Editing Timeline of Philippine political history

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}

This article presents a '''timeline of Philippine political history''' focused  on governmental transitions  of the [[Philippine archipelago]], major [[polity|polities]], [[invasion]] attempts, and [[insurgency]] movements from the [[History of the Philippines (Before 1521)|pre-Hispanic]] period to the present.<ref group=nb>This article may be incomplete; lacking, in particular, information regarding the [[MNLF]], [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front|MILF]] and [[Abu Sayyaf]] groups which should possibly be included. See e.g., the [[Civil conflict in the Philippines]] article.</ref> The information presented here is highly summarized, and more complete information can be found in more detailed articles linked below.

{| class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="font-size:85%; margin:auto"
|+Major Polities and governmental transitions
!Date range{{efn|name="table notes"|Date ranges are approximate, and are generally drawn from the Establishment and Disestablishment dates of individual polities in the ''Polities'' ros.}}
!Before [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription|900]] – <br />[[Treaty of Cebu (1565)|April 27, 1565]]
![[Treaty of Cebu (1565)|April 27, 1565]] – <br />[[Treaty of Paris (1898)|December 10, 1898]]
![[Tagalog Republic#Bonifacio|August 24, 1896]] – <br />[[Andres Bonifacio#Trial and sentencing|May 10, 1897]]
![[Tejeros Convention#Convention|March 22, 1897]] – <br />[[1897 Philippine Supreme Council elections|November 1, 1897]]
![[1897 Philippine Supreme Council elections|November 1, 1897]] – <br />[[Pact of Biak-na-Bato|December 14, 1897]]
![[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|May 24, 1898]] – <br />[[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898-1899)|June 23, 1898]]
![[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898-1899)|June 23, 1898]] – <br />[[1898 Philippine Malolos Congress elections|January 23, 1899]]
![[1898 Philippine Malolos Congress elections|January 23, 1899]] – <br /> [[Emilio Aguinaldo#Capture of Aguinaldo|March 23, 1901]]
![[Battle of Manila (1898)|August 14, 1898]] – <br />[[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|July 1, 1902]]
![[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|May 6, 1902]] – <br />[[Macario Sakay#Surrender and betrayal|July 14, 1906]]
![[Spooner Amendment|July 4, 1901]] – <br />[[Tydings–McDuffie Act|November 15, 1935]]
![[Tydings–McDuffie Act|November 15, 1935]] – <br />[[Treaty of Manila (1946)|October 22, 1946]]
!October 14, 1943 – <br />[[Surrender of Japan|August 17, 1945]]
![[Treaty of Manila (1946)|July 4, 1946]] – <br />[[First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos|December 30, 1965]]
![[First inauguration of Ferdinand Marcos|December 30, 1965]] – <br />[[People Power Revolution|February 25, 1986]]
!February 2, 1987 –<br />
|-
!Sovereign<br />entity
|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | None
|colspan=5 style="text-align: center; | Spain
|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | In transition{{efn|On January 23, 1899, Philippine revolutionary forces promulgated the [[First Philippine Republic]] and, unrecognized by the international community, proclaimed its sovereignty over the Philippines. This occurred while the [[Spanish–American War]] was ongoing, with an active [[Theater (warfare)|theater of combat]] in the Philippines. [[Treaty of Paris (1898)#Negotiations|Negotiations]] to end that war began on September 26, 1898 and, ended on December 10 with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], Article III of that treaty transferred sovereignty over the Philippines from Spain to the United States.}}
|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | United States
|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | [[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|Disputed]]
|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | Republic of the Philippines
|-
!Governing body
|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | None
|colspan=4 style="text-align: center; | {{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}}{{flagdeco|Spain|1785|size=28px}} [[Spanish East Indies]]
|colspan=2 style="text-align: center; | Disputed{{efn|During the period from May to December 1898 Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines was not in dispute but, after the Philippines became a [[Theater (warfare)|theater of combat]] in the [[Spanish–American War]] in May 1898, the [[Philippine Revolution]] was renewed with American support. Philippine revolutionary forces [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898, in the midst of continuing engagement. Negotiations in Paris to end the war concluded on December 10, 1898 with the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], in which Spain [[Cession|agreed to cede]] the Philippines and other territories to the U.S.}}
|colspan=4 style="text-align: center; | {{flagdeco|United States|size=28px}} [[Philippine Commission]]
|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | {{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}
|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | {{flag|Second Philippine Republic}} 
|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | Republic of the Philippines
|-
![[Polity|Polities]]
| [[History of the Philippines (900–1521)|Pre-Colonial Philippines]]
| {{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}}{{flagdeco|Spain|1785|size=28px}} [[Spanish East Indies]]
| {{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}}{{flagdeco|Spain|1785|size=28px}} [[Spanish East Indies]]<br />{{flagicon image|Battle Flag of Tagalog Republic.svg}} [[Tagalog Republic#Bonifacio|Republika ng Katagalugan]]<br /><small>aka</small><br/>[[Tagalog Republic#Bonifacio|Haring-Bayang Katagalugan]]
| {{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}}{{flagdeco|Spain|1785|size=28px}} [[Spanish East Indies]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Sovereign_Tagalog_Nation.svg|size=28px}} [[Tejeros Convention#Finalized government|Republica Filipina]]
<small>aka</small>
[[Tejeros Convention#Finalized government|<br />Republica de Filipina]]
<small>aka</small>
[[Tejeros Convention#Finalized government|<br />Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan ]]
| {{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}}{{flagdeco|Spain|1785|size=28px}} [[Spanish East Indies]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg|size=28px}} [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato|Republica de Filipinas]]
| {{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}}{{flagdeco|Spain|1785|size=28px}} [[Spanish East Indies]]{{efn|Ended with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 Treaty of Paris]].}}<br /> {{flagdeco|United States|1896|size=28px}} [[American Imperialism#1800s–1900s: New Imperialism and "The White Man's Burden"|U.S. Colonial Government]]{{efn|name=USColonialGovt|[[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|U.S. Military Government]] was established on August 14, 1898.<ref>{{cite book | author=Philippines | author2=United States Philippine Commission | title=Public Laws Enacted by the Philippine Legislature: During the Period from Sept. 1, 1900 to Nov. 14, 1935; Comprising Acts Nos. 1 to 4275 | publisher=Bureau of Printing | issue=v. 2 | year=1904 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-YxAQAAIAAJ | chapter=Military Proclamation, August 14, 1898|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-YxAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA567|page=567}}</ref> The [[Taft Commission]] was established on March 16, 1900 with legislative authority,<ref>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&q1=titles&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=472 452–459]}}</ref> and established civil government over areas as U.S. control solidified. The office of the [[Governor General of the Philippines#United States Military Government (1898–1902)|Military Governor]] was abolished with the passage of the [[Philippine Organic Act]] on July 1, 1902.}}<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg|size=28px}} [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas]]
|{{flagdeco|United States|1896|size=28px}} [[American Imperialism#1800s–1900s: New Imperialism and "The White Man's Burden"|U.S. Colonial Government]]{{efn|name=USColonialGovt}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg|size=28px}} [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)|Gobierno Revolucionario de Filipinas]]
|{{flagdeco|United States|1896|size=28px}} [[American Imperialism#1800s–1900s: New Imperialism and "The White Man's Burden"w|U.S. Colonial Government]]{{efn|name=USColonialGovt}}<br />{{flag|First Philippine Republic|name=Republica Filipina|size=28px}}|| {{flagdeco|United States|1896|size=28px}} [[American Imperialism#1800s–1900s: New Imperialism and "The White Man's Burden"|U.S. Colonial Government]]{{efn|name=USColonialGovt}}
| {{flagdeco|United States|1896|size=28px}} [[Taft Commission]]
{{efn|name=USColonialGovt}}
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Katagalugan Republic.svg|size=28px}} [[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|Republika ng Katagalugan]]

<small>aka</small>

[[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan]]
| {{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flagdeco|Philippines|1919}} [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|US Insular Government]]
| {{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}
| {{flag|Second Philippine Republic}}{{efn|The [[Second Philippine Republic]] was established on January 3, 1942 and dissolved on October 14, 1943. It followed the provisional [[Philippine Executive Commission]], established on January 3, 1942 after the December 8, 1941 [[Japanese invasion of the Philippines]].}} and {{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flagdeco|Commonwealth of the Philippines}} [[Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines]]
| {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[Third Republic of the Philippines]]
| {{flagdeco|Philippines|1985}} [[History of the Philippines (1965–86)|Fourth Republic of the Philippines]]
| {{flagdeco|Philippines}}[[Fifth Republic of the Philippines]]
|-
!
!colspan=16 style="text-align: center;" | Entries below this point reflect the viewpoint of the post-independence government of the Philippines regarding pre-independence history
|-
! [[Constitution of the Philippines|Constitutional Document]]
| 
| Colonial authority of [[Monarchy of Spain|The Crown]]
| Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees
| Official decrees of Aguinaldo
| [[:wikisource:Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)|Provisional Constitution]]
| colspan="2"| Official decrees of Aguinaldo
| [[Malolos Constitution]]
| Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees
| ''[[United States Constitution]]''
|
* [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)]]
* [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Philippine Autonomy Act (1916)]]
* [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]]
| [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1935 Constitution|1935 Constitution]]
| [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1943 Constitution|1943 Constitution]] 
| [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1935 Constitution|1935 Constitution]]
| [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1973 Constitution|1973 Constitution]]
| [[Constitution of the Philippines#The 1987 Constitution|1987 Constitution]]
|-
! [[Capital of the Philippines|Capital]]
| 
| [[Manila (province)|Manila]]
| [[Rizal (province)|Morong]]
| [[General Trias|San Francisco de Malabon]], [[Cavite]]
| [[San Miguel, Bulacan|San Miguel]], [[Bulacan]]
| [[Bacoor]], [[Cavite]]
| [[Malolos, Bulacan]]
| [[Malolos, Bulacan]]
| [[Rizal (province)|Morong]]
| colspan="3"| [[Manila]]
| 
* [[Manila]] (1942–1945)
* [[Baguio]] (1945)
| 
* [[Manila]] (1946–1948)
* [[Quezon City]] (1948–1965)
| 
* [[Quezon City]] (1965–1976)
* [[Manila]] (1976–1986)
| [[Manila]]
|-
! Form of Government
| [[Barangay state]]
| [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Colony]]
| [[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies|Unrecognized]] [[Provisional government|provisional]] [[revolutionary republic]]
| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic
| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary [[constitutional republic]]
| Unrecognized provisional [[dictatorship]]
| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic
| Unrecognized [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] constitutional revolutionary republic
| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic
| [[Military occupation]]al [[transitional government]]
| [[Unincorporated territories of the United States]]
| [[Presidential system|Presidential]] [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|commonwealth]]
| |[[Single-party]] [[authoritarian]] [[Republic]] (recognized only by Axis)
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] Constitutional republic
| [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[parliamentary republic|pseudo-parliamentary republic]] under  [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[military dictatorship|civic-military rule]]
| [[Unitary State|Unitary]] [[presidential system|presidential]] constitutional republic
|-
! Head of State
| rowspan="2"| [[Datu]], [[Rajah]], [[Sultan]]
|
* [[List of Spanish regents#Reigns of Maria de las Mercedes and Alfonso XIII|Queen Regent of Spain]]
* [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]]
| rowspan="2"| [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Supreme President/President of the Sovereign Nation]]
* [[Andres Bonifacio]]
| rowspan="2"| [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President of the Philippines]]
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1897)
| rowspan="2"| [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President of the Philippines]]
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1897)
| rowspan="2"| [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Dictator]]
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] 
| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
| rowspan="2"| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1899–1901)
* [[Miguel Malvar]] (1901–1902) {{small|[[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|(unofficial)]]}}
| rowspan="2"| [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|Supreme President]]
* [[Macario Sakay]] 
| [[President of the United States|US President]]
* [[William McKinley]] (1898–1901)
* [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901–1902)
| [[President of the United States|US President]]
* [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901–1909)
* [[William H. Taft]] (1909–1913)
* [[Woodrow Wilson]] (1913–1921)
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1933–1935)
| rowspan="2"| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Manuel L. Quezon]] (1935–1944)
* [[Sergio Osmeña]] (1944–1946)
* [[Manuel Roxas]] (1946)
| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Jose P. Laurel]] (1943–1945)
| rowspan="2"| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Manuel Roxas]] (1946–1948)
* [[Elpidio Quirino]] (1948–1953)
* [[Ramon Magsaysay]] (1953–1957)
* [[Carlos P. Garcia]] (1957–1961)
* [[Diosdado Macapagal]] (1961-1965)
| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Ferdinand Marcos|Ferdinand Marcos Sr.]] (1965–1986)
* [[Corazon Aquino]] (1986)
| rowspan="2"| [[President of the Philippines]]
* [[Corazon Aquino]] (1986–1992)
* [[Fidel V. Ramos]] (1992–1998)
* [[Joseph Estrada]] (1998–2001)
* [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] (2001–2010)
* [[Benigno Aquino III]] (2010–2016)
* [[Rodrigo Duterte]] (2016–2022)
* [[Bongbong Marcos]] (2022–)
|-
! Head of Government
| [[Governor-General of the Philippines#Under New Spain|Spanish Governor-General]]
| [[Prime Minister of the Philippines]]
* [[Apolinario Mabini]] (1898–1899)
| [[Governor-General of the Philippines#United States Military Government (1898–1902)|US Military Governor- General]]
* [[Wesley Merritt]] (1898)
* [[Elwell S. Otis]] (1898–1900)
* [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.]] (1900–1901)
* [[Adna Chaffee]] (1901–1902)
| [[Governor-General of the Philippines#Insular Government (1901–1935)|US Insular Governor- General]]
* [[William H. Taft]] (1901–1904)
* [[Francis B. Harrison]] (1913–1921)
* [[Leonard Wood]] (1921–1927)
* [[Frank Murphy]] (1933–1935)
| [[Governor-General of the Philippines#Japanese military governors (1942–1945)|Japanese Military Governor]]
* [[Shigenori Kuroda]] (1943–1944)
* [[Tomoyuki Yamashita]] (1944–1945)
| [[Prime Minister of the Philippines]]
* [[Ferdinand Marcos]] (1978–1981)
* [[Cesar Virata]] (1981–1986)
* [[Salvador Laurel]] (1986)
|-
! Legislative
| Council of Elders
| 
* ''[[Council of the Indies|Consejo de Indias]]'' (1565–1821)
* ''[[Cortes Generales]]'' (1821–1898)
| Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)
|
| ''Consejo Supremo''
| 
| [[Malolos Congress|Revolutionary Congress]]
| ''[[Malolos Congress]]''
|
|
* [[Martial law]] (1898–1900)
* [[Philippine Commission]] (1900–1902)
| [[Philippine Legislature]]
| 
* [[National Assembly of the Philippines|National Assembly]] (1935–1941)
* [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] (1945–1946)
| [[National Assembly (Second Philippine Republic)|National Assembly]]
| [[Congress of the Philippines]]
| [[Batasang Pambansa]]
* [[Interim Batasang Pambansa|Interim Assembly]] (1978–1984)
* [[Regular Batasang Pambansa|Regular Natioanal Assembly]] (1984–1986)
| [[Congress of the Philippines]]
|-
! Judiciary 
| Datu as Presiding Officer
* Council of Elders as Jurors
| [[Real Audiencia]] 
| Camara Reina (Secret Judicial Chamber)
|
| Supreme Council of Grace and Justice
| [[Court Martial]]
|
| Supreme Court
|
| ''[[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]]''
| colspan="6"| [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]]
|-
! Military
| Datu as Military Commander
* Qualified members of the Barangay as soldiers
| [[Spanish Army|Spanish Imperial Army]];<br />[[Civil Guard (Philippines)|Guarda Civil]]
| [[Katipunan]]
| colspan="4"| [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]]
| [[Philippine Revolutionary Army|Philippine Republican Army]]
| [[Katipunan]]
| [[United States Army]]
| [[United States Army]];<br />[[Philippine Division (United States)|USA Philippine Division]];<br />[[Philippine Constabulary]];<br />[[Philippine Scouts]]
| [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]];<br />[[Philippine Division (United States)|USA Philippine Division]];<br />[[Philippine Constabulary]]
| colspan="4"| [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
|-
! Currency
| [[Piloncitos]]
| 
* [[Spanish dollar|Real de a Ocho]]
* [[Philippine peso|Peso Fuerte]]
| colspan="10"| [[Philippine peso|Peso]]
| [[Japanese government-issued Philippine peso]]
| colspan="3"| [[Philippine peso|Peso]]
|-
! Official Language(s)
|
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| colspan="5"| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| [[English language|English]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]
| [[English language|English]]
| [[English language|English]], [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]
| colspan="3" |[[English language|English]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]]
|-
! State Religion
| None; [[Islam]] in sultanates
| [[Roman Catholicism]]
| colspan="14"| [[Separation of church and state]]
|-
!Invasions and Insurgencies
|
* The [[Cordillera Autonomous Region|Cordillera]] region was unified after the long clan wars between the Clans and tribes of [[Ifugao]] and [[Kalinga (province)|Kalinga]] warlords because of land resources. This unification established the culturally homogeneous society which led to the building of the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]].
* Sri Lumay conducted a Rebellion against the Maharajah of the [[Chola Dynasty]] and established the [[Rajahnate of Cebu]].
* In 1500, [[Bruneian Empire]] attacked [[Palawan]], [[Ma-i|Kingdom of Ma-i]] (the island of [[Mindoro]]) and [[Kingdom of Tondo]]. Tondo was defeated in 1500 and Brunei deposed the Senapati Lakan Sukwu, establishing [[Kingdom of Maynila|Kota Seludong]] and installing [[Rajah Sulayman]] as its puppet ruler.
|{{further|Philippine revolts against Spain}}<br>
In 1529, Spain claimed dominion over the Philippine archipelago on the basis of Magellan's discovery, a valid mode of acquisition at the time.<ref name=bautista2009p12 /> Various local revolts erupted throughout Spanish rule.{{efn|These revolts included:
* [[Dagami Revolt|Dagami Revolt (1567)]], Manila Revolt (1574), Pampangos Revolt (1585), [[Conspiracy of the Maharlikas]] (Luzon), [[Tondo Conspiracy]] (1587–1588), Revolts Against the Tribute (1589), [[Magalat Revolt|Magalat Revolt (1596)]]
* [[Igorot Revolt|Igorot Revolt (1601)]], Chinese revolt of 1602, Irraya Revolt (1621), [[Tamblot Uprising|Tamblot Revolt (1621–1622)]], Bankaw Revolt (1621–1622), Isneg Revolt (1625–1627), Cagayan Revolt (1639), Ladia Revolt (1643), Zambales Revolt (1645), Pampanga Revolt (1645), Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50), Pintados Revolt (1649–1650), Zambal Revolt (1660), Maniago Revolt (1660), Malong Revolt (1660–1661), Ilocano Revolt (1661), Chinese revolt of 1662, Panay Revolt (1663), Sambal Revolt (1681–1683), Tingco plot (1686), Rivera Revolt (1718), Magtanĝaga Revolt (1718), Caragay Revolt (1719), [[Dagohoy Rebellion|Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1829)]], Agrarian Revolt (1745–1746)
* Silang Revolt (1762–63), [[Palaris Revolt|Palaris Revolt (1762–1765)]], Camarines Revolt (1762–1764), Cebu Revolt (1762–1764), Dabo and Marayac Revolt (1763), Isabela Revolt (1763)
* Lagutao Revolt (1785), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1788), Magtanong and Malibiran Revolt (1787), Nueva Vizcaya Revolt (1805), Ambaristo Revolt (1807), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1811), Sarat Revolt (1815), Bayot Revolt (1822), Novales Mutiny (1823), Parang and Upay Revolt (1822–1835), Pule Revolt (1840–1841), Camerino Revolt (1865–1869), Labios Revolt (1870–1871), [[Cavite Mutiny|Cavite Mutiny (1872)]].}}

[[Battles of La Naval de Manila]], a series of five naval battles between [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] forces in 1646.
{{further|Eighty Years' War}}

The [[Ilustrado]]s "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.  Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united [[Filipino nationalism]] and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.
|
* The [[Katipunan]] secret revolutionary society, formed in 1892, became an insurgent government in August when armed conflict against Spain breaks out upon its discovery.<ref name=agoncillo1990p172 /> This begins what is generally called the [[Philippine Revolution]].
* January 1895 – [[Andrés Bonifacio]] assumes Supreme Presidency of the Katipunan.
* August 1896 – Upon the Katipunan's discovery, the Katipunan Supreme Council was reorganised into a "cabinet" of an insurgent revolutionary government. Andrés Bonifacio is re-elected ''Kataastaasang Pangulo'' or ''Presidente Supremo'', Supreme President of the Katipunan. The Katipunan and its successor insurgent movements regarded themselves as legitimate governments from this point onwards.<ref name=zaide1968pp238,285 /><ref name=ricarte1926p27 /> Bonifacio referred to the Katipunan-based insurgent government as the "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People" (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan) and to the insurgent "Philippine nation" as the "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Haring-Bayang Katagalugan), with "republic" and "sovereign nation" effectively being synonyms, and "Tagalog" used in place of "Filipino" but referred to the whole Philippines and its people.<ref name="guerrero2001">{{cite book|last1=Guerrero|first1=Milagros|last2=Schumacher, S.J.|first2=John|title=Reform and Revolution|publisher=Asia Publishing Company Limited|volume=5|series=Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People|year=1998|isbn=962-258-228-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281}}</ref><ref name="guerrero1996">{{cite journal|last1=Guerrero|first1=Milagros|last2=Encarnación|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Villegas|first3=Ramón|title=Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution|journal=Sulyap Kultura|volume=1|issue=2|pages=3–12|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts|year=1996|ref=guerrero1996a|url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1|access-date=August 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "richardson book">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Jim|title=The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892-1897|location=Quezon City|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|year=2013|isbn=9789715506755}}</ref>   
|March 22, 1897 – [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] is elected president of a government meant to replace the prior Katipunan insurgent government by attendees of the [[Tejeros Convention]]. He was sworn in the day after and fully assumed the office by April despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp177-178 />
|Established as an insurgent constitutional republic on November 2, 1897, with Aguinaldo as [[List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines|President]]. This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.

December 14, 1897 – Signing of the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]], suspending the insurgency. Aguinaldo and other insurgent leaders went into voluntary overseas exile. Armed activities temporarily officially halted by the Filipino revolutionary forces.

[[Central Executive Committee (Philippines)|Central Executive Committee]]

April 1898 – General [[Francisco Makabulos]] forms the insurgent ''General Executive Committee of Northern Luzon'', intended to be a provisional government "until a general government of the Republic in these islands shall again be established." This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.<ref name=constantino1975pp202-203 /><ref name=agoncillo1990pp185-186 />
|May 1, 1898 – [[Spanish–American War|Hostilities between the U.S. and Spain]] commenced in the Philippines.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp189-190 />
* 19 May – Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines.<ref name=agoncillo1990p192 />
* 24 May – Aguinaldo announces in Cavite, "... I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ..."<ref name=titherington1900pp357-358 />
* June 12, 1898 – [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence]] is proclaimed in [[Kawit]] by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines.<ref name=kalaw1927pp413-417 />
* June 18 – Aguinaldo proclaims dictatorial government.<ref name=guevara1972pp7-12 /><ref>{{Harvnb|Elliott|1917|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC&pg=PA493 491–493 (Appendix E: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 18, 1898, Establishing the Dictatorial Government)]}}</ref>
|June 23, 1899 – Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one.<ref name=guevara1972pp28-40 /><ref>{{Harvnb|Elliott|1917|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0qff9SZ8NUgC&pg=PA493 493–497 (Appendix F: Aguinaldo's Proclamation of June 23, Establishing the Revolutionary Government)]}}</ref>
|January 22, 1899 – Promulgation of the [[Malolos Constitution]]. Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the [[First Philippine Republic]], with Aguinaldo as president.<ref name=guevara1972p88-119 /> Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be the [[List of presidents of the Philippines|first president]] based on this.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tucker|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA8 8]}}.</ref>

Gen. Miguel Malvar, successor of Aguinaldo continued the fight until he surrendered in 1902. Clashes with Moro rebels continued in the south.

* Several groups collectively known as ''[[Philippine–American War#Irreconcilables|Irreconcilables]]'' continued fighting the United States military, the [[Philippine Scouts]], or the [[Philippine Constabulary]]. These included remnants of the Katipunan and other resistance groups.
|
* In 1902, General [[Macario Sakay]], a veteran Katipunan member, revived Bonifacio's Republika ng Katagalugan (simplified to "Tagalog Republic" by Americans), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American occupation forces in the Philippines.<ref name=constantino1975pp261-266 />
* The republic ended in 1906 when Sakay and his leading followers surrendered upon being promised [[amnesty]]. Instead they were arrested, and in the following year were executed as bandits.<ref name=constantino1975pp266-267 />

|Until 1913 scattered resistance to U.S. rule continued based on the First Republic's or the Katipunan's platforms.

From then until 1935 there was no organized mass resistance, but small pockets of defiance still persisted coming mostly from various religious sects, sakdalistas and die-hard republikanos.
|Small segments of opposition continued from a new front, mainly from the legal nationalist and labor groups.

Following the end of World War II, there was resistance from the Hukbalahap and the short lived/progressive political party, Democratic Alliance (DA).
|[[Hukbalahap]]

* On March 29, 1942, peasant leaders determined to oppose the Japanese invasion met in a forest clearing at the junction of the provinces of [[Tarlac]], [[Pampanga]], and [[Nueva Ecija]] to organize a resistance movement against the Japanese invaders. The movement was designated ''Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón'' (People's Army Against Japan) or ''Hukbalahap''.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp447-448 />
|Resistance from Hukbalahap continued.<ref name=agoncillo1990pp451-460 /> Hukbalahap later changed its name to "Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan" (People's Liberation Army) or simply "Huks".

* On May 17, 1954, [[Luis Taruc]], leader of the Hukbalahap/Huk movement, surrendered unconditionally and announced that he "unreservedly recognized the authority of president Magsaysay and the sovereignty of the republic of the Philippines."<ref name=agoncillo1990p458 />
|None, or See [[Timeline of Philippine sovereignty#Notes|Notes]]
|
|-
!Sovereignty notes
|Philippines as one whole national entity was non-existent. Islands comparable to Greece composed of numerous sovereign and independent chiefdoms, several minor kingdoms and [[Thalassocracy|thalassocracies]] such as the [[Kedatuan of Madja-as]], the [[rajahnate]]s of [[Rajahnate of Cebu|Cebu]] and [[Rajahnate of Butuan|Butuan]], [[Sultanate]]s of [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], Lanao and [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]] who were all already engaged in trading with the [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Nihonjin|Japanese]], [[Malaysians]], [[Indonesians]], the [[Arabs]] and the [[Indian people|Indians]].

Considered by Western nations as ''[[Terra nullius|territorium nullius]]'' (an expression deriving from [[Roman Law]] meaning "empty land," or "land belonging to no one").<ref name=bautista2009p13 />
|
* In 1521, explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] landed in the Philippines and claimed the islands for Spain<ref name=noland1990p79 />
* [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] forced the [[Treaty of Cebu (1565)|Treaty of Cebu]] on [[Rajah Tupas]], which effectively gave Spain [[suzerainty]] over Cebu.<ref name=scott1992cebutreaty />
* From Cebu, Legaspi expanded Spanish rule across the Philippines, taking possession of Manila for Spain in 1571.<ref name=zaide1994pp89-91 />
* Referendum of 1599 legitimised Spain's sovereignty.<ref name=villarroel2009pp93-133 />
* The [[British occupation of the Philippines|British Occupation]] happened between 1762 and 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. Only the colonial capital of [[Manila]] and the nearby principal port of [[Cavite]] were taken by the British.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* August 14, 1898 – The day after the surrender of Manila to their forces, General [[Wesley Merritt]] established a military government over portions of the country under American control.<ref name=zaide1994p279 />
* December 10, 1898 – Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States.<ref name="Yale" />
* January 1/2, 1899 – Acting Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[Diego de los Ríos]] returns to Manila from Zamboanga.<ref name=peterson2007pp10-11 />
* January 4 – U.S. General [[Elwell Otis]] issues proclamation announcing the United States as having obtained possession and control of all of the Philippines from the Spanish.<ref name=worcester1914p167 />
*February 6, 1899 – [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] is ratified by the [[Senate of the United States|U.S. Senate]].<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
*March 19 –  [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] is ratified by the [[Regent|Queen-Regent]] of Spain.<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
*April 11 – Following exchange of treaty ratifications between the U.S. and Spain, the Philippines became an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated Territory of the United States]].<ref name=randolph2009p197 />
* On June 2, 1899, undeclared general hostilities between U.S. and Philippine forces having been ongoing since February 4, the Malolos Republic promulgated a [[Declaration of War]] against the United States,<ref name=kalaw1927pp199-200 /> thereby officially beginning the [[Philippine–American War]].
* Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Malolos Republic, was captured by U.S. Forces on March 23, 1901.
* Aguinaldo signed a formal surrender document on April 19, 1901, acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago. The war was officially declared over by the United States government in July 1902.<ref name=worcester1914pp175-176 />
* However, military resistance continued for several years and was labelled as mere banditry and brigandage (Spanish: ''bandolerismo'') by the American authorities. One example was the resistance of [[Macario Sakay]], who revived Bonifacio's Katipunan government as opposed to Aguinaldo's.
* Following the American forces taking control of [[Jolo]] on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899,  Moros resisted the Americans as they had the Spanish in what is termed the [[Moro Rebellion]].
|
|The [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]], still under U.S. sovereignty, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The enabling legislation, the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], provided for a ten-year period of transition to full independence.
|
* Japan [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invaded the Philippines]] on December 8, 1941.
* [[Philippine Executive Commission]], provisional government
* Japanese forces [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|occupied the country]] between 1942 and 1945.
* During the occupation period, the Philippines Commonwealth maintained a [[Government in Exile]] in Australia and, later, in Washington, D.C.<ref name=rodell2002p18 />
* There was a [[Second Philippine Republic]], which was declared independent in 1942.
* An [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Philippines Campaign (1944–45)|campaign to defeat Japanese forces]] commenced on October 20, 1944, and hostilities continued until the war's end with the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]] in August 1945.On September 2, 1945, representatives of the [[Empire of Japan]] signed the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]]. The instrument contained language explicitly accepting the [[Potsdam Declaration]], which contained language limiting Japanese sovereignty to the four main Japanese islands and other minor islands as might be determined.
|
* On July 4, 1946, the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation.<ref name=treaty1946 />
* On October 16, 1947, the [[United Kingdom]] transferred the administration of the [[Mangsee Islands]] and the seven Philippine [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]] to the Philippines. Before that the islands were under Philippine sovereignty but United Kingdom administration.<ref>[http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1951/TS0058%20(1951)%20CMD-8320%201948%2020%20APR,%20MANILA%3B%20NOTES%20BETWEEN%20GOV%20OF%20UK%20&%20PHILIPPINES%20REGARDING%20TRANSFER%20OF%20ADMINISTRATION%20OF%20TURTLE%20&%20MANGSEE%20ISLANDS.pdf Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320]</ref>
|
|
|-
!Notes 
| colspan="16" | {{notelist}}
|}

== See also ==
*[[Politics of the Philippines]]
{{Politics of Philippines}}
**[[History of the Philippines (pre-1521)|Prehistoric Philippines]]
***[[Ancient barangay]]s
****[[Datu]]s, [[Raja]]hs and [[Sultan]]s
*****[[Datu Bangkaya]]
*****[[Datu Dinagandan]]
*****[[Rajah Lakandula]]
*****[[Rajah Humabon]]
*****[[Datu Lapu-Lapu]]
*****[[Rajah Kulambo]]
*****[[Rajah Sulayman]]
*****[[Sultan of Maguindanao]]
*****[[Sultan of Sulu]]
*****[[Datu Rodylie]]
*****[[Datu Ampatuan]]
*****[[Lapu-Lapu]]
*****Rajah Bendahara [[Kalantiaw]] III
*****[[Rajah Calambu]]
*****[[Raja Humabon]]
*****[[Rajah Lakandula]]
*****[[Rajah Suliman]]
*****[[Rajah Tupas]]
*****[[Sultan Kudarat]]
*****[[Maragtas]] epic
******[[Datu Puti]]
******[[Irong-irong]]
******[[Kalantiao]]
****[[Philippine shamans|Babaylan]]
*****[[Urduja]]
**{{flagdeco|Spanish Empire|size=28px}} [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish colony]]
***{{flagdeco|Spanish Empire}} [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]
****[[Miguel López de Legazpi]]
****[[Guido de Lavezaris]]
****[[Francisco de Sande]]
****[[Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñaloza]]
****[[Diego Ronquillo]]
****[[Santiago de Vera]]
****[[Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas]]
****[[Pedro de Rojas]]
****[[Luis Pérez Dasmariñas]]
****[[Francisco de Tello de Guzmán]]
****[[Pedro Bravo de Acuña]]
****[[Rodrigo de Vivero]]
****[[Juan de Silva]]
****[[Alonso Fajardo y Tenza]]
****[[Fernándo de Silva]]
****[[Juan Niño de Tabora]]
****[[Juan Cerezo de Salamanca]]
****[[Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera]]
****[[Diego Fajardo Chacón]]
****[[Sabiniano Manrique de Lara]]
****[[Diego de Salcedo]]
****[[Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz]]
****[[Manuel de León]]
****[[Juan de Vargas Hurtado]]
****[[Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola]]
****[[Fausto Cruzat y Gongora]]
****[[Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri]]
****[[Martín de Urzua y Arismendi]]
****[[Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda]]
****[[Francisco de la Cuesta]]
****[[Toribio José Cosio y Campo]]
****[[Fernándo Valdés y Tamon]]
****[[Gaspar de la Torre]]
****[[Juan Arrechederra]]
****[[José Francisco de Obando y Solis]]
****[[Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban]]
****[[Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta]]
****[[Manuel Rojo]]
****[[Simón de Anda y Salazar]]
****[[Francisco Javíer de la Torre]]
****[[José Raón]]
****[[Simón de Anda y Salazar]]
****[[Pedro Sarrio]]
****[[José Basco y Vargas]]
****[[Pedro de Sarrio]]
****[[Félix Berenguer de Marquina]]
****[[Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León]]
****[[Mariano Fernández de Folgueras]]
****[[Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar]]
****[[José Gardoqui Jaraveitia]]
***{{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Spanish East Indies|Crown colony]]
****[[Juan Antonio Martínez (Governor)|Juan Antonio Martínez]]
****[[Marinao Ricafort Palacín y Ararca]]
****[[Pascual Enrile y Alcedo]]
****[[Gabriel de Torres]]
****[[Juan Crámen]]
****[[Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona]]
****[[Andrés García Camba]]
****[[Luis Lardizábal]]
****[[Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri]]
****[[Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre]]
****[[Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa]]
****[[Antonio María Blanco]]
*****[[Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía]]
****[[Ramón Montero y Blandino]]
****[[Manuel Pavía y Lay]]
****[[Ramón Montero y Blandino]]
****[[Manuel Crespo y Cebrían]]
****[[Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero]]
****[[Ramón María Solano y LLanderal]]
****[[Juan Herrera Dávila]]
****[[José Lemery É Ibarrola Ney y González]]
****[[Salvador Valdés]]
****[[Rafael de Echaque]]
****[[Joaquín del Solar É Ibáñez]]
****[[Juan de Lara É Irigoyen]]
****[[José Laureano de Sanz y Posse]]
****[[Antonio Osorio]]
****[[Joaquín del Solar]]
****[[José de la Gándara y Navarro]]
****[[Manuel Maldonado]]
****[[Cárlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada]]
****[[Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez]]
****[[Manuel Mac-crohon]]
****[[Juan Alminos y Pe Vivar]]
****[[Manuel Blanco Valderrama]]
****[[José Malcampo y Monje]]
****[[Domingo Moriones y Murillo]]
****[[Rafael Rodríguez Arias]]
****[[Fernando Primo de Rivera]]
****[[Emilio Molíns]]
****[[Joaquín Jovellar]]
****[[Emilio Terrero y Perinat]]
****[[Antonio Molto]]
****[[Federico Lobaton]]
****[[Valeriano Weyler|Valeriano Wéyler]]
****[[Eulogio Despujol]]
****[[Federico Ochando]]
****[[Ramón Blanco y Erenas|Ramón Blanco]]
****[[Camilo Polavieja]]
****[[Basilio Agustín]]
****[[Mario Jaudenes]]
****[[Agustin De Los Rios]]
****[[José de Lachambre]]
**[[Philippine Revolution]]
***[[La Liga Filipina]]
****[[José Rizal]]
****[[Marcelo H. del Pilar]]
****[[Graciano López Jaena]]
****[[Mariano Ponce]]
****[[La Solidaridad]]
***{{flagicon image|Flag of Katipunan.svg}} [[Katipunan]]
****[[Andrés Bonifacio]]
****[[Emilio Jacinto]]
****[[Melchora Aquino]]
***{{flagicon image|Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg}} [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]]
****[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
****[[Mariano Trías]]
****[[Baldomero Aguinaldo]]
***[[Spanish–American War]]
**{{flagdeco|United States|1912|size=28px}} [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American territory]]
***[[Philippine–American War]]
***{{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|US Military Government]]
****[[Wesley Merritt]]
****[[Elwell S. Otis]]
****[[Arthur MacArthur Jr.]]
****[[Adna Chaffee]]
***{{flag|First Philippine Republic}}
****[[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
*****[[Apolinario Mabini]]
*****[[Pedro Paterno]]
*****[[Antonio Luna]]
*****[[Gregorio del Pilar]]
***{{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flagdeco|Philippines|1919}} [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|US Insular Government]]
****[[William Howard Taft]]
****[[Luke E. Wright]]
****[[Henry Clay Ide]]
****[[James Francis Smith]]
****[[Newton W. Gilbert]]
****[[William Cameron Forbes]]
****[[Francis Burton Harrison]]
****[[Charles Yeater]]
****[[Leonard Wood]]
****[[Eugene Allen Gilmore]]
****[[Henry L. Stimson]]
****[[Eugene Allen Gilmore]]
****[[Dwight F. Davis|Dwight Filley Davis]]
****[[Theodore Roosevelt Jr.]]
****[[Frank Murphy]]
***{{flagdeco|United States|1912}}{{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}
****[[Manuel L. Quezon|Quezon, Manuel L.]]
****[[National Defense Act of 1935]]
****[[Sergio Osmeña]]
****[[Bell Trade Act]]
***{{flagdeco|Empire of Japan}} [[Philippine Executive Commission]]
****[[Masaharu Homma]]
****[[Shizuichi Tanaka]]
****[[Shigenori Kuroda]]
*****[[Jorge B. Vargas]]
***{{flag|Second Philippine Republic}}
****[[José P. Laurel]]
****[[Benigno Aquino Sr.]]
****[[Benigno Ramos]]
**{{flag|Republic of the Philippines|size=28px}}
***{{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[Third Republic of the Philippines]]
****[[Manuel Roxas]]
****[[Elpidio Quirino]]
****[[Ramon Magsaysay]]
****[[Carlos P. Garcia]]
****[[Diosdado Macapagal]]
***{{flagdeco|Philippines|1985}} [[History of the Philippines (1965–86)|Fourth Republic of the Philippines]]
****[[Ferdinand Marcos]]
*****[[Imelda Marcos]]
****[[Benigno Aquino Jr.]]
****[[People Power Revolution|EDSA Revolution]]
***{{flagdeco|Philippines}}[[Fifth Republic of the Philippines]]
****[[Corazon Aquino]]
****[[Fidel Ramos]]
****[[Joseph Estrada]]
****[[EDSA II]]
****[[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]
****[[Benigno Aquino III]]
****[[Rodrigo Duterte]]
****[[Bongbong Marcos]]

==Notes==
<References group=nb />

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=agoncillo1990p172>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=172}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp177-178>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=177–178}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp185-186>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=185–186}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp189-190>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=189–190}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990p192>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=192}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp447-448>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=447–449}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990pp451-460>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|pp=451–460}}.</ref>
<ref name=agoncillo1990p458>{{Harvnb|Agoncillo|1990|p=458}}.</ref>
<ref name=bautista2009p12>{{Harvnb|Bautista|2009|p=12}}.</ref>
<ref name=bautista2009p13>{{Harvnb|Bautista|2009|p=13}}.</ref>
<ref name=constantino1975pp202-203>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=202–203}}.</ref>
<ref name=constantino1975pp261-266>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=261–266}}.</ref>
<ref name=constantino1975pp266-267>{{Harvnb|Constantino|1975|pp=266–267}}.</ref>

<ref name=guevara1972pp7-12>{{Harvnb|Guevara|1972|pp=[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aab1246.0001.001/46?view=image&size=100 7–12]}}.</ref>

<ref name=guevara1972pp28-40>{{Harvnb|Guevara|1972|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=46 28–40]}}.</ref>

<ref name=guevara1972p88-119>{{Harvnb|Guevara|1972|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=aab1246.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=106 88–119]}}.</ref>

<ref name=kalaw1927pp413-417>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=philamer&cc=philamer&idno=afj2233.0001.001&frm=frameset&view=image&seq=433 413–417]}}.</ref>
<ref name=kalaw1927pp199-200>{{Harvnb|Kalaw|1927|pp=[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001/219?view=image&size=200 199–200]}}.</ref>
<ref name=noland1990p79>{{Harvnb|Noland|1990|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iQrHltRFQZEC&pg=PA79 79]}}.</ref>
<ref name=peterson2007pp10-11>{{Harvnb|Peterson|2007|pp=10–11}}.</ref>
<ref name=randolph2009p197>{{Harvnb|Randolph|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g07Vz_oKDMcC&pg=PA197 197]}}.</ref>
<ref name=ricarte1926p27>{{Harvnb|Ricarte|1926|p=27}}.</ref>
<ref name=rodell2002p18>{{Harvnb|Rodell|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TyH01t-6HbcC&pg=PA18 18]}}.</ref>
<ref name=scott1992cebutreaty>{{Harvnb|Scott|1992|pp=50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63}}.</ref>
<ref name=titherington1900pp357-358>{{Harvnb|Titherington|1900|pp=357–358}}.</ref>
<ref name=worcester1914p167>{{Harvnb|Worcester|1914|p=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=167 167]}}.</ref>
<ref name=worcester1914pp175-176>{{Harvnb|Worcester|1914|pp=[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=56151&pageno=175 175–176]}}.</ref>
<ref name=villarroel2009pp93-133>{{Harvnb|Villarroel|2009|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA93 93–133]}}.</ref>
<ref name=treaty1946>{{Citation
 |url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf 
 |title=TREATY OF GENERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES. SIGNED AT MANILA, ON 4 JULY 1946 
 |publisher=United Nations 
 |accessdate=December 10, 2007 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf 
 |archivedate=July 23, 2011 
}}.</ref>
<ref name="Yale">{{Citation |year=2009 |url = http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp|title = Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 |publisher = [[Yale]]| accessdate = October 1, 2010}}.</ref>
<ref name=zaide1968pp238,285>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1968|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ&q=de-facto 238, 285]|year=1968|publisher=Modern Book Co.|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ&q=de–facto 238, 285]}}.</ref>
<ref name=zaide1994p279>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1994|p=279}}.</ref>
<ref name=zaide1994pp89-91>{{Harvnb|Zaide|1994|pp=89–91}}.</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3551936|title=DOMINATION AND RESISTANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES: FROM THEPRE-HISPANIC TO THE SPANISH AND AMERICAN PERIOD|last=Ocay|first=Jeffry V.|journal=Lumina|publisher=Holy Name University|volume=21|issue=1|year=2010}}

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|year=1927
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|year=1921
|publication-date=2007
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}}.
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|chapter=Philip II and the "Philippine Referendum" of 1599
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|edition=illustrated
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|year=2009
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|title=The Philippines: Past and Present (vol. 1 of 2)
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12077
|publisher=Macmillan
|year=1914
|isbn=1-4191-7715-X
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*{{Citation
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|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ
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*{{Citation
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|year=1994
|isbn=971-642-071-4}}.

{{Head offices of state and government of the Philippines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Political History Of The Philippines}}
[[Category:Political history of the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:Sovereignty]]