Editing Tokugawa Yoshinobu

{{Short description|15th and final shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate from 1866–67}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Tokugawa (surname)|Tokugawa]]|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = <small>[[Junior First Rank]]</small> <br/> <small>[[Kazoku|Prince]]</small> <br/> Tokugawa Yoshinobu <br/> 德川 慶喜
| image        = 1867 Osaka Yoshinobu Tokugawa.jpg
| caption      = Tokugawa in 1867
| succession   = Member of the [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]]
| reign-type   = Tenure
| reign        = 3 June 1902 – 8 December 1910
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1837|10|28|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Edo]], Tokugawa Shogunate 
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1913|11|22|1837|10|28|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Koishikawa]], [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
| burial_place = [[Yanaka Cemetery]]
| spouse       = {{ill|Ichijo Mikako|jp|一条美賀子}}
| house        = [[Tokugawa clan]]
| father       = [[Tokugawa Nariaki]]
| mother       = [[Princess Yoshiko (Arisugawa-no-miya)|Arisugawa Yoshiko]]
| signature    = Tokugawa Yoshinobu kao.jpg

| module       = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed        = yes
| office       = ''[[Shōgun]]''
| termstart    = 29 August 1866 
| termend      = 19 November 1867
| monarch      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Emperor Kōmei|Kōmei]]
* [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]]}}
| predecessor  = [[Tokugawa Iemochi]]
| successor    = ''[[Bakumatsu|Position abolished]]'' <br /> [[Itō Hirobumi]] (as [[Prime Minister of Japan]])
}}
}}

[[Kazoku|Prince]] {{nihongo|'''Tokugawa Yoshinobu'''|德川 慶喜|4=also known as ''Keiki'' and ''Yoshihisa''; 28 October 1837 – 22 November 1913}} was the 15th and last ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of [[Japan]]. He was part of a movement which aimed to reform the aging shogunate, but was ultimately unsuccessful. He resigned his position as shogun in late 1867, while aiming at keeping some political influence. After these efforts failed following the defeat at the [[Battle of Toba–Fushimi]] in early 1868, he went into retirement, and largely avoided the public eye for the rest of his life.

==Early life==

Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born in [[Edo]] as the seventh son of [[Tokugawa Nariaki]], ''[[daimyō]]'' of Mito. Mito was one of the ''[[gosanke]]'', the three branch families of the Tokugawa clan which were eligible to be chosen as ''[[shōgun]]''. His birth name was Matsudaira Shichirōmaro ({{lang|ja|松平七郎麻呂}})<ref>Takano, ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu'', p. 26. Sons of the lord of Mito did not bear the name Tokugawa unless they themselves became the next lord.</ref> His mother, [[Princess Yoshiko (Arisugawa-no-miya)|Princess Arisugawa Yoshiko]], was a member of the [[Arisugawa-no-miya]], a cadet branch of the imperial family; through her, he was a third cousin (once removed) of the then-[[Emperor Ninkō]]. Shichirōmaro was brought up under strict, spartan supervision and tutelage.<ref>Tokugawa, ''Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naishobanashi'', pp. 138–140.</ref> His father Nariaki followed the example of the second Mito daimyo, [[Tokugawa Mitsukuni]] (1661-1690), who had sent all his sons after the firstborn to be raised in Mito. Shichirōmaro was seven months old when he arrived in Mito in 1838. He was taught in the literary and [[Japanese martial arts|martial arts]], as well as receiving a solid education in the principles of politics and government at [[Kōdōkan (Mito)|Kōdōkan]].<ref>Takano, p. 28.</ref>
[[File:Tokugawa yoshinobu.jpg|thumb|250px|Yoshinobu in ceremonial dress]]
At the instigation of his father, Shichirōmaro was adopted by the [[Gosankyō|Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa]] family in order to have a better chance of succeeding to the shogunate<ref>Takano, p. 38.</ref> and changed his first name to [[:ja:昭致|Akimune]] (昭致). He became family head in 1847, coming of age that year, receiving court rank and title, and taking the name Yoshinobu.<ref>Takano, p. 48.</ref> Upon the death of the 13th ''shōgun'', [[Tokugawa Iesada|Iesada]], in 1858, Yoshinobu was nominated as a potential successor.<ref>Borton, ''Japan's Modern Century'', p. 40.</ref> His supporters touted his skill and efficiency in managing family affairs. However, the opposing faction, led by [[Ii Naosuke]], won out. Their candidate, the young [[Tokugawa Yoshitomi]], was chosen, and became the 14th ''shōgun'' Iemochi.<ref>Borton, pp. 39–40.</ref> Soon after, during the [[Ansei Purge]], Yoshinobu and others who supported him were placed under [[house arrest]].<ref>Takano, pp. 12–13.</ref> Yoshinobu himself was made to retire from Hitotsubashi headship.

The period of Ii's domination of the Tokugawa government was marked by mismanagement and political infighting. Upon Ii's [[Sakuradamon Incident (1860)|assassination]] in 1860, Yoshinobu was reinstated as Hitotsubashi family head, and was nominated in 1862 to be the {{nihongo|''shōgun''{{'}}s guardian|将軍後見職|shōgun kōken-shoku}}, receiving the position soon afterwards.<ref>Murray, ''Japan'', p. 362; Kobiyama, ''Matsudaira Katamori no shōgai'', p. 75; Bolitho, ''Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu'', p. 9.</ref> At the same time, his two closest allies, [[Matsudaira Yoshinaga]] and [[Matsudaira Katamori]], were appointed to other high positions: Yoshinaga as {{nihongo|chief of political affairs|政治総裁職|seiji sōsai shoku}},<ref>Kobiyama, p. 75.</ref> Katamori as {{nihongo|Guardian of Kyoto|京都守護職|[[Kyoto Shugoshoku]]}}.<ref>Takano, pp. 132–133.</ref> The three men then took numerous steps to quell political unrest in the Kyoto area, and gathered allies to counter the activities of the rebellious [[Chōshū Domain]]. They were instrumental figures in the ''[[kōbu gattai]]'' political party, which sought a reconciliation between the shogunate and the imperial court.<ref>Kobiyama, pp. 84–87; Totman, p. 45; Takano, p. 20.</ref>

In 1864, Yoshinobu, as commander of the imperial palace's defense, defeated the Chōshū forces in their attempt to capture the imperial palace's {{nihongo|Hamaguri Gate|蛤御門|Hamaguri-Gomon}} in what is called the [[Kinmon Incident]]. This was achieved by use of the forces of the [[Aizu]]–[[Satsuma province|Satsuma]] coalition.<ref>See ''Japan 1853–1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari'', trans. by Ernest Mason Satow. (Tokyo: Naigai Shuppan Kyokai), for more.</ref>

==''Shōgun'' (1866–1867)==
[[File:Members of French Military Mission to Japan in 1867.png|thumb|Members of the French military mission to Japan, invited by Tokugawa Yoshinobu for the modernization of his forces, in 1867]]

After the death of [[Tokugawa Iemochi]] in 1866, Yoshinobu was chosen to succeed him, and became the 15th ''[[shōgun]]''.<ref>Borton, p. 63.</ref> He was the only Tokugawa ''shōgun'' to spend his entire tenure outside of Edo: he never set foot in [[Edo Castle]] as ''shōgun''.<ref>Tokugawa, ''Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naishobanashi'', vol. 2, p. 162.</ref>  Immediately upon Yoshinobu's ascension as ''shōgun'', major changes were initiated. A massive government overhaul was undertaken to initiate reforms that would strengthen the Tokugawa government. In particular, assistance from the [[Second French Empire]] was organized, with the construction of the [[Yokosuka]] arsenal under [[Léonce Verny]], and the dispatch of a [[French military mission to Japan (1867–1868)|French military mission]] to modernize the armies of the ''[[bakufu]]''.<ref>Sims, ''French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854–95'', p. 236.</ref>

The national army and navy, which had already been formed under Tokugawa command, were strengthened by the assistance of the Russians, and the [[Tracey Mission]] provided by the British Royal Navy.  Equipment was also purchased from the United States.<ref>Treat, ''Japan and the United States: 1853–1921'', p. 89</ref> The outlook among many was that the Tokugawa Shogunate was gaining ground towards renewed strength and power; however, it fell in less than a year.

==Boshin War (1868–69)==
{{Main|Boshin War}}

Fearing the renewed strengthening of the Tokugawa shogunate under a strong and wise ruler, samurai from [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]], [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]] and [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]] formed an alliance to counter it. Under the banner of ''[[sonnō jōi]]'' ("revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians!") coupled with a fear of the new ''shōgun'' as the "Rebirth of [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Ieyasu]]" (家康の再来) who would continue to usurp the power of the Emperor, they worked to bring about an end to the shogunate, though they varied in their approaches. In particular, Tosa was more moderate; it proposed a compromise whereby Yoshinobu would resign as ''shōgun'', but preside over a new national governing council composed of various ''[[daimyō]]s''. To this end, Yamanouchi Toyonori, the lord of Tosa, together with his advisor, [[Gotō Shōjirō]], petitioned Yoshinobu to resign in order to make this possible.<ref name="b96">Beasley, ''The History of Modern Japan'', p. 96.</ref>

On 9 November 1867, Yoshinobu tendered his resignation to the Emperor and formally stepped down ten days later, returning governing power to the Emperor.<ref>Takano, p. 256.</ref> He then withdrew from Kyoto to [[Osaka]]. However, Satsuma and Chōshū, while supportive of a governing council of ''daimyōs'', were opposed to Yoshinobu's leading it.<ref name="b96"/> They secretly obtained an imperial edict<ref name="b96"/> calling for the use of force against Yoshinobu (later shown to be a [[forgery]])<ref>Yamakawa, ''Aizu Boshin Senshi'', pp. 7–9.</ref> and moved a massive number of Satsuma and Chōshū troops into Kyoto.<ref name="b97">Beasley, p. 97.</ref> There was a meeting called at the imperial court, where Yoshinobu was stripped of all titles and land,<ref>Beasley, p. 97; Yamakawa, ''Aizu Boshin Senshi'', p. 148–151.</ref> despite having taken no action that could be construed as aggressive or criminal. Any who would have opposed this were not included in the meeting.<ref name="b97" /> Yoshinobu opposed this action, and composed a message of protest, to be delivered to the imperial court;<ref>Totman, p. 416. For a copy of the original text of the message, see Yamakawa, pp. 89–90.</ref> at the urging of the leaders of Aizu, Kuwana, and other domains, and in light of the immense number of Satsuma and Chōshū troops in Kyoto, he dispatched a large body of troops to convey this message to the court.<ref>Totman, p. 417.</ref>

When the Tokugawa forces arrived outside Kyoto, they were refused entry, and were attacked by Satsuma and Chōshū troops, starting the [[Battle of Toba–Fushimi]], the first clash of the [[Boshin War]].<ref>Sasaki, pp. 23–24; Bolitho, pp. 420–422.</ref> Though the Tokugawa forces had a distinct advantage in numbers, Yoshinobu abandoned his army in the midst of the fight once he realized the Satsuma and Chōshū forces raised the Imperial banner, and escaped to [[Edo]].<ref>Kobiyama, p. 124.</ref> He placed himself under voluntary confinement, and indicated his submission to the imperial court. However, a peace agreement was reached wherein [[Tayasu Kamenosuke]], the young head of a branch of the Tokugawa family, was adopted and made Tokugawa family head;<ref>Griffis, ''The Mikado: Institution and Person'', p. 141.</ref> On 11 April 1868, Edo Castle was handed over to the imperial army,<ref>Takano, p. 267.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tokyo, an administrative perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoBzAAAAIAAJ|access-date=9 April 2011|year=1958|publisher=Tokyo Metropolitan Government|page=21|archive-date=26 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926054906/http://books.google.com/books?id=DoBzAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and the city spared from all-out war.

Together with Kamenosuke (who took the name [[Tokugawa Iesato]]), Yoshinobu moved to [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]]. [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, had also retired to Shizuoka, centuries earlier. Iesato was made the ''daimyō'' of the new [[Shizuoka Domain]], but lost this title a few years later, when the domains were abolished. Even after losing his position as ruling shogun, Yoshinobu strove to promote his son Iesato's political career so that he could attain the highest level of influence in the Japanese Imperial court, and also serve as a bridge between old world Japan and modern emerging Japan both domestically and internationally. The close relationship between father and son is highlighted in the illustrated biography on Prince Tokugawa Iesato titled ''The Art of Peace''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019|title=Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa|url=https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/04/the-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805132921/https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/04/the-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa/|archive-date=2020-08-05|access-date=|website=TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com}}</ref> 
[[File:Yoshinobu Tokugawa 2.jpg|thumb|Tokugawa Yoshinobu in court uniform]]
Many of the ''[[hatamoto]]'' also relocated to Shizuoka; a large proportion of them did not find adequate means to support themselves. As a result, many of them resented Yoshinobu, some of them to the point of wanting him dead.<ref>Tokugawa Munefusa, ''Tokugawa yonbyakunen no naisho banashi'', vol. 1, p. 131</ref> Yoshinobu was aware of this, and was so afraid of assassination that he redesigned his sleeping arrangement to confuse any potential assassin.<ref>Tokugawa, pp. 131–133</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Tokugawa Yoshinobu Kyudo with Yumi.jpg|thumb|Kyudo was one of his elaborate hobbies, and it is said that he continued to draw a bow every day until the spring of his 77th year.]]
Living a life in quiet retirement, Yoshinobu indulged in many hobbies, including oil painting, [[kyudo]] (archery), hunting, photography, and cycling.<ref>Tokugawa, pp. 136–138.</ref> Some of Yoshinobu's photographs have been published in recent years by his great-grandson, [[Yoshitomo Tokugawa|Yoshitomo]].<ref>For an example of Yoshinobu's photography, see: Tokugawa Yoshitomo, ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke e yōkoso'', p. 73.</ref> His other great-grandson, Yasuhisa Tokugawa of the Mito line, is the former Chief Priest at [[Yasukuni Shrine]] and current Kaicho of the [[Kokusai Budoin]] (IMAF).

On 3 June 1902, the [[Emperor Meiji]] allowed him to re-establish his own house as a Tokugawa branch (''bekke'') with the highest rank in the peerage, that of prince (''kōshaku''), for his loyal service to Japan.<ref>Takano, p. 273.</ref> He took a seat in the [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]], and resigned in 1910. Tokugawa Yoshinobu died on 21 November 1913 and is buried in [[Yanaka Cemetery]], Tokyo.

On 9 January 1896, his ninth daughter Tsuneko Tokugawa (1882–1939) married [[Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu]], a second cousin to both [[Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]] and [[Empress Kōjun]] and nephew of [[Prince Kan'in Kotohito]].

On 26 December 1911, his granddaughter [[Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu|Kikuko Tokugawa]] was born. She married [[Prince Takamatsu]], the brother of Emperor Hirohito, to become Princess Takamatsu.
[[File:TOKUGAWA Yoshinobu.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Tokugawa Yoshinobu in his later years]]

==Honors==
*Prince (3 June 1902)
*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (30 April 1908)<ref>[http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/bukyoku/seikan/kokuko/e-ibaraki-report/0609yoshinobu.html Ibaraki Prefecture e-newsletter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202092922/http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/bukyoku/seikan/kokuko/e-ibaraki-report/0609yoshinobu.html |date=2007-12-02 }}</ref>
*Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (22 November 1913; posthumous)

===Order of precedence===
*Third rank (first day, 12th month of the fourth year of Koka (1847))
*Second rank (10th day, 12th month of the first year of Keio (1865))
*Senior second rank (fifth day, 12th month of the second year of Keio (1866); degraded 28th day, ninth month of the second year of Meiji (1869))
*Fourth rank (appointed 6 January 1872, following degradation in 1869)
*Senior second rank (18 May 1880, restored)
*[[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Junior first rank]] (20 June 1888)

==Eras of Yoshinobu's ''bakufu''==
The years in which Yoshinobu was ''shōgun'' are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name or ''nengō'']].
* ''[[Keiō]]''                (1865–1868)
* ''[[Meiji period|Meiji]]''  (1868–1912)

==Family==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2017}}

* Father: [[Tokugawa Nariaki]]
* Mother: [[Princess Yoshiko (Arisugawa-no-miya)|Arisugawa Yoshiko]] (1804–1893)
* Wife: {{ill|Ichijo Mikako|jp|一条美賀子}} (1835–1894)
* Concubines:
** {{ill|Shinmura Nobu|jp|新村信|vertical-align=sup}} (1852–1905)
** {{ill|Nakane Sachi|jp|中根幸|vertical-align=sup}} (1851–1915)
* Children:
** Kyokoin Tonoike Mizukage Gendaidōjō (1858-1858) by Mikako
** Akiko (1862-1862) by Mikako
** Sumiko (1863-1927) by Mikako
** unknown daughter by Mikako
** Genji (1871–1872) by Nobu
** Kaito (1871–1872) by Sachi
** Takuma (1873–1873) by Sachi
** Tokugawa Kyoko (1873–1893) married Tokugawa Satotaka (1856–1941) by Nobu
** {{ill|Tokugawa Atsushi|jp|徳川厚}} (1874–1930) by Sachi
** Kaneko (1875–1875) by Sachi
** Tokugawa Tetsuko (1875–1921) married Tokugawa Satomichi by Nobu
** {{ill|Hachisuka Fudeko|jp|蜂須賀筆子}} (1876–1907) married Hachisuka Masaaki by Sachi
** [[Ikeda Nakahiro]] (1877–1948) inherited [[Tottori Domain]] by Nobu
** Hitoshi (1878–1878) by Nobu
** Yoshiko (1878–1878) by Sachi
** Ryōko (1880–1880) by Nobu
** Namiko (1880–1954) by Sachi, married Matsudaira Hitoshi, son of [[Matsudaira Naritami]]
** Kuniko (1882–1942) by Sachi, married Okouchi Kiko
** [[Tokugawa Tsuneko]] (1882–1939) by Nobu,  married [[Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu]]
** Itoko (1883–1953) by Sachi, married Shijo Ryuai
** stillborn boy (1884–1884) by Sachi
** [[Tokugawa Yoshihisa]] (1884–1922) by Nobu
** Yasushi (1885–1886) by Sachi
** Tokugawa Eiko (1887–1924) married [[Tokugawa Satotaka]]
** {{ill|Tokugawa Makoto|jp|徳川誠|vertical-align=sup}} (1887–1968) by Sachi
** [[Katsu Kuwashi]] (1888–1932)  by Nobu
** Yoshiko (1891-1891) by Sachi
* Adopted Children:
** [[Tokugawa Iesato]] (1863-1940) adopted son, who became 16th head of the Tokugawa Clan, after the end of the Shogunate dynasty.

His grandson Tokugawa Hiromi graduated as part of the 65th Class of the [[Imperial Japanese Naval Academy]] in March 1938.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} On 12 July 1943, he was [[killed in action]] during [[World War II]] when the [[submarine]] {{ship|Japanese submarine|Ro-101||2}} he was deployed on was fired on by the destroyer {{USS|Taylor|DD-468|6}} in [[Indispensable Strait]] near [[Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} Shrapnel cut down Tokugawa and two enlisted lookouts, but the submarine was able to dive and escape. Tokugawa was posthumously promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Commander.

==See also==
* ''[[Bakumatsu]]''
* [[Meiji Restoration]]
* [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* [[William G. Beasley|Beasley, William G.]] (1963). ''The modern history of Japan''. (New York: Praeger).
* Borton, Hugh (1955). ''Japan's Modern Century''. (New York: The Ronald Press Company).
* [[William Elliot Griffis|Griffis, William Elliot]]. (1915). ''The Mikado: Institution and Person''. (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
* Kobiyama Rokurō (2003). ''Matsudaira Katamori no shōgai''. (Tokyo: Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha).
* Murray, David (1905). ''Japan''. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons).
* Sasaki Suguru (1977). ''Boshin sensō''. (Tokyo: Chūōkōron-shinsha).
* Sims, Richard L. (1998). ''French Policy Towards the Bakufu and Meiji Japan, 1854–95''. (London: Routledge).
* Takano Kiyoshi 高野澄 (1997). ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu: kindai Nihon no enshutsusha'' 德川慶喜 : 近代日本の演出者. (Tokyo: Nihon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai 日本放送出版協会).
* Tokugawa Munefusa 徳川宗英 (2004). ''Tokugawa Yonhyaku-nen no naisho-banashi'' 徳川四百年の内緒話 Vol. 1. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju).
* Tokugawa Munefusa 徳川宗英 (2004). ''Tokugawa Yonhyaku-nen no naisho-banashi'' 徳川四百年の内緒話 Vol. 2: ''Raibaru tekishō hen''. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju).
* [[Tokugawa Yoshitomo]] 徳川慶朝 (2003). ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu-ke ni Yōkoso: Wagaya ni tsutawaru aisubeki "Saigo no Shogun" no Yokogao'' 徳川慶喜家にようこそ わが家に伝わる愛すべき「最後の将軍」の横顔. (Tokyo: Bungei-shunju). {{ISBN|4-16-765680-9}}
*Totman, Conrad (1980). ''The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868''. (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press)
* Treat, Payson J. (1921). ''Japan and the United States: 1853–1921''. (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company).
* [[Yamakawa Kenjirō]] (1933). ''Aizu Boshin Senshi''. (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai).

==Further reading==
* Matsuura Rei 松浦玲 (1975). ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu: shōgun-ke no Meiji-ishin'' 德川慶喜 : 将軍家の明治維新. (Tokyo: Chūōkōronsha 中央公論社).
* [[Ernest Mason Satow|Satow, Ernest Mason]], trans. (1905). ''Japan 1853–1864, Or, Genji Yume Monogatari''. (Tokyo: Naigai Shuppan Kyokai).
* [[Shibusawa Eiichi]] 渋沢栄一, ed. (1967–1968) ''Tokugawa Yoshinobu-kō den'' 德川慶喜公伝. (Tokyo: Heibonsha 平凡社).

===Works of fiction===
* Shiba, Ryōtarō (1998). ''The Last Shogun: The Life of Tokugawa Yoshinobu'', trans. Juliet Winters Carpenter. (New York: Kodansha International). {{ISBN|1-56836-246-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Hitotsubashi |short=x}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tokugawa Iemochi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=''[[Sei-i Taishōgun]]''|years=August 29, 1866 – January 3, 1868}}
{{s-non|reason=[[Meiji Restoration|Shogunate abolished]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tokugawa Iemochi]]}}
{{s-tul|title=''[[Sei-i Taishōgun]]''|years=January 3, 1868 – June 19, 1868|reason=[[Meiji Restoration|Shogunate abolished]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tokugawa Iesato]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Tokugawa dynasty (Japan)}}
{{Tokugawa chronology (Japan)}}
{{Tokugawa Organization Chart}}
{{Tokugawa officials}}
{{Shoguns}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tokugawa, Yoshinobu}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century shōguns]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese photographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese photographers]]
[[Category:Tokugawa shōguns]]
[[Category:Tokugawa clan]]
[[Category:Tokugawa Yoshinobu family]]
[[Category:Samurai]]
[[Category:People of Bakumatsu]]
[[Category:People of Meiji-era Japan]]
[[Category:Meiji Restoration]]
[[Category:Kazoku]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Nobility from Tokyo]]
[[Category:Japanese male archers]]