Editing Tokyo Rose

{{Short description|World War II Japanese propagandists}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:JOAK microphone & Tokyo Rose, National Museum of American History.jpg|thumb|[[NHK Radio 1|JOAK]] microphone and [[Iva Toguri D'Aquino]] (dubbed "Tokyo Rose" by some), [[National Museum of American History]]]]

'''Tokyo Rose''' (alternative spelling '''Tokio Rose''') was a name given by [[Allies of World War II|Allied troops]] in the [[South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]] during [[World War II]] to all female English-speaking radio broadcasters of [[Japanese propaganda]].<ref name="FBI" /> The programs were broadcast in the South Pacific and [[North America]] to [[Demoralization (warfare)|demoralize]] Allied forces abroad and their families at home by emphasizing troops' wartime difficulties and military losses.<ref name="FBI">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/iva-toguri-daquino-and-tokyo-rose|title=Iva Toguri d'Aquino and 'Tokyo Rose'|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.)|work=Famous Cases & Criminals|access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">Berg, Jerome S. ''The Early Shortwave Stations: A Broadcasting History Through 1945''. Jefferson: McFarland, 2013. ''CREDO Reference''. Web. Retrieved 5 March 2017. p. 205.</ref> Several female broadcasters operated using different aliases and in different cities throughout the territories occupied by the [[Japanese Empire]], including [[Tokyo]], [[Manila]], and [[Shanghai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Shibusawa|first=Naoko|year=2010|title=Femininity, Race, and Treachery: How 'Tokyo Rose' Became a Traitor to the United States after the Second World War|journal=Gender and History|volume=22 |issue=1|pages=169–188|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0424.2010.01584.x|s2cid=145688118 }}</ref> The name "Tokyo Rose" was never actually used by any Japanese broadcaster,<ref name=":0" /><ref>Kushner, Barak. "Tokyo Rose." ''Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present''.  Ed. Nicholas John Cull, et al. 2003. ''Credo Reference''. Accessed 05 Mar 2017.</ref> but it first appeared in U.S. newspapers in the context of these radio programs during 1943.<ref>{{cite news|title=American Submarines Have Sunk 230 Japanese Ships in Pacific|last=Arnot|first=Charles P.|date=June 22, 1943|page=6|quote=We were tuned in on Radio Tokyo when Tokyo Rose, the woman who broadcasts in English, came on the air with 'Hello America ... You build 'em, we sink 'em...'|newspaper=Brainerd Daily Dispatch}}
</ref>{{Original research inline|date=October 2023|certain=y}}

During the war, Tokyo Rose was not any one individual, but rather a group of largely unassociated women working for the same propagandist effort throughout the Japanese Empire.<ref name=":1" /> In the years soon after the war, the character "Tokyo Rose" – whom the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) now avers to be "mythical" – became an [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States|important symbol of Japanese villainy for the United States]].<ref name="FBI" />  American cartoons,<ref>{{Citation|last=Leon Schlessinger|title=Tokyo Woes|url=https://archive.org/details/TokyoWoes|access-date=2017-05-22}}</ref> movies,<ref name="Pfau">{{cite book|title=Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II|last=Pfau|first=Ann Elizabeth|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0231509565|chapter=The Legend of Tokyo Rose|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau/chapter5.html}}</ref> and propaganda videos between 1945 and 1960 tend to portray her as sexualized, manipulative, and deadly to American interests in the South Pacific, particularly by revealing intelligence of American losses in radio broadcasts. Similar accusations concern the propaganda broadcasts of [[Lord Haw-Haw]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Sound in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction|last2=Householder|first2=David|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2009|editor-last=Strasser|editor-first=Susan|chapter='Her Voice a Bullet': Imaginary Propaganda and the Legendary Broadcasters of World War II|first1=Ann Elizabeth|last1=Pfau|editor2-first=David|editor2-last=Suisman}}</ref> and [[Axis Sally]],<ref>{{cite episode|title=World War II Radio Propaganda: Real and Imaginary|url=http://www.albany.edu/talkinghistory/arch2008jan-june.html|series=Talking History|date=April 24, 2008|first1=Ann|last1=Pfau|first2=David|last2=Hochfelder}}</ref> and in 1949 the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' described Tokyo Rose as the "[[Mata Hari]] of radio".<ref>Stanton Delaplane, 'Tokyo Rose on Trial: "Bribery" Comes up, but it's Ruled out of Court', ''San Francisco Chronicle'', 16 July 1949, p. 3.</ref>

Tokyo Rose ceased to be merely a symbol in September 1945 when [[Iva Toguri|Iva Toguri D'Aquino]], a Japanese-American [[disc jockey]] for a propagandist radio program, attempted to return to the United States.<ref name="FBI" /> Toguri was accused of being the "real" Tokyo Rose, and arrested, tried, and became the seventh person in U.S. history to be convicted of [[treason]].<ref name="FBI" /> Toguri was eventually paroled from prison in 1956, but it was more than twenty years later that she received an official [[presidential pardon]] for her role in the war.<ref name="FBI" />

==Iva Toguri and ''The Zero Hour''==
{{main|Iva Toguri D'Aquino|The Zero Hour (World War II)}}
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Although she broadcast using the name "Orphan Ann", Iva Toguri has been known as "Tokyo Rose" since her return to the United States in 1945. An American citizen and the daughter of Japanese immigrants, Toguri traveled to Japan to tend to a sick aunt just prior to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{Citation|last=CriticalPast|title=Iva Toguri D'Aquino (Iva Ikuko Toguri) reads propaganda from Radio Tokyo and talk...HD Stock Footage|date=2014-03-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dn6hwkHWX6I|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref> Unable to leave the country when war began with the United States, unable to stay with her aunt's family as an American citizen, and unable to receive any aid from her parents who were placed in [[internment camps]] in Arizona, Toguri eventually accepted a job as a part-time typist at [[NHK|Radio Tokyo]] (NHK).<ref name=":1" /> She was quickly recruited as a broadcaster for the 75-minute propagandist program ''[[The Zero Hour (World War II)|The Zero Hour]]'', which consisted of skits, news reports, and popular American music.<ref name=":0" />

According to studies conducted during 1968, of the 94 men who were interviewed and who recalled listening to ''The Zero Hour'' while serving in the Pacific, 89% recognized it as "propaganda", and less than 10% felt "demoralized" by it.<ref name=":0" /> 84% of the men listened because the program had "good entertainment," and one [[G.I.]] remarked, "[l]ots of us thought she was on our side all along."<ref name=":0" />

After [[World War II]] ended in 1945, the U.S. military detained Toguri for a year before releasing her due to lack of evidence. Department of Justice officials agreed that her broadcasts were "innocuous".<ref>{{cite journal | title = Tokyo Rose: They Called Her a Traitor | first = J. Kingston | last = Pierce | journal = American History | date = October 2002 | url = http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3035976.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204038/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3035976.html | archive-date = 2007-09-30 }}</ref> But when Toguri tried to return to the United States, an uproar ensued because [[Walter Winchell]] (a powerful broadcasting personality) and the [[American Legion]] lobbied relentlessly for a trial, prompting the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) to renew its investigation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vault.fbi.gov/tokyo-rose|title=FBI – Tokyo Rose|date=2017-05-03|access-date=2017-05-14|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503171742/https://vault.fbi.gov/tokyo-rose|archive-date=2017-05-03}}</ref> of Toguri's wartime activities. Her 1949 trial resulted in a conviction on one of eight counts of treason.

In 1974, investigative journalists found that important witnesses had asserted that they were forced to lie during testimony. They stated that FBI and US occupation police had coached them for more than two months about what they should say on the stand, and that they had been threatened with treason trials themselves if they did not cooperate.<ref name="BBCRose">{{cite news|title=Death ends the myth of Tokyo Rose |publisher=[[BBC News|BBC]] |date=September 28, 2006 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/5389722.stm}}</ref> U.S. President [[Gerald Ford]] pardoned Toguri in 1977 based on these revelations and earlier issues with the indictment.<ref name=Pfau08>{{cite book|author=Pfau, Ann Elizabeth | date = 2008 |chapter = The Legend of ''Tokyo Rose'' | title = Miss Your Lovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | place = New York| chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/pfau/chapter5.html}}</ref>{{rp|47}}

==Tokyo Mose==
[[Walter Kaner]] (May 5, 1920 – June 26, 2005) was a journalist and radio personality who broadcast using the name ''Tokyo Mose'' during and after World War II. Kaner broadcast on U.S. Army Radio, at first to offer comic rejoinders to the propaganda broadcasts of Tokyo Rose and then as a parody to entertain U.S. troops abroad. In U.S.-occupied Japan, his "Moshi, Moshi Ano-ne" jingle was sung to the tune of "London Bridge is Falling Down" and became so popular with Japanese children and G.I.s that the U.S. military's ''[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]'' newspaper called it "the Japanese occupation theme song." In 1946, [[Elsa Maxwell]] referred to Kaner as "the breath of home to unknown thousands of our young men when they were lonely."<ref>{{cite web | title = Walter Kaner, Gazette Columnist, Foundation Head | publisher = Queens Gazette | access-date = April 17, 2015 | url = http://www.qgazette.com/node/15627#.VTGfVlL3bCQ | date= June 29, 2005 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lord Haw-Haw]] – propagandist who broadcast from Nazi Germany during World War II
*[[Mildred Gillars]] – propagandist who broadcast from [[Nazi Germany]] during World War II
*[[Rita Zucca]] – propagandist who broadcast from [[Italian Fascism|Fascist Italy]] during World War II
*[[Mitsu Yashima]] – the American propagandist equivalent of Tokyo Rose.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/An-unlikely-heroine-of-World-War-II-2569670.php#photo-2711326 | title = An unlikely heroine of World War II | first = Judy | last = Stone | date = March 18, 2007 | work = SFGate | publisher = Hearst Communications Inc.}}</ref>
*[[Agnes Bernelle]] – or ''Vicki'', the British propagandist equivalent of Tokyo Rose, announcer for broadcasts directed at German navy crews
*[[Radiostacja Wanda]] (Südstern Aktion) – [[Nazi Germany]] radio station broadcasting propaganda directed at [[Polish II Corps]] fighting in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)]]
*[[Seoul City Sue]] – propagandist who broadcast from [[North Korea]] during the [[Korean War]]
*[[Pyongyang Sally]] – propagandist who broadcast from [[North Korea]] during the [[Korean War]]
*[[Hanoi Hannah]] – propagandist who broadcast from [[North Vietnam]] during the [[Vietnam War]]
*[[Axis Sally]]
*[[Paul Ferdonnet]], the Stuttgart traitor
*[[Philippe Henriot]]
*[[Ezra Pound]]
*[[P. G. Wodehouse]] – English writer used in German propaganda broadcasts during World War II
*[[Radio Königsberg]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | first = Masayo | last = Duus | title = Tokyo Rose: Orphan of the Pacific | location = New York | publisher = Kodansha International | year = 1979 | isbn = 978-0870113543 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/tokyoroseorphano00duus }}
*{{cite book | first = Russell Warren | last = Howe | title = The Hunt for 'Tokyo Rose' | location = New York | publisher = Madison Books | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-1568330136}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.earthstation1.com/Tokyo_Rose.html | title = 'Orphan Ann' ('Tokyo Rose') | first = J. C. Jr. | last = Kaelin | publisher = EarthStation1.com}}
*{{cite news | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2006/09/28/db2802.xml | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311101501/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=%2Fnews%2F2006%2F09%2F28%2Fdb2802.xml | archive-date = March 11, 2007 | title = Iva Toguri [obituary] | date = September 28, 2006 | work = The Telegraph }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Tokyo Rose}}
* [https://scholarworks.umt.edu/tokyorose_interviews/ Veterans Remember "Tokyo Rose" Oral History Project] (University of Montana Archives)
* "The Zero Hour" show with Tokyo Rose in 1944 at The [[Internet Archive]] [https://archive.org/details/ZeroHour08141944]
* [http://www.earthstation1.com/The_Zero_Hour.html "Zero Hour" broadcasts] archived at EarthStation1.com
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dn6hwkHWX6I "Zero Hour" broadcast] (excerpt) and commentary by Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Orphan Ann") in 1945, at YouTube.com
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/tokyo-rose F.B.I. file on Tokyo Rose] at vault.fbi.gov
* "[[The Zero Hour (Japanese radio series)|The Zero Hour]]" show 8-14-1944,  music with "Ann the Orphan," [[Iva Toguri D'Aquino]], a Japanese-American dubbed "Tokyo Rose" by the American military
** {{Citation|last=Federal Communications Commission. Foreign Broadcast Intelligence Service|title=Zero Hour, 08-14-1944 (Tokyo Rose)|date=14 August 1944|url=https://archive.org/details/ZeroHour08141944|access-date=2017-05-14}}
* [[iarchive:TokyoWoes|"Tokyo Woes"]] –  Voice of [[Mel Blanc]] (of [[Bugs Bunny]] fame) in this [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[cartoon]]. Because they wanted to keep this a secret, all original negatives were destroyed shortly after release.
* "[CNN Interview https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2024/02/10/tucker-carlson-vladimir-putin-interview-wallace-vpx.cnn]

[[Category:American expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:American radio DJs]]
[[Category:Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Collective pseudonyms]]
[[Category:Japan–United States relations]]
[[Category:Japanese people of World War II]]
[[Category:Race-related controversies in radio]]
[[Category:Women in war in East Asia]]
[[Category:Women in World War II]]
[[Category:American women radio hosts]]
[[Category:Nicknames]]
[[Category:Nicknames in radio]]