0" /> The Russian government has outlined a plan to link up the oblast's disconnected road systems with the rest of the national road network by 2030.<ref name=":0" />

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|7=1959|8=746802|9=1970|10=785706|11=1979|12=865934|13=1989|14=1001613|15=2002|16=1046039|17=2010|18=1047394|19=2021|20=1062666|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}'''Population''': {{ru-census|p2021=1,062,666|p2010=1,047,394|p2002=1,046,039|p1989=1,001,613}}

Major ethnic groups living in the oblast are<ref name="2010Census" /> [[Russians]] (92.1%), [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]-[[Belarusian people|Belarusian]] (1.4%), [[Volga Tatars|Volga]]-[[Siberian Tatars]] (1.7%) and [[Volga Germans]] (0.9%). [[Slavs]], [[Finns]] and [[Volga Germans]] make up more than 94.4% of the population, while Tatars, [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], [[Armenians]] and [[Khanty]] make up the remaining part. Additionally, 45,016 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>[http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 Перепись-2010: русских становится больше]. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref>

After the disastrous situation during the 1990s, the demography of Tomsk Oblast is starting to stabilize. During the first three months of 2009, there were 3,337 births (2.4% higher than that of 2008) and 3,339 deaths (6.7% less than that of 2008).<ref>[http://www.regnum.ru/news/1152015.html За три месяца в Томской области заключено 1 583 брака - Новости России - ИА REGNUM]. Regnum.ru (2009-04-16). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref>

'''Vital statistics for 2024:<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов российской федерации за декабрь 2024 года |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/EDN_12-2024.htm |access-date=25 February 2025 |website=Rosstat}}</ref>'''
*Births: 7,586 (7.3 per 1,000)
*Deaths: 12,773 (12.3 per 1,000)

'''Total fertility rate (2024):<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах {{!}} Москва |url=https://fedpress.ru/article/3365231 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=ФедералПресс |language=ru-RU}}</ref>''' <br />
1.16 children per woman

'''Life expectancy (2021):'''<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref>  <br />
Total — 69.70 years (male&nbsp;— 65.03, female&nbsp;— 74.36)

===Religion===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Tomsk Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|33.3}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|2.2}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|5.2}}
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|1.1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]]|Yellow|0.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Rodnovery]] and other native faiths|Red|1.7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|29.3}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|15.1}}
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|11.5}}
}}

According to a 2012 survey<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 33.3% of the population of Tomsk Oblast adheres to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], 4% are [[nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliated]] generic [[Christians]], 2% is an Eastern Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or is a member of other [[Eastern Orthodox church]]es, 1% adheres to the [[Slavic native faith]] (Rodnovery) or local indigenous Siberian folk religions, 1% adheres to [[Islam]], 0.62% to [[Tibetan Buddhism]], and 0.4% to the [[Catholic Church]]. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 15% is [[atheism|atheist]], and 13.68% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/>
{{clear}}

===Education===
The oblast is home to six state higher education institutions and 47 research institutes. The first university in [[North Asia|Asian Russia]], [[Tomsk State University]], was founded in 1888.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Educational and Scientific System {{!}} Official Website of Tomsk Region Administration Томской области|url=https://en.tomsk.gov.ru/educational-and-scientific-system|website=en.tomsk.gov.ru|access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> Twelve years later, the first technological institute in Asian Russia, [[Tomsk Polytechnic University]], was founded.<ref name=":2" /> Two years after that, in 1902, the first [[Normal school|normal university]] in Asian Russia, [[Tomsk State Pedagogical University]], was founded.<ref name=":2" /> Since then city often dubbed the "Siberian Athens" for its unique spirit. Today, more than 100,000 people (or 20 per cent of population of the city) study in Tomsk universities and colleges. In terms of the number of students per 10,000 people Tomsk is ranked third after Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. Tomsk Region is also ranked first in Russia in terms of the number of people engaged in R&D per capita with 160 researchers per 10,000 citizens.

==See also==
*[[2007 Siberian orange snow]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tomsk Oblast}}
*{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Tomsk(1.) |volume= XXIII |last= Kropotkin |first= Peter Alexeivitch |author-link= Peter Kropotkin| pages = 437&ndash;439|short= 1}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tomsk (government)|display=Tomsk|volume=26|last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas|page=1064}}
*[http://www.eng.duma.tomsk.ru Website of Tomsk Oblast Duma]

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Tomsk Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tomsk Oblast| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1944]]