Editing Tobacco industry

{{Short description|Persons and companies that produce tobacco-related products}}
{{use dmy dates |date=December 2022}}
{{Globalize|2=United States|date=September 2010}}
{{Tobacco}}

The '''tobacco industry''' comprises those persons and companies who are engaged in the growth, preparation for sale, shipment, advertisement, and distribution of [[tobacco]] and tobacco-related products.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brandt|first=Allan M.|date=January 2012|title=Inventing Conflicts of Interest: A History of Tobacco Industry Tactics|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=102|issue=1|pages=63–71|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292|issn=0090-0036|pmc=3490543|pmid=22095331}}</ref> It is a global industry; tobacco can grow in any warm, moist environment, which means it can be farmed on all continents except [[Antarctica]].

According to the [[WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]], the "tobacco industry" encompasses tobacco manufacturers, wholesale distributors and importers of tobacco products. This [[Evidence-based policy|evidence-based]] treaty expects its 181 [[Ratification|ratified]] [[member state]]s to implement public health policies with respect to [[tobacco control]] "to protect present and future generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to [[tobacco smoke]]."<ref>{{Cite book |title=WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control |url=https://fctc.who.int/publications/i/item/9241591013 |isbn=9241591013 |access-date=2021-06-24 |year=2003 |publisher=World Health Organization }}</ref>

Tobacco, one of the most widely used [[Addiction|addictive]] substances in the world,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-09|title=The 5 Most Addictive Substances On Earth|url=https://www.addictioncenter.com/community/these-are-the-5-most-addictive-substances-on-earth/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=Addiction Center|language=en-US}}</ref> is a plant native to the Americas and historically one of the most important crops grown by American farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tobacco & Colonial American Economy|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1681/tobacco--colonial-american-economy/|access-date=2021-06-24|website=World History Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> More specifically, tobacco refers to any of various plants of the genus ''[[Nicotiana]]'' (especially ''[[Nicotiana tabacum|N. tabacum]]'') native to [[tropical]] America and widely cultivated for their leaves, which are dried and processed chiefly for [[smoking]] in [[Tobacco pipe|pipe]]s, [[cigarette]]s, and [[cigar]]s; it is also cut to form [[chewing tobacco]] or ground to make [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]] or [[dipping tobacco]], as well as other less common preparations. From 1617 to 1793, tobacco was the most valuable [[cash crop]] export from [[British North America]] and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chelala |first=Cesar |date=2013-04-09 |title=Comparing tobacco fight to the Opium Wars |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/04/09/commentary/world-commentary/comparing-tobacco-fight-to-the-opium-wars/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Until the 1960s, the United States grew, manufactured and exported more tobacco than any other country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Tobacco Production, Consumption, and Export Trends |url=https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL30947.html |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=everycrsreport.com |language=en}}</ref>

Tobacco is an agricultural [[commodity]] product, [[Agricultural economics|similar in economic terms]] to agricultural [[food]]stuffs: the price is in part determined by crop yields, which vary depending on local weather conditions.  The price also varies by specific [[species]] or [[cultivar]] grown, the total quantity on the market ready for sale, the area where it is grown, the health of the plants, and other characteristics individual to product quality.

Since 1964, conclusive medical evidence of the deadly effects of tobacco consumption has led to a sharp decline in official support for producers and manufacturers of tobacco, although it contributes to the agricultural, fiscal, manufacturing, and exporting sectors of the economy. Policy and law restricting [[tobacco smoking]] has increased globally, but almost 6 trillion cigarettes are still produced each year, representing an increase of over 12% since the year 2000.<ref name="atlas">{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/industry/manufacturing/text/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524045738/http://tobaccoatlas.org/industry/manufacturing/text/ |archive-date=May 24, 2012 |title=Manufacturing Cigarettes |url-status=dead|publisher=[[World Lung Foundation]] and [[American Cancer Society]] |access-date=June 7, 2014 }}</ref> Tobacco is often heavily taxed to gain revenues for governments and as an incentive for people not to smoke.<ref name="whotax">{{cite web |url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/downloads/doc_download/2381-chapter-28-tobacco-prices-and-taxes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163731/http://www.afro.who.int/en/downloads/doc_download/2381-chapter-28-tobacco-prices-and-taxes.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |title=Tobacco Prices and Taxes |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=June 7, 2014}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of tobacco}}
For a history of how tobacco has been grown and marketed, see [[tobacco]], [[tobacco smoking|smoking]] and articles on similar topics.

==Position of industry ==
The phrase "tobacco industry" generally refers to the [[company|companies]] involved in the manufacture of [[cigarette]]s, [[cigar]]s, [[Snuff (tobacco)|snuff]], [[chewing tobacco]] and [[smoking pipe (tobacco)|pipe]] tobacco. [[China National Tobacco Co.]] has become the largest tobacco company in the world by volume. Following extensive merger and acquisition activity in the 1990s and 2000s as well as the spinoff of [[Altria]]'s international tobacco holdings as [[Philip Morris International]] in 2008, five firms dominate international markets – in alphabetical order:

* [[Altria]]
* [[British American Tobacco]] 
* [[Imperial Tobacco]]
* [[Japan Tobacco]]
* [[Philip Morris International]]

Altria still owns the Philip Morris tobacco business in the United States, but Philip Morris International has been fully independent since 2008. In most countries these companies either have long-established dominance, or have purchased the major domestic producer or producers (often a former [[state monopoly]]). Until 2014 the United States had one other substantial independent firm, [[Lorillard]], which Reynolds American, Inc. acquired. India has its own major player, [[ITC Limited]] (25.4%-owned by British American Tobacco). A small{{quantify|date=November 2015}}{{when|reason=Date when this statement was writen, and found to be valid|date=September 2024}} number of state monopolies survive, as well as some small independent firms.

[[Tobacco advertising]] is becoming increasingly restricted by the governments of countries around the world citing health issues as a reason to restrict tobaccos appeal.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

==Industry outlook in the United States==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2016}}
[[File:Smoking Dangers - 1905 new.png|thumb|Anti-smoking ad, 1905]]

The tobacco industry in the United States has suffered greatly since the mid-1990s, when it was successfully sued by several U.S. states. The suits claimed that tobacco causes cancer, that companies in the industry knew this, and that they deliberately understated the significance of their findings, contributing to the illness and death of many citizens in those states.

The industry was found to have decades of [[Legacy Tobacco Documents Library|internal memos]] confirming in detail that tobacco (which contains [[nicotine]]) is both [[Substance use disorder|addictive]] and [[carcinogen]]ic (cancer-causing). The industry had long denied that [[nicotine addiction|nicotine is addictive]].<ref name=Glantz2000>{{cite journal|last=Glantz|first=SA|title=The truth about big tobacco in its own words|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=321|issue=7257|pages=313–314|date=August 2000|url= |doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7257.313|pmc=1118313|pmid=10926570}}</ref>

The suit resulted in a [[Master Settlement Agreement|large cash settlement]] being paid by a group of tobacco companies to the states that sued. Further, since the suit was settled, other individuals have come forth, in [[class action]] [[lawsuit]]s, claiming individual damages. {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

[[File:Sports stars smoke camels.jpg|thumb|1949 advertisement for [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel]] cigarettes]]
The tobacco industry has historically been largely successful in this litigation process, with the majority of cases being won by the industry. During the first 42 years of tobacco litigation (between 1954 and 1996) the industry maintained a clean record in litigation<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Daynard | first1 = RA | last2 = Bates | first2 = C | last3 = Francey | first3 = N | year = 2000 | title = Tobacco litigation worldwide | journal = BMJ | volume = 320 | issue = 7227| pages = 111–3 | pmid = 10625272 | pmc=1117367 | doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7227.111}}</ref> thanks to tactics described in a [[R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]] internal memo as "the way we won these cases, to paraphrase [[George S. Patton|Gen. Patton]], is not by spending all of Reynolds' money, but by making the other son of a bitch spend all of his."<ref>Haines v Liggett Group, Inc, 818 F Supp 414, 421 (DNJ 1993), quoted in Daynard et al. 2000</ref> Between 1995 and 2005 only 59% of cases were won by the tobacco industry either outright or on appeal in the US,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Epidemiology of the third wave of tobacco litigation in the United States, 1994–2005 |year=2006 |last1=Douglas |first1=C. E. |last2=Davis |first2=R. M. |last3=Beasley |first3=J. K. |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=15 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=iv9–iv16 |pmid=17130629 |pmc=2563581 |doi=10.1136/tc.2006.016725 }}</ref> but the continued success of the industry's efforts to win these cases is questionable. In Florida, the industry has lost 77 of the 116 "Engle progeny" cases that have gone to trial.<ref>{{cite web |first=Richard |last=Craver |work=[[Winston-Salem Journal]] |date=24 June 2014 |url=http://www.journalnow.com/business/business_news/national_international/reynolds-loses-another-engle-case-in-florida/article_edb613a2-fc05-11e3-8257-001a4bcf6878.html |title=Reynolds loses another 'Engle' case in Florida }}</ref> The U.S. Supreme Court has also denied the industry's major grounds for appeal of Engle cases.<ref>{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Nohlgren |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |date=24 June 2014 |url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/courts/civil/us-supreme-court-sides-against-big-tobacco-in-florida-litigation/2183646/ |title=U.S. Supreme Court sides against Big Tobacco in Florida litigation |access-date=December 23, 2022 }}</ref>

In June 2009, U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] signed into law the [[Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act]] which has been called a "sweeping anti-smoking" bill.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna31481823 |title=Obama signs sweeping anti-smoking bill – politics – White House – NBC News |publisher=NBC News |date=2009-06-22 |access-date=2012-03-13}}</ref> Among other restrictions, this Act banned the use of any constituent, additive, herb or spice that adds a "characterizing flavor" to the tobacco product or smoke (Section 907)(a)(1)(A).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=111_cong_bills&docid=f:h1256enr.txt.pdf|title=FDsys – Browse Congressional Bills|website=frwebgate.access.gpo.gov}}</ref> The aim of this ban is to prevent children and teenagers from becoming addicted to cigarettes at a young age with the [[US Department of Health and Human Services]] citing that "studies have shown that 17 year old smokers are three times as likely to use flavored cigarettes as are smokers over the age of 25".<ref>{{cite web|title=General Questions and Answers on the Ban of Cigarettes that Contain Certain Characterizing Flavors|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/FlavoredTobacco/UCM183230.pdf|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services|agency=US Food and Drug Administration|date=September 22, 2009}}</ref> This ban however does not apply to [[menthol cigarette]]s, which are exempt from the bill.

Lawsuits against the tobacco industry are primarily restricted to the United States due to differences in legal systems in other countries. Many businesses class ongoing lawsuits as a cost of doing business in the US and feel their revenue will be only marginally affected by the activities.

[[File:Jeffrey Wigand (178631094).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jeffrey Wigand]], the former research chief at America's third-largest tobacco company, exposed safety problems related to the tobacco industry.]]

[[Big Tobacco|Large tobacco companies]] have entered the [[electronic cigarette#History|electronic cigarette]] market by either buying some of the small e-cigarette companies or by starting their own e-cigarette companies.<ref name=Orellana-BarriosPayne2015>{{cite journal|last1=Orellana-Barrios|first1=Menfil A.|last2=Payne|first2=Drew|last3=Mulkey|first3=Zachary|last4=Nugent|first4=Kenneth|title=Electronic Cigarettes—A Narrative Review for Clinicians|journal=The American Journal of Medicine|volume=128|issue=7|year=2015|pages=674–681|issn=0002-9343|doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033|pmid=25731134|doi-access=free}}</ref> By 2014 all the major multinational tobacco companies had entered the e-cigarette market.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> They did so either by buying existing e-cigarette companies (including [[Dragonite International Limited|Ruyan]], the original Chinese e-cigarette company, which was bought by [[Imperial Brands|Imperial Tobacco]]) or by developing their own products.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> A 2017 review states, "The tobacco industry dominates the e-cigarette market."<ref name=Zborovskaya2017>{{cite journal|last1=Zborovskaya|first1=Y|title=E-Cigarettes and Smoking Cessation: A Primer for Oncology Clinicians|journal=Clin J Oncol Nurs|volume=21|issue=1|pages=54–63|year=2017|doi=10.1188/17.CJON.54-63|pmid=28107337|s2cid=206992720}}</ref> All of the large tobacco companies are selling e-cigarettes.<ref name=ShieldsBerman2017>{{cite journal|last1=Shields|first1=Peter G.|last2=Berman|first2=Micah|last3=Brasky|first3=Theodore M.|last4=Freudenheim|first4=Jo L.|last5=Mathe|first5=Ewy A|last6=McElroy|first6=Joseph|last7=Song|first7=Min-Ae|last8=Wewers|first8=Mark D.|title=A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes In The Context of Smoking: A Focus On Inflammation|journal=Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention|volume=26|issue=8|year=2017|pages=1175–1191|issn=1055-9965|doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-0358|pmid=28642230|pmc=5614602}}</ref> A 2017 review states, "Small companies initially dominated the electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) market, and these firms had no links to the tobacco industry. Today, however, all transnational tobacco companies sell these products. Increased concentration of the ENDS market in the hands of the transnational tobacco companies is concerning to the public health community, given the industry's legacy of obfuscating many fundamental truths about their products and misleading the public with false claims, including that low-tar and so-called "light" cigarettes would reduce the harms associated with smoking. Although industry representatives are claiming interest in ENDS because of their harm-reduction potential, many observers believe that profit remains the dominant motivation."<ref name=DropeCahn2017>{{cite journal |last1=Drope |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Cahn |first2=Zachary |last3=Kennedy |first3=Rosemary |last4=Liber |first4=Alex C. |last5=Stoklosa |first5=Michal |last6=Henson |first6=Rosemarie |last7=Douglas |first7=Clifford E. |last8=Drope |first8=Jacqui |title=Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine |journal=CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=449–471 |year=2017 |issn=0007-9235 |doi=10.3322/caac.21413 |pmid=28961314 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Major tobacco companies are dominating the political and policy-making environments just as they have in conventional cigarette policy making.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> As they have done to influence tobacco control policies for conventional cigarettes, the large companies often try to stay out of sight and work through third parties that can obscure their links to the tobacco industry.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> The one difference from the historical pattern of industry efforts to shape tobacco policy from behind the scenes is that there are also genuine independent sellers of e-cigarettes and associated users (so-called vape shops) who are not necessarily being directed by the cigarette companies.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> These smaller operators are, however, losing market share to the big tobacco companies, and the real political power is now being exercised by the cigarette companies.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018/> The cigarette companies try to take advantage of the existence of independent players while acting through the industry's traditional allies and front groups.<ref name=GlantzBareham2018>{{cite journal|last1=Glantz|first1=Stanton A.|last2=Bareham|first2=David W.|title=E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=39|issue=1|pages=215–235|date=January 2018|issn=0163-7525|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757|pmid=29323609|pmc=6251310|url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt421813nc/qt421813nc.pdf?t=p2h0k2}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757|author(s)=Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham}}</ref>

==Tobacco control==
On May 11, 2004, the U.S. became the 108th country to sign the [[World Health Organization]]'s [[WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control|Global Treaty on Tobacco Control]]. This treaty places broad restrictions on the sale, advertising, shipment, and taxation of tobacco products. The U.S. has not yet ratified this treaty in its [[United States Senate|Senate]] and does not yet have a schedule for doing so.

Most recently, there has been discussion within the tobacco control community of transforming the tobacco industry through the replacement of tobacco [[corporation]]s by other types of business organizations that can be established to provide tobacco to the market while not attempting to increase market demand.<ref>C. Callard, D. Thompson and N. Collishaw, Curing The Addiction To Profits: A Supply-Side Approach To Phasing Out Tobacco (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2005)</ref>

On February 20, 2007, the [[US Supreme Court]] ruled that the [[Altria Group]] (formerly Philip Morris) did not have to pay $79.5 million in punitive damages awarded to Mayola Williams in a 1999 Oregon court ruling, when she sued Phillip Morris for responsibility in the cancer death of her husband, Jesse Williams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17239146 |title=Supreme Court throws out Philip Morris verdict – Business – US business – NBC News |publisher=NBC News |date=2007-02-20 |access-date=2012-03-13}}</ref>  The Supreme Court's decision overturns a ruling made by the [[Oregon Supreme Court]] that upheld the award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003687.php |title=Philip Morris USA v. Williams, Mayola – Medill – on the Docket |access-date=2007-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204130206/http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003687.php |archive-date=2007-02-04 }}</ref>

On April 3, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit threw out an $800 billion class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of a group or class of people who smoked light cigarettes. The plaintiffs' lawyers were confident that they would be able to win this suit due to the success of ''Schwab v. Philip Morris''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=14138|title=US: Tobacco Makers Lose Key Ruling on Latest Suites|author=Johnston, David Kay and Melanie Warner|newspaper=New York Times|date=2006-09-26|access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref> wherein tobacco companies were found guilty of fraud-like charges because they were selling the idea that light cigarettes were safer than regular cigarettes. The ruling by the three-judge panel will not allow the suit to be pursued as a class, but instead need proof for why individual smokers chose light cigarettes over regular cigarettes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/03/business/03cnd-tobacco.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin|title=Suit on Light Cigarettes Is Thrown Out|author=Saul, Stephanie|newspaper=New York Times|date=2008-04-03|access-date=2008-04-03}}</ref>

==Production by country or region==
[[File:TobaccoYield.png|400px|thumbnail|Map of tobacco production across the world]]
The [[United Nations]] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] estimates the following production of unmanufactured tobacco by country/region in 2022. (Figures are in thousands of [[ton]]nes.)[[UN Food and Agriculture Organization|(FAO)]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Unmanufactured tobacco production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)|date=2024|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="vertical-align:top;"
|-
! Country or region
! Production in thousands of tons
|-
| {{flag|China}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,188.1
|-
| {{flag|India}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 772.2
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 667.3
|-
| {{flag|Indonesia}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 225.6
|-
| {{flag|United States}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 202.9
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 166.9
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 133.6
|-
| {{flag|Malawi}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 103.8
|-
| {{flag|Argentina}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 95.6
|-
| {{flag|Mozambique}}
| style="text-align:right;" | 95.5
|-
|'''World'''
| style="text-align:right;" | '''5,780.9'''
|}

== Cigarette production by factory ==
[[File:Jakobstad Tobacco Factory 1.jpg|thumb|[[Strengberg tobacco factory|Strengberg]]'s old, now closed tobacco factory in [[Jakobstad]], [[Finland]]]]

Much of global tobacco production is used in the manufacturing of cigarettes. The following is a chart compiled by Dr. Robert Proctor detailing the largest cigarette factories, accompanied by their estimated annual death toll due to the harms of cigarettes to health.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Proctor|first=Robert N|date=2012-02-16|title=The history of the discovery of the cigarette–lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll: Table 1|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=21|issue=2|pages=87–91|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338|pmid=22345227|issn=0964-4563|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Cigarette factory output.png|none|thumb|Largest cigarette producing factories from around the world, along with their estimated number of deaths caused per year.]] -->

==In popular culture==

The tobacco industry has had a long relationship with the entertainment industry. In silent era movies, back-lit smoke was often used by filmmakers to create sense of mystery and sensuality in a scene. Later, cigarettes were deliberately placed in the hands of Hollywood stars as an early phase of [[product placement]],<ref>{{cite journal|author1=C. Mekemson |author2=S A Glantz |url=http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/11/suppl_1/i81.full |title=How the tobacco industry built its relationship with Hollywood |journal=Tobacco Control |year=2002 |volume=11 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=I81-91 |publisher=Tobaccocontrol.bmj.com |doi=10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i81 |pmid=11893818 |pmc=1766059 |access-date=2012-03-13}}</ref> until health regulating bodies tightened rules on tobacco advertisement and anti-smoking groups pressured actors and studio executives against such tactics. [[Big Tobacco]] has since been the subject focus of films such as the [[docudrama]] ''[[The Insider (film)|The Insider]]'' (1999) and ''[[Thank You for Smoking (film)|Thank You For Smoking]]'' (2005).

These issues have also constituted a recurring storyline in the [[AMC (TV channel)|AMC]] series ''[[Mad Men]]'', from [[Mad Men (season 1)|season 1]] beginning with the pilot episode ([[Smoke Gets in Your Eyes (Mad Men)|"Smoke Gets In Your Eyes"]]) through season 7's midseason finale, [[Mad Men (season 7)|"Waterloo"]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Business and economics}}
{{Column list|
* [[List of tobacco-related topics]]
* [[Tobacco in the United States]]
* [[Health effects of tobacco]]
* [[History of commercial tobacco in the United States]]
* [[Nicotine marketing]]
* [[Smoking bans]]
* [[Snus]]
* [[Tobacco industry in Argentina]]
* [[Tobacco industry in Malawi]]
* [[Tobacco politics]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main|Cigarette#Further reading}}
* {{Cite journal |first1=Dorie |last1=Apollonio |first2=Ruth E. |last2=Malone |title=Marketing to the marginalised: tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill |year=2005 |journal=Tobacco Control |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=409–415 |doi=10.1136/tc.2005.011890 |pmid=16319365 |pmc=1748120}}
* Brandt, Allan.  ''The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America'' (2007). [https://archive.org/details/cigarettecentury00bran online]

* Enstad, Nan. ''Cigarettes, Inc.: An Intimate History of Corporate Imperialism'' (U of Chicago, 2018) [https://www.amazon.com/Cigarettes-Inc-Intimate-Corporate-Imperialism/dp/022653331X/ excerpt]

* {{Cite book |last1=Glantz |first1=S. A. |last2=Slade |first2=J. |last3=Bero |first3=L. A. |last4=Hanauer |first4=P. |last5=Barnes |first5=D. E. |title=The Cigarette Papers |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520205727 |url-access=registration |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780520205727 }}
* Goodman, Jordan, ed. ''Tobacco in History and Culture. An Encyclopedia'' (2 vol, Gage Cengage, 2005) [https://archive.org/details/tobaccoinhistory0000unse/page/n6/mode/1up online]
* Hahn, Barbara.  ''Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617–1937'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). examines how marketing, technology, and demand caused the dominance of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco.
* Hannah, Leslie. "The Whig Fable of American Tobacco, 1895–1913," ''Journal of Economic History'' 66#1 (2006), pp. 42–73 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3875105 online], argues most historians misinterpret the company.
* Hirschfelder, Arlene B. ''Encyclopedia of smoking and tobacco'' (1999) [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsm0000hirs online]
* {{Cite book |first=Judith |last=MacKay |title=The Tobacco Atlas |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |year=2002 |isbn=92-4-156209-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/tobaccoatlas00judi }}
* {{Cite book |first=Mike A. |last=Males |title=Smoked: Why Joe Camel Is Still Smiling |url=https://archive.org/details/smokedwhyjoecame00mike |url-access=registration |publisher=Common Courage Press |year=1999 |isbn=1-56751-172-4 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Sarah |last=Milov |title=The Cigarette: A Political History |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0674241213}}
* Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. ''Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming'' (Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011).

* Parker-Pope, Tara. ''Cigarettes: Anatomy of an Industry from Seed to Smoke'' (2002) [https://archive.org/details/cigarettesanatom00park online]

* {{Cite book |author=[[Robert N. Proctor|Proctor, Robert N.]] |title=Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year= 2012 |isbn=9780520270169 }}
* Tennant, Richard B. ''American Cigarette Industry: A Study in Economic Analysis and Public Policy'' (Yale UP, 1950) [https://archive.org/details/americancigarett0001rich online]
* Tennant, Richard B. "The Cigarette Industry" in ''The Structure of American Industry,'' edited by Walter Adams (1961) pp 357–392. [https://archive.org/details/structureofameri0000adam/page/362/mode/1up online]
* Tilley, Nannie M. ''The R.J. Reynolds tobacco company'' (UNC Press Books, 1985) [https://archive.org/details/rjreynoldstobacc00till online]
* Wagner, Susan. ''Cigarette Country: Tobacco in American History and Politics'' (Praeger, 1971). [https://archive.org/details/cigarettecountry00wagn/page/n5/mode/2up online]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

* [https://archive.org/details/tobaccoarchives UCSF Tobacco Industry Videos Collection]
* [https://archive.org/details/tobaccoarchives_audio UCSF Tobacco Industry Audio Recordings Collection]
* [http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?T29 University of South Florida Libraries: ''The Tobacco Leaf Journal''] which was published by C. Pfirshing of New York beginning in 1865. He called the journal the "organ of the tobacco trade in the United States."

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{{Cigarettes}}
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[[Category:Tobacco industry| ]]
[[Category:Cigarettes]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Industries (economics)]]