Editing Timeline of Mongolian history

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=January 2023}} 
{{History of the Mongols}}
__NOTOC__
This is a '''timeline of [[Mongolia]]n history''', comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mongolia and its predecessor states.  To read about the background to these events, see [[History of Mongolia]].  See also the [[list of presidents of Mongolia]].

<div class="toc"> '''Centuries''': [[#17th century|17th]]{{·}}[[#18th century|18th]]{{·}}[[#19th century|19th]]{{·}}[[#20th century|20th]]{{·}}[[#21st century|21st]] </div>

==3rd century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|215
|
|[[Qin dynasty|Qin]] armies evict [[Xiongnu]] nomadic tribes from their pastures on the [[Yellow River]] in the [[Ordos Loop]]. Xiongnu leader [[Touman]] forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau
|-
| 209|| || [[Modu Chanyu]] found the [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Empire]]. These [[Nomads|nomadic peoples]] would inhabit the eastern [[Asian Steppe]] from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE.
|-
| 203|| ||Xiongnu launch second war against the [[Yuezhi]], seizing a large swath of [[Yuezhi]] territory (modern day [[Xinjiang]]). 
|-
|200|| ||At the [[Battle of Baideng]], [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]] was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture.
|}

==2nd century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|198
|
|[[Modu Chanyu]] and the [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|emperor Gaozu]] of China's [[Han dynasty]] sign a peace treaty, recognizing equality of the Xiongnu.
|-
|176|| || [[Modu Chanyu]] leads a Xiongnu invasion of the [[Gansu]] region and soundly defeats last remnants of the Yuezhi, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions.
|-
|174|| || Death of Xiongnu leader [[Modu Chanyu]]. 
|-
|133|| || The [[Battle of Mayi]], an abortive ambush operation by [[Emperor Wu of Han]] (Han Wudi) against the invading Xiongnu forces, begins a decades-long [[Han dynasty]] offensive against the nomads
|-
|119|| ||The [[Battle of Mobei]], Han forces invade the northern regions of the [[Gobi Desert]] forcing the [[Xiongnu]] to flee into [[Siberia]].  After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from the [[Ordos Desert]] and [[Qilian Mountains]].
|}

==1st century BC ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|71|| || Various tribes invade the Xiongnu territory from all fronts; [[Wusun]] from the west, [[Dingling]] from the north, [[Wuhuan]] from the east, and Han forces from the south. 
|-
|60|| ||Xiongnu civil war as factions fight for power following the death of Xulüquanqu, the 12th Chanyu
|-
|53|| ||The southern Xiongnu surrender and become tributaries to the Han after splitting into northern and southern dynasties.
|-
|36|| ||At the [[Battle of Zhizhi]] General [[Chen Tang (general)|Chen Tang]] and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leader [[Zhizhi Chanyu]] at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan)
|}

== 1st century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|49 || || [[Tsi Yung]], allied with the [[Wuhuan]] and [[Xianbei]], attacked the northern Xiongnu kingdom. Xianbei move into Xiongnu territory.
|-
|93 || ||The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by the [[Xianbei]] and the Chinese during the [[Battle of Ikh Bayan]].  The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects.
|}

== 2nd century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|147 || ||The [[Xianbei]], who gain strength beginning from the 1st century CE, are consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai.
|-
|167 || ||The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion of the Han dynasty.
|-
|180 || ||The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China.
|-
|}

== 3rd century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|235 || || The last khagan of the [[Xianbei]], [[Kebineng]], is assassinated by [[Cao Wei]], successor state of the [[Han dynasty#Eastern Han|Eastern Han]] (25–220). The Xianbei state disintegrates into a number of smaller independent domains ([[Murong]], [[Tuoba]], [[Khitan people]], [[Shiwei people|Shiwei]], and [[Rouran Khaganate]]). 
|}

== 4th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|330 || || A branch of the [[Xianbei]], the [[Rouran]] (also known as Nirun) establish a powerful nomadic empire over modern day [[Mongolia]], eastern [[Kazakhstan]], part of [[Gansu]], northern [[Xinjiang]], [[Inner Mongolia]], parts of [[Northeast China]] and [[South Central Siberia|southern Siberia]].
|}

== 5th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|402 || || [[Yujiulü Shelun]] assumes the title of [[Khagan]], landmarking the establishment of the state of the [[Rouran Khaganate]].
|}

== 6th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|555 || ||The [[Göktürks]] join the [[Western Wei]], successor state of the [[Northern Wei]], to defeat the Rouran. 
|-
|570 || ||The Chinese [[Northern Qi]] and [[Northern Zhou]] dynasties begin paying tribute to the [[Göktürks]]. 
|-
|584 || || The [[Göktürks]] Empire, which stretches west to [[Crimea]], is partitioned into [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate|Eastern]] and [[Western Turkic Khaganate]]s. Eastern Turk [[Göktürks]] recognize [[Sui dynasty]] Suzerainty.
|}

== 7th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|615 || ||Turkic Khaganate revolts against Emperor of [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] and besiege the command seats at present-day [[Daixian]] in [[Shanxi]]
|-
|630 ||27 March|| A [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] army under the command of [[Li Jing (Tang dynasty)|Li Jing]] defeats the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]] under the command of [[Illig Qaghan]] at the [[Battle of Yinshan]]
|-
|648 || ||A reunited China—under the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–906) destroys the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi and establishes the [[Protectorate General to Pacify the North|Anbei Protectorate]] in the Mongolian Steppes. [[Uyghurs]] khagan are installed as Anbei protector.
|-
|682 || ||[[Ilterish Qaghan]] (682–91) founds the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] by uniting the tribes and subjugating the nine Turkic tribes of the [[Toquz Oghuz]] (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes, [[Basmyl]]s and [[Karluks]] to the west. He would later defeat Chinese armies and raid China.
|-
|691 || ||[[Ilterish Qaghan]] of the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] dies and is succeeded by his brother [[Qapaghan Qaghan]].
|-
|696 || ||[[Qapaghan Qaghan]] of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the [[Khitan people|Khitans]] to the east and raids the [[Tang dynasty]].
|}

== 8th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|711 || ||Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the [[Turgesh]]
|-
|742 || ||The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate
|-
|745 || ||The Uyghurs kill the last khagan of the [[Göktürks]], Kulunbeg, and sent his head to the Tang.
|-
|756|| || Uyghur [[Bayanchur Khan]] aids [[Emperor Suzong of Tang|Emperor Suzong]] of the [[Tang dynasty]] against the [[An Lushan rebellion]]. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking [[Chang'an]] and [[Luoyang]] in 757. 
|-
|758 || || Uyghurs destroy several northern [[Yenisei Kyrgyz]] trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan
|}

== 9th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|840 || || The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] and the [[Karluks]] to attack the Uyghurs and the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz 
|}

== 10th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|907 || || Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty which covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers Kherlen, Tuul and Orkhon.
|-
|925 || ||The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Yellow River.
|-
|944 || ||  Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of the Jin.
|-
|947 || || Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China. The Khitan state is renamed the Liao dynasty
|-
| [[951]] || 7 October || [[Emperor Shizong of Liao]] is murdered by a relative and is succeeded by Yelü Jing, son of [[Emperor Taizong of Liao]], who becomes [[Emperor Muzong of Liao]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=81}}
|-
| [[960]] || February || Zhao Kuangyin declares himself [[Emperor Taizu of Song]], replacing [[Later Zhou]]{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=cxviii}}
|-
| [[964]] || || [[Liao dynasty]] assists [[Northern Han]] in repelling [[Song dynasty]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=84}}
|-
| [[969]] || 12 March || [[Emperor Muzong of Liao]] is murdered by his attendants and is succeeded by Yelü Xian, son of [[Emperor Shizong of Liao]], who becomes [[Emperor Jingzong of Liao]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=84}}
|-
| [[979]] || || [[Liao dynasty]] attempts to assist [[Northern Han]] in repelling [[Song dynasty]] but is defeated at the ''[[Battle of Gaoliang River]]''
|-
|[[980]]|| 13 October || [[Emperor Jingzong of Liao]] dies and his son Yelü Longxu succeeds him as [[Emperor Shengzong of Liao]]; [[Empress Xiao Yanyan]] becomes regent{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=87}}
|-
| [[983]] || || The [[Liao dynasty]] reverts to calling itself the [[Khitan people|Khitans]]{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=311}} 
|-
| [[993]] || || ''[[First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War]]'': [[Khitan people|Khitans]] invade [[Goryeo]] and acquire nominal tributary status over Goryeo{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=103}}
|}

== 11th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[1004]] || || [[Emperor Shengzong of Liao]] conducts a full-scale invasion of the [[Song dynasty]] which ends in stalemate and the [[Chanyuan Treaty]], an agreement to an annual payment of silk and silver from the Song to the Khitans{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=109-110}}
|-
| [[1009]] || || [[Empress Xiao Yanyan]] dies{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=111}}
|-
| [[1010]] || || ''[[Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War]]'': [[Mokjong of Goryeo]] is murdered by [[Kang Cho]] and the Khitans send an expedition to punish him; Kang Cho is killed{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=111}}
|-
| [[1018]] || || ''[[Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War]]'': Khitans invade [[Goryeo]] but are defeated{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=112}}
|-
| [[1019]] || || ''[[Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War]]'': Khitans prepares another army to attack [[Goryeo]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=112}}
|-
| [[1031]] || 25 June || [[Emperor Shengzong of Liao]] dies and his son Yelü Zongzhen succeeds him as [[Emperor Xingzong of Liao]]; Empress Dowager [[Xiao Noujin]] becomes regent{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=114}}
|-
| [[1055]] || 28 August || [[Emperor Xingzong of Liao]] dies and is succeeded by his son Yelü Hongji, who becomes [[Emperor Daozong of Liao]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=124}}All officials are required to wear Chinese court dress{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=126}}
|-
| [[1066]] || || Khitans revert to calling their state the [[Liao dynasty]]{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=311}}
|-
| [[1082]] || || Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent of livestock and horses{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=133}}
|-
| [[1093]] || || [[Mogusi]] of the [[Zubu]] and the Dilie tribes of western [[Heilongjiang]] raid the [[Liao dynasty]]
|}

== 12th century AD ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| [[1101]] || 12 February || [[Emperor Daozong of Liao]] dies and his grandson Yelü Yanxi succeeds him as [[Emperor Tianzuo of Liao]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=139}}
|-
| [[1117]] || || [[Emperor Taizu of Jin]] defeats the [[Khitan people|Khitan]] army of the [[Liao dynasty]]{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=144}}
|-
| [[1122]] || || [[Emperor Tianzuo of Liao]] flees the [[Beijing|Southern Capital]] and his uncle Yelü Chun is declared emperor of [[Northern Liao]], however he dies three months later and the title is passed down to Yelü Ding, the son in hiding with his father the emperor also in hiding; real power goes to Empress Dowager Xiao Puxiannu{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=147}}
|-
| [[1129]] || || [[Yelü Dashi]] annexes two [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin]] tribes{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=32}}
|-
| [[1130]] || || [[Yelü Dashi]] leaves the [[Orkhon River]] with 20,000 followers and travels to the [[Kingdom of Qocho]] where the ruler welcomes him{{sfn|Twitchett|1994|p=151}}
|-
| [[1131]] || summer || [[Yelü Dashi]] attacks the [[Karakhanids]] at [[Kashgar]] but is repelled{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=37}}
|-
| [[1141]] || 9 September || ''[[Battle of Qatwan]]'': [[Yelü Dashi]] annihilates the army of [[Ahmad Sanjar]] of the [[Seljuk Empire]] and vassalizes the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]]{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=44}}
|-
| [[1143]] || || [[Yelü Dashi]] dies and his wife [[Xiao Tabuyan]] succeeds him as regent{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=48}}
|-
| [[1151]] || || [[Yelü Yilie]], son of [[Yelü Dashi]], becomes gurkhan of the [[Qara Khitai]]{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=50}}
|-
| c. 1162 || || Temüjin (the future [[Genghis Khan]]) is born in the [[Khentii Mountains|Khentii mountains]] of today's Mongolia.
|-
| 1186 || 7 November || [[Ögedei Khan]], third son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan) is born.
|-
| 1189 || || Temüjin becomes Khan of the [[Khamag Mongol]].
|}

== 13th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1205 || || [[Temüjin]] unites all nomadic tribes who settled around at [[Lake Baikal|Baikal Lake]] to China's Great Wall. 
|-
| 1206 || || Temüjin given the title [[Genghis Khan]] (Chinggis Khaan), first [[Khagan]] (Great Khan) of the [[Mongol Empire]].
|-
| 1215 || 23 September || [[Kublai Khan]], son of [[Tolui]] and grandson of Genghis Khan, is born.
|-
| 1227 || 18 August || Genghis Khan, 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies in [[Western Xia]] during the fall of [[Yinchuan]]  aged c. 65.
|-
| 1229 || 13 September || [[Ögedei Khan]], third son of Genghis Khan, becomes second Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
|-
| 1241 || 11 December || Ögedei Khan, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 55.
|-
| 1243 || || [[Zhenjin]], second son of Kublai Khan and later founder of the [[Yuan dynasty]], is born.
|-
| 1246 || 24 August || [[Güyük Khan]], eldest son of Ögedei Khan and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes third Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
|-
| 1248 || 20 April || Güyük Khan, third Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 42.
|-
| 1251 || 1 July || [[Möngke Khan]], eldest son of [[Tolui]] and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
|-
| 1259 || 11 August || Möngke Khan, fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 50.
|-
| 1260 || 5 May || [[Kublai Khan]], son of [[Tolui]] and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. However, the [[Toluid Civil War]] begins as various members of the [[Tolui]] family line fight for the title of Khagan resulting in the [[division of the Mongol Empire]].
|-
| 1268 || || The [[Kaidu–Kublai war]] breaks out, which lasts until 1301 and deepens the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. All later Khagans of the Mongol Empire were nominal due to the empire's division.
|-
| 1269 || || Birth of the [['Phags-pa script]], designed by [[Drogön Chögyal Phagpa]] for Kublai Khan.
|-
| 1271 || || Kublai Khan officially proclaims the founding of the [[Yuan dynasty]] with himself as first emperor.   [[Khanbaliq]] (modern [[Beijing]]) named the dynasty's capital.
|-
| 1273 || || [[Zhenjin]] designated Crown Prince by Kublai Khan.
|-
| 1294 || 18 February || Death of Kublai Khan (aged 78). By this time the Mongol Empire had already fractured into four khanates: the Yuan dynasty based in China, the [[Golden Horde]] based in Russia, the [[Chagatai Khanate]] based in Central Asia, and the [[Ilkhanate]] based in Iran, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan.
|-
| 1294 || 10 May || [[Temür Khan]], son of Crown Prince [[Zhenjin]] and grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes sixth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and second emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
|-
| 1295 || || Enthronement of Ilkhan [[Ghazan]]. [[Islamization]] of the Ilkhanate.
|}

== 14th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1304 || || A peace among the Mongol khanates establishes the nominal supremacy of the [[Yuan dynasty]] over the three western khanates (the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Chagatai Khanate]] and the [[Ilkhanate]]). However, the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed.
|-
| 1307 || 21 June || With the death of [[Temür Khan]] (aged 41), [[Külüg Khan]], first son of Darmabala and Dagi of the [[Khunggirad]] clan,  and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes seventh Khagan of the Mongol Empire and third Emperor of the [[Yuan dynasty]].
|-
| 1311 || 7 April || Külüg Khan dies (aged 29). [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]], second son of Darmabala and Dagi of the [[Khongirad|Khunggirat]], and a great-grandson of [[Kublai Khan]], becomes eighth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fourth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
|-
| 1313 || || Enthronement of [[Öz Beg Khan]]. [[Islamization]] of the [[Golden Horde]].
|-
| 1315 || || Revival of the [[imperial examination]] system within the Yuan dynasty under [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]].
|-
| 1320 || 19 April || [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]] dies (aged 34), [[Gegeen Khan]], eldest son of [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan]] and [[Radnashiri]], becomes ninth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fifth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
|-
| 1323 || 4 October || Death of [[Gegeen Khan]] (aged 20).  [[Yesün Temür]], son of Gammala, grandson of [[Zhenjin]] and great-grandson of [[Kublai Khan]], becomes tenth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and sixth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
|-
| 1328 || October|| With the death of Yesün Temür (aged 34), [[Ragibagh Khan]], eldest son of Yesün Temür, becomes 11th Khagan of the Mongol Empire at the age of 7-8 and designated seventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty before being deposed in a coup before his succession.
|-
| 1328 || 16 October || [[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür]], second son of [[Khayishan]], becomes 12th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eighth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. The [[War of the Two Capitals]] begins. His forces defeated, Ragibagh Khan disappears or dies at the age of 7–8, possibly murdered.
|-
| 1329 || 27 February || [[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür]] abdicates and his elder brother [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala]] becomes 13th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and ninth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. However, he dies on August 30 at age 28, four days after a banquet with brother Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, presumed to have been poisoned. Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür regaines the throne on September 8.
|-
| 1332 || 23 October || With the death of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (aged 28), [[Rinchinbal Khan]], second son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala, becomes 14th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and tenth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at the age of six.
|-
| 1333 || 19 July || Rinchinbal Khan dies nine months later (aged 6), [[Toghon Temür]], (1320–1370) eldest son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala and older brother of Rinchinbal, becomes 15th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eleventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
|-
| 1335 || || Disintegration of the [[Ilkhanate]] after the death of Ilkhan [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]].
|-
| 1368 || 14 September || [[Toghon Temür]] flees Beijing for [[Shangdu]] in advance of approaching [[Ming dynasty]] forces.  [[Yuan dynasty]] falls. The remnants of the Yuan known as the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] continue in Mongolia.
|-
|1370
|
|[[Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara]] (1340–1378), son of [[Toghon Temür]], is declared Khan of Mongolia at [[Karakorum]]. Timur (Tamerlane) gains control of the western [[Chagatai Khanate]].
|-
|1378
|
|[[Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür]] (1342–1388) succeeds his brother Ayuushridar as Khan of Mongolia.
|-
|1380
|
|The [[Golden Horde]] is defeated at the [[Battle of Kulikovo]].  [[Karakorum]] is destroyed by Chinese troops. 
|-
|1388
|
|[[Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür]] is murdered by an ally of the [[Oirats]], thus launching the Oirat-Mongol wars in Northern Yuan dynasty. [[Jorightu Khan Yesüder]] (1358–1391) becomes Khan of a fractured and diminished Mongol Khanate.
|-
|1394
|
|Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1361–1399) overthrew [[Engke Khan]] from the House of [[Ariq Böke]] succeeds as Khan of the Mongols.
|-
|1395
|
|[[Timur]] invades the [[Golden Horde]] and sacks [[Sarai (city)|Saray]] and [[Astrakhan]]. 
|-
|1399
|
|Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khagan is defeated by the [[Four Oirats]] and killed by their leaders, Ugetchi Khashikha and Batula.
|-

|}

== 15th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1405 || || [[Timur]] dies of illness at [[Otrar|Farab]] (present day [[Kazakhstan]]) while preparing for war against Ming China.  
|-
|1408
|
|[[Öljei Temür Khan]] (1379–1412) succeeds his father [[Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan]] and older brother [[Gün Temür Khan]] as Khan of the Yuan dynasty.
|-
|1415
|
|[[Oirats|Oirat]] nobles place [[Oyiradai]] (died 1425) on the throne of [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongol]] [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Northern Yuan dynasty]] following the death of [[Delbeg Khan]] 
|-
|1425
|
|[[Adai Khan]] (1390–1438) assumes throne of Northern Yuan dynasty, unifies both the central and eastern Mongol territories but then suffers major defeats by Oirats in 1430 and 1434.  
|-
|1433
|
|Oirats crown Toghtoa Bukha (Taisun Khan) as Khagan of the Northern Yuan.  He later proclaims himself of Khagan of the Great Yuan enraging the Ming dynasty.
|-
|1449
|
|[[Esen Taishi]] (Taisun Khan's military commander and later successor as Khan) captures the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Zhentong Emperor]] of the [[Ming dynasty]] at the [[Tumu Crisis|Battle of Tumu Fortress]] and lays siege to [[Beijing]], but is pushed back.
|-
|1473
|
|The [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] begin construction of [[Great Wall of China|the Great Wall]] at the southern edge of the [[Ordos Desert]] to contain resurgent Mongol tribes.  
|-
|1480
|
|[[Mandukhai Khatun|Madukhai Khatun]], widow of the previous [[Borjigin|Chinggisid]] khan, marries [[Dayan Khan|Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan]] who defeats the Oirats, beginning a Chinggisid revival in Mongolia. The [[Great Horde]]'s attempt to [[Great stand on the Ugra river|invade Muscovy failed]]. Their leader [[Akhmat Khan]] dies.  
|}

==16th century==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 1510 || ||  [[Dayan Khan]] defeats the Ordos and [[Tumed|Tümed]] Mongols at the Battle of Dalan Terigün ([[Inner Mongolia]]), reunifying the Six Tümens of the Mongols.
|-
|1513
|
|[[Dayan Khan]] launches successive invasions of China that continue through 1526 and include an unsuccessful assault on [[Beijing]] in 1517
|-
|1542
|
|Following his brother's death in 1542, [[Altan Khan]] (grandson of [[Dayan Khan]]) becomes the de facto leader of the whole of the "Right Wing" (western Inner Mongolia and Ordos) and is given the title, "Tüsheet Sechen Khan."
|-
|1550
|
|[[Altan Khan]] launches large scale incursions into Ming territory, surrounds [[Beijing]].  
|-
|1551
|
|Altan Khan and the Ming strike accords on peace and border trade. 
|-
|1571
|
|Altan Khan founds the city of Guihua or Köke Khota ([[Hohhot]], meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of the [[Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]].
|-
|1577
|
|Altan Khan meets Sodnam Gyatso in northeast [[Tibet]] and bestows on him the Mongolian title "[[Dalai Lama]]".  The Mongols’ “Second Conversion” to Buddhism begins
|-
|1585
|
|[[Abtai Sain Khan]] of the Tüsheet Khanate and nephew of Altan Khan founds [[Erdene Zuu Monastery]], the first Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, adjacent to the ancient Mongol capital of [[Karakorum]]
|}

== 17th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|1601
|
|Yonten Gyatso, great-grandson of [[Altan Khan]], becomes the [[4th Dalai Lama]] in [[Lhasa|Lhasa, Tibet]].  
|-
|1604
|
|[[Ligdan Khan]] becomes ruler of the northern Yuan.
|-
| 1619 || ||  Several [[Mongols|Mongol]] tribes defect to the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] due to [[Ligdan Khan]]'s oppressive rule.
|-
| 1632 || || Ligdan Khan flees to [[Tibet]] to evade the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] and conquer the [[Gelug]].
|-
| 1634 || || Ligdan Khan dies at [[Qinghai Lake]].
|-
| 1640 || || [[Zanabazar]], four-year-old son of the Tüsheet Khan of the [[Khalkha]], is recognized as the first ''[[Jebtsundamba Khutughtu]]''.
|-
| 1642 || || Establishment of the [[Khoshut Khanate]] in the [[Tibetan Plateau]] by [[Güshi Khan]].
|-
|1661
|
|[[Irkutsk]] fort founded. 
|-
|1671
|
|[[Galdan Boshugtu Khan|Galdan Boshigt]] becomes leader of the western [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungar]] Khanate. 
|-
|1685
|
|[[Galdan Boshugtu Khan|Galdan Khan]] founds the town of [[Khovd (city)|Khovd]].  
|-
| 1687 || || Outbreak of the decades-long [[Dzungar–Qing War]] between the [[Dzungar Khanate]] and Khalkha-Mongols / Qing dynasty.
|-
| 1688 || || The [[Dzungars]] invade [[Khalkha]] and force Khalkha nobility to flee to [[Inner Mongolia]].
|-
| 1691 || || [[Khalkha]] nobles pledge fealty to the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]].
|-
| 1696 || || The [[Qing dynasty]] seizes ''de facto'' control of [[Khalkha]] by defeating the [[Dzungars]] in the [[Battle of Jao Modo]].
|}

== 18th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|1705|| ||The [[Khoshut]] [[Lha-bzang Khan]] deposes the [[6th Dalai Lama|Sixth Dalai Lama]] in [[Tibet]] and kills the regent Sangs-rgyas rGya-mtsho.
|-
|1709|| ||''[[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha]] jirum'' (Khalkha regulations) replaces the Mongol-Oirat Code among the Khalkha Mongols.
|-
|1717 || || Acting on an appeal by the [[Tibet]]an monasteries, the [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungar]] army occupies [[Lhasa]] and kills The [[Khoshut]] [[Lha-bzang Khan]].
|-
|1718|| ||The [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] armies establish a garrison and military farm near modern [[Khovd (city)|Khovd city]] in western Mongolia.
|-
|1720 || || [[Qing dynasty]]'s [[Kangxi Emperor]] drives [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungar]] forces from [[Tibet]].
|-
|1723 || || Death of [[Zanabazar]].  [[Upper Mongols]] under rule of the prince Lubsan Danzan revolt against the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] but are defeated.
|-
|1727|| ||[[Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)|Kyakhta Treaty]] defines Russo-Qing frontier and divides the Buriats under Russia from the Khalkha Mongols under the Qing.
|-
|1752|| ||[[Dawachi|Dawaachi]] and [[Amursana]]a overthrow the [[Dzungar Khanate|Dzungar]] ruler in [[Xinjiang]]; Dawaachi becomes new [[Khong Tayiji]] (ruler).
|-
|1755|| ||The [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] armies occupy [[Dzungaria]] in [[Xinjiang]].
|-
|1756 || || [[Chingünjav]] and [[Amursana]] lead failed rebellions which ended in the destruction of the [[Dzungars]] by the Qing dynasty.
|-
|1758|| ||[[3rd Jebtsundamba Khutughtu|Third Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] identified in Tibet (first outside of Mongolia)
|-
|1779|| ||''Nom-un Yekhe Khüriye'', the great monastery of the [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]]s, finally settles at the present location of [[Ulaanbaatar]] in Mongolia.
|-
|1789|| ||Qing law replaces the native code, ''Khalkha jirum''.
|}

== 19th century  ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|1809|| ||The 5th [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] orders construction of [[Gandantegchinlen Monastery|Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery]] in [[Ulaanbaatar|Ikh Khuree]].
|-
|1811|| ||First ''[[Cham dance|tsam]]'' religious dances performed in Ikh Khuree
|-
|1822|| ||Russian statesman [[Mikhail Speransky]] reforms administration of the [[Buriats]] and other [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia]].
|-
|1833|| ||Opening of the Russian-Mongol school in [[Kyakhta]]
|-
|1836|| || The [[Jebtsundamba Khutuktu]] relocates from east Khüriye (now central [[Ulaanbaatar]]) to [[Gandantegchinlen Monastery|Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery]] to avoid Chinese merchants.
|-
|1838|| ||Completion of [[Gandantegchinlen Monastery|Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery]] in Ikh Khuree
|-
|1846|| ||The [[Buryats|Buriat]] [[Cossack]] [[Dorzhi Banzarov]] becomes first person of Mongol ancestry to earn a European Ph.D. at [[Kazan (Volga region) Federal University|University of Kazan]] in [[Russia]].
|-
|1861|| ||Russian Consul takes up residence in Ikh Khuree
|-
|1869|| ||Agvaanl Uvsanchoijinyam Danzan Vanchüg is born in Lithang, Kham. He will later be formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state
|-
|1880|| ||Anti-[[Qing dynasty|Manchu]] mutiny by [[Uliastai]] garrison
|-
|1891|| ||Chinese [[Jindandao incident|rebels of the Jindandao]] (Way of the Golden Pill) sect launch massive pogroms against Mongols in southeastern [[Inner Mongolia]].
|-
|1892|| ||Agreement to build a telegraph line from Russia to China via Ikh Khuree.  Construction of [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] begins.
|}

== 20th century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
|1907 || || The [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] government implemented sinification policies.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1911 || 1 December || Outer Mongolia declared independence from the [[Qing dynasty]] under the [[Bogd Khan]].
|-
| 29 December || The Bogdo [[Khanate]] of Mongolia was proclaimed and [[Bogd Khan]] enthroned.
|-
| 1912 || 3 November || The [[Russian Empire]] recognized Mongolian independence and the rule of [[Bogd Khan]].
|-
| 1913 || 11 November || Mongolia and [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] concluded treaty on mutual recognition and mutual assistance.
|-
| 1915 || || [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] and Mongolia signed a treaty at [[Kyakhta]] under which China was recognized as sovereign over an autonomous Mongolia.
|-
| 1919 || || Outer Mongolia was occupied by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" | 1921 || || The [[Soviet Union|Russian]] [[Red Army]], with the support of [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]], defeated the forces of [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg]].
|-
| February || [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg|Ungern]] drove [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]] troops out of [[Ulaanbaatar|Niislel Khuree]].
|-
| March || All remaining [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]] troops were defeated by [[Roman Ungern von Sternberg|Ungern]] and driven from Mongolia, allowing the reassertion of Mongolian independence under [[Bogd Khan]].
|-
| 18 March || [[Mongolian People's Party|Communist]] guerrillas headed by [[Damdin Sükhbaatar]], with the assistance of [[Red Army]] troops, defeated the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]] garrison in the Mongolian settlement Maimachen near [[Kyakhta]].
|-
| 1924 || 26 November || After the death of the [[Bogd Khan]], the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was declared in Outer Mongolia.
|-
| 1928 || || Collectivization began.
|-
| 1932 || || The failure of collectivization led to widespread uprisings and a temporary thaw.
|-
| 1936 || || Prince [[Demchugdongrub]] formed the [[Mengjiang|Mongol Military Government]], a non-Communist state independent from [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], in Inner Mongolia.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1937 || || The [[Mengjiang|Mongol Military Government]] was renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government.
|-
| || ''[[Stalinist purges in Mongolia]]'': A [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] terror began which would lead to the deaths of more than thirty thousand people in the Mongolian People's Republic.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1939 || || ''Stalinist purges in Mongolia'': The terror ended.
|-
| May || ''[[Battle of Khalkhyn Gol]]'': Large scale fighting took place between [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and joint [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-Mongolian forces along [[Khalkhyn Gol]] on the border between Mongolia and [[Manchuria]].
|-
| 16 September || ''Battle of Khalkhyn Gol'':  The battle ended in a [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] defeat.  A truce was negotiated between Japan and the [[Soviet Union]].
|-
| 1941 || || The [[Mengjiang|Mongol United Autonomous Government]] was renamed the Mongolian Autonomous Federation, or Mengjiang.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1945 || August || The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] requested [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] help in the war against [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], and offered recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia in exchange according to the [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance]].
|-
| August || The Mongolian People's Republic declared war on [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], one day after the [[Soviet Union]], and began to liberate [[Southern Mongolia (region)|Southern Mongolia]] from the China and the Japan.
|-
| October || A plebiscite yielded a 100% pro-independence vote.
|-
| 1946 || January || The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese]] government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic.
|-
| 1949 || 6 October || The newly established [[People's Republic of China]] recognized Mongolia and agreed to establish diplomatic relations.
|-
| 1950 || || Herds were successfully collectivized.
|-
| 1952 || || The [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]] on [[Taiwan]] renounced the [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance]].
|-
| 1955 || || The [[Republic of China|ROC]] blocked the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic's entry to the [[United Nations]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1961 || || The Mongolian People's Republic entered the [[United Nations]].
|-
| || The [[Trans-Mongolian Railway]] was finished.
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1962 || || Mongolia became a member of the [[Comecon]].
|-
| || ''[[Sino-Soviet split]]'': The [[Mongolian People's Party|Communist Party]] leadership sided with the [[Soviet Union]] in a falling-out with [[China]].
|-
| 1965 || || [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] purged the intelligentsia.
|-
| 1969 || || ''Sino-Soviet split'': The [[Soviet Union]] stationed a large army on Mongolian territory in response to threats of [[China|Chinese]] aggression.
|-
| 1981 || March || [[Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa]] became the first Mongolian in space.
|-
| 1984 || August || [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal|Tsedenbal]] resigned.
|-
| 1987 || 27 January || Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the [[United States]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1989 || July || The first Mongolian member of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] entered the country.
|-
| December || The first popular reform demonstrations took place; the Mongolian Democratic Association was organized.
|-
| rowspan="5" valign="top" | 1990 || January || Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held in sub-zero weather.
|-
| 2 March || Mongolia and the [[Soviet Union]] announced that all Soviet troops would be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
|-
| May || The constitution was amended to provide for a multi-party system and new elections.
|-
| 29 July || The first democratic elections were held. The [[Mongolian People's Party|Communist Party]], now the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), won.
|-
| 3 September || The first democratically elected People's Great Hural took office.
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" | 1992 || 13 January || A new constitution went into effect.
|-
| 8 April || A new election law was passed.
|-
| 28 June || An election was held for the first unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural. The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] won.
|-
| 1993 || 6 June || The first direct presidential election took place. Opposition candidate [[Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat]], a former [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] member, won.
|-
| 1996 || 30 June || The first non-[[Mongolian People's Party|Communist]] government was elected.
|-
| 1998 || || [[Sanjaasürengiin Zorig]], Minister of Infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests, was murdered.
|-
| 2000 || 2 July || The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] was elected; a new government was formed by Prime Minister [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]].
|}

== 21st century ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! style="width:6%" | Year || style="width:10%" | Date || Event
|-
| 2003 || || Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]] and [[Sudan]].
|-
| 2004 || || An election resulted in a draw. A coalition was formed between the [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] and other parties which was headed by [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]].
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2006 || January || The governing coalition was dissolved by the [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]].
|-
| 25 January || A new coalition between the [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] and smaller parties and defectors was formed under [[Miyeegombyn Enkhbold]].
|-
| 2007 || October || The governing coalition was led by the [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] and replaced by a coalition headed by [[Sanjaagiin Bayar]].
|-
| 2009 || June || [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] from [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] was selected President of Mongolia.
|-
| 2009 || October || [[Sanjaagiin Bayar]] resigned from Primer Ministership due to declining health conditions and was replaced with [[Sükhbaataryn Batbold]].
|-
| 2012 || August || After the [[2012 Mongolian legislative election]], a coalition headed by [[Norovyn Altankhuyag]] from Democratic party was formed.
|-
| 2013 || June || [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] from [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]], was re-elected in the [[2013 Mongolian presidential election]]. 
|}

==See also==
*[[History of Mongolia]]
*[[Proto-Mongols]]
*[[List of Mongol states]]
*[[List of Mongol rulers]]
*[[List of heads of state of Mongolia]]
*[[List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia]]
*[[Mongolian nobility]]
*[[Timeline of the Ilkhanate]]

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last = Biran |first = Michal |author-link = Michal Biran |title = The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World |series = Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |location = Cambridge, England |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2005 |isbn = 0521842263}}
* {{cite book |last = Twitchett |first = Denis|title = The Cambridge History of China'', Volume 6,'' Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368 | year = 1994 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn = 0521243319 }}
*{{cite book |last = Xiong |first= Victor Cunrui |year = 2009 |title = Historical Dictionary of Medieval China |publisher = Scarecrow Press, Inc. |location = United States of America |isbn = 978-0810860537}}

==External links==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA548 John Stewart Bowman "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"]
*Jill Lawless, ''[http://www.wildeast.ca/ Wild East: Travels in the New Mongolia]'' (ECW Press, Toronto, 2000). {{ISBN|9781459645783}}
*Morris Rossabi, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wmQLorr9QCgC&q=modern+mongolia+from+khans+to+commissars+to+capitalists Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists]'' (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 2005). {{ISBN|9780520938625}}

{{Mongolia topics}}
{{Asian topic|prefix=Timeline of|suffix=history}}

[[Category:Mongol timelines| ]]