Editing Time Enough at Last

{{about|the Twilight Zone episode|the 2003 compilation album by The Fall|List of compilation albums by The Fall}}
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{{Infobox television episode
| series         = [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]
| image          = Burgess Meredith Twilight Zone 1960.jpg 
| caption        =
| season         = 1
| episode        = 8
| airdate        = {{Start date|1959|11|20}}
| production     = 173-3614
| teleplay       = [[Rod Serling]]
| based_on       = {{Based on|"Time Enough at Last"|[[Lynn Venable (writer)|Lynn Venable]]}}
| director       = [[John Brahm]]
| music          = [[Leith Stevens]]
| guests         =
* [[Burgess Meredith]] as Henry Bemis
* [[Jacqueline deWit]] as Helen Bemis
* [[Vaughn Taylor (actor)|Vaughn Taylor]] as Carsville
| season_article = The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series, season 1)
| episode_list   = List of The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes
| prev           = [[The Lonely]]
| next           = [[Perchance to Dream (The Twilight Zone)|Perchance to Dream]]
}}
"'''Time Enough at Last'''" is the eighth episode of the American anthology series ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'', first airing on November 20, 1959.<ref>{{Cite episode|title=Time Enough At Last|episode-link=Time Enough at Last|series=The Twilight Zone|series-link=The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|network=[[CBS]]|date=20 November 1959|season=1|number=8}}</ref> The episode was adapted from a short story by [[Lynn Venable (writer)|Lynn Venable]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Hill, Angela (''Oakland Tribune'')|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_22263716/give-em-hill-twilight-zone-el-cerrito-author|title=Give 'Em Hill: El Cerrito woman lends 'Twilight Zone' inspiration|work= San Jose Mercury News|date=December 30, 2012|access-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref> which appeared in the January 1953 edition of  ''[[If (magazine)|If: Worlds of Science Fiction]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Venable, Lynn|title=Time Enough at Last|work=IF: Worlds of Science Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/If_Worlds_Of_Science_Fiction_v01n06_Quinn_Jan_1953_Gorgon776 |date=January 1953}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Venable, Lynn|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32633 |title=Time Enough at Last|work=IF: Worlds of Science Fiction|date=January 1953}}</ref>

"Time Enough at Last" became one of the most famous episodes of the original ''Twilight Zone''. It tells "the story of a man who seeks salvation in the rubble of a ruined world".<ref name="preview">[[Rod Serling|Serling, Rod]]. Promotional spot for "Time Enough at Last". Original airdate: 13 November 1959.</ref> The man in question is Henry Bemis ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|iː|m|ɪ|s}}), played by [[Burgess Meredith]], who loves books but is surrounded by those who would prevent him from reading them. The episode follows Bemis through a [[post-apocalyptic]] world, touching on such social issues as [[anti-intellectualism]], the dangers of reliance upon [[technology]], and the distinction between solitude and loneliness.

==Opening narration==

{{blockquote|Witness Mr. Henry Bemis, a charter member in the fraternity of dreamers. A bookish little man whose passion is the printed page, but who is conspired against by a bank president and a wife and a world full of tongue-cluckers and the unrelenting hands of a clock. But in just a moment, Mr. Bemis will enter a world without bank presidents or wives or clocks or anything else. He'll have a world all to himself... without anyone.}}

==Plot==
Bank teller and avid [[bookworm]] Henry Bemis reads [[David Copperfield (novel)|''David Copperfield'']] while serving a customer. He is so engrossed in the novel that he attempts to regale the increasingly annoyed woman with information about the characters, and shortchanges her. Bemis' angry boss, and later his nagging wife, both complain to him that he wastes far too much time reading "[[doggerel]]". As a cruel joke, his wife asks him to read poetry to her from one of his books; he eagerly obliges, only to find that she has crossed out the text on every page. Seconds later, she destroys the book by ripping the pages from it.

The next day, as usual, Henry takes his [[lunch break]] in the [[bank vault|bank's vault]], where his reading cannot be disturbed. Moments after he sees a [[newspaper headline]], which reads "[[thermonuclear weapon|H-Bomb]] Capable of Total Destruction", an enormous explosion outside shakes the vault, knocking Bemis unconscious. After regaining consciousness and recovering his thick glasses, Bemis emerges from the vault to find the bank demolished and everyone in it dead. Leaving the bank, he sees that the entire city has been destroyed, and realizes that, while a nuclear war has devastated Earth, him being in the vault has saved him.

{{blockquote|Seconds, minutes, hours—they crawl by on hands and knees for Mr. Henry Bemis, who looks for a spark in the ashes of a dead world. A telephone connected to nothingness. A neighborhood bar, a movie, a [[baseball diamond]], a [[hardware store]], the mailbox at what was once his house is now a rubble. They lie at his feet as battered monuments to what was but is no more. Mr. Henry Bemis, on an eight-hour tour of a graveyard.}}

Finding himself alone in the broken world with [[canned food]] to last him a lifetime and no means of leaving to look for other survivors, Bemis succumbs to despair. As he prepares to kill himself using a [[revolver]] he has found, Bemis sees the ruins of a [[public library]] in the distance. Investigating, he finds that the books are still intact; all the books he could ever hope for are his for the reading, and all the time he could ever hope for, to read them without interruption.

His despair gone, Bemis contentedly sorts the books he looks forward to reading for years to come, with no obligations to get in the way. Just as he bends down to pick up a book, he stumbles, and his glasses fall off and shatter. In shock, he picks up the broken remains of his glasses and breaks down in tears, surrounded by books he now can never read.

==Closing narration==
{{blockquote|The best-laid plans of mice and men ... and Henry Bemis, the small man in the glasses who wanted nothing but time. Henry Bemis, now just a part of a smashed landscape, just a piece of the rubble, just a fragment of what man has deeded to himself. Mr. Henry Bemis, in the Twilight Zone.}}

==Preview for next week's story==
{{cquote|Next week we enlist the considerable literary talents of Charles Beaumont, and invite you to join us in a strange and shocking dream. Our story is called "[[Perchance to Dream (The Twilight Zone)|Perchance to Dream]]" and stars Richard Conte. I hope you'll be able to join next week's excursion into The Twilight Zone. Thank you and good night.}}

==Production==
[[File:Burgess Meredith The Twilight Zone.jpg|thumb|Burgess Meredith as Henry Bemis]]
"Time Enough at Last" was one of the first episodes written for ''The Twilight Zone''.<ref name="mp3">{{cite web|url=http://ebooks.fictionwise.com/ebooks/eBook35278.htm |title=Time Enough At Last: Twilight Zone Story read by Bill Mills |publisher=Fictionwise eBooks |access-date=2007-09-01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203030/http://ebooks.fictionwise.com/ebooks/eBook35278.htm |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> It introduced [[Burgess Meredith]] to the series; he went on to star in three more episodes, being introduced as "no stranger to ''The Twilight Zone''" in promotional spots for season two's "[[The Obsolete Man]]". He also narrated the 1983 film ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'', which made reference to "Time Enough at Last" during its opening sequence, with the characters discussing the episode in detail.

Footage of the exterior steps of the library was filmed several months after production had been completed. These steps can also be seen on the exterior of an [[Eloi]] public building in [[MGM]]'s film of [[The Time Machine (1960 film)|''The Time Machine'']] (1960).<ref name="zicree">Zicree, Marc Scott. ''The Twilight Zone Companion''. Sillman-James Press, 1982 (second edition).</ref> [[John Brahm]] was honored by the [[Directors Guild of America]] for his work on the episode.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 1960 |title=Movie and TV Directors Given Guild Awards |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/fort-worth-star-telegram-movie-and-tv-di/172420221/ |access-date=May 15, 2025 |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> The book that Bemis was reading in the vault and that flips open when the bomb explodes is ''[[A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus]]'' by [[Washington Irving]].

==Themes==
Although the overriding message may seem to "be careful what you wish for, you just might get it", there are other themes throughout the episode.<ref name="zicree" /> Among these is the question of solitude versus loneliness, as embodied by Bemis' moment of near-suicide. Additionally, the portrayal of societal attitudes toward books speaks to the contemporary decline of traditional literature and how, given enough time, reading may become a relic of the past.<ref name="ochse">{{cite web|url=http://www.storytellersunplugged.com/2006/03/end-of-books-bemis-condition.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506100624/http://www.storytellersunplugged.com/2006/03/end-of-books-bemis-condition.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-05-06 |author=Weston Ochse |title=The End of Books: The Bemis Condition |work=Storytellers Unplugged |access-date=2007-09-01 }}</ref><ref name="sarris">{{cite book|author=Sarris, Andrew|title=Rod Serling: Viewed from Beyond the Twilight Zone}}</ref> At the same time, the ending "punishes Bemis for his antisocial behavior, and his greatest desire is thwarted".<ref name="backstage">{{cite book|author1=Stanyard, Stewart T.  |author2=Gaiman, Neil |name-list-style=amp |title=Dimensions Behind the Twilight Zone: A Backstage Tribute to Television's Groundbreaking Series|publisher= Ecw Press|date= 2007}}</ref>

[[Rod Serling]]'s concluding statement in the episode alludes to [[Robert Burns]]' [[Scots language]] poem "[[To a Mouse]]". The poem concludes: "The best-laid schemes o' mice an men / ''Gang aft agley''" (translation: "Often go awry"). Meredith himself had portrayed George Milton in the 1939 film adaptation of the Steinbeck novel named for that same line.

Although "Time Enough at Last" implies that [[nuclear warfare]] has destroyed humanity, [[film criticism|film critic]] [[Andrew Sarris]] notes that the episode's necessarily unrealistic format may have been what allowed its production to commence:<ref name="sarris" />

{{blockquote|Much of the implacable seriousness of ''The Twilight Zone'' is seemingly keyed by the clipped, dour delivery of Serling himself and the interlocutor. He never encourages us to laugh, or even smile, even when the plot twist is at least darkly funny. For example, in "Time Enough at Last" ... The [[Nuclear weapon|H-bomb]] is still lurking in the background of the bookworm's "accident." The point is that the bomb could never have gone off on network television were the plot couched in a more realistic format.}}

In the era of the [[Internet]] and [[eBook]]s, the irony depicted in "Time Enough at Last" has an [[Information Age]] counterpart, according to [[Weston Ochse]] of ''Storytellers Unplugged''. As Ochse points out, when Bemis becomes the last person on Earth, he finally has time to read, with all his books at his fingertips and the only impediment is technology when his medium for accessing them—his glasses—breaks. In a hypothetical world where all books are published electronically, Ochse observes, readers would be "only a lightning strike, a faulty switch, a sleepy workman or a natural disaster away from becoming Henry Bemis at the end of the world"—that is, a [[power outage]] has the potential to give them time to read, yet like Bemis, they too would lose their medium for accessing their books—namely the [[computer]].<ref name="ochse" />

===Similar episodes===
''The Twilight Zone'' often explored similar themes throughout its run.<ref name="nostalgia">{{cite web |url=https://nostalgiacentral.com/television/tv-by-decade/tv-shows-1960s/twilight-zone/ |title=Twilight Zone, The|work=Nostalgia Central|date=22 June 2014 }}</ref> "Time Enough at Last" has strong thematic ties to a number of other episodes in the series, starting with that of isolation, first explored in the series [[Television pilot|pilot]], "[[Where Is Everybody?]]"  It is also a prominent theme in the previous episode "[[The Lonely (The Twilight Zone)|The Lonely]]". Additionally, in a plot very similar to that of "Time Enough at Last", "[[The Mind and the Matter]]" tells of a man who uses his mind to erase humanity, only to find that  existence without other people is unbearable. The notion of being an outsider, lost in a sea of [[conformity]], was one of the most common themes of the series.<ref name="zicree" />

Other thematic elements in this episode can be found throughout the series, as well. "[[The Obsolete Man]]" takes the episode's literary subtext—the notion that reading may eventually be considered "obsolete"—to an extreme: The state has declared books obsolete and a librarian (also played by Meredith) finds himself on trial for his own [[obsolescence]]. This notion, akin to [[Ray Bradbury]]'s short story "[[The Pedestrian]]" (1951), is also alluded to in the episode "[[Number 12 Looks Just Like You]]", in which a perfect and equal world considers works like those of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] "smut".<ref name="backstage" />

==Impact==

===Critical and fan favorite===
"Time Enough at Last" was a ratings success in its initial airing and "became an instant classic".<ref name="PresMcGee">{{cite book|author1=Presnell, Don |author2=McGee, Marty |name-list-style=amp |title=A Critical History of Television's the Twilight Zone, 1959–1964|page= 41}}</ref> It "remains one of the best-remembered and best-loved episodes of ''The Twilight Zone''" according to Marc Zicree, author of ''[[The Twilight Zone Companion]]'',<ref name="zicree" /> as well as one of the most frequently parodied. When a poll asked readers of ''Twilight Zone Magazine'' which episode of the series they remembered the most, "Time Enough at Last" was the most frequent response, with "[[To Serve Man (The Twilight Zone)|To Serve Man]]" coming in a distant second.<ref name="sander">{{cite web|url=http://www.gordonsander.com/article.php?p=295 |author=Gordon Sander |title=Twilight Zone: A Serling Performance |work=The Sander Zone |access-date=2007-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929015238/http://www.gordonsander.com/article.php?p=295 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[TV Land]]'s presentation of ''[[TV Guide]]'''s "100 Most Memorable Moments in Television", "Time Enough at Last" was ranked at No. 25.<ref name="tvland">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvland.com/originals/100moments/page4.jhtml |title=TV Guide and TV Land presents The 100 Most Memorable TV Moments |publisher=[[TV Land]] |access-date=2007-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704020154/http://www.tvland.com/originals/100moments/page4.jhtml |archive-date=2007-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an interview, Serling cited "Time Enough at Last" as one of his two favorites from the entire series (the other was "[[The Invaders (The Twilight Zone)|The Invaders]]", with [[Agnes Moorehead]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blastr.com/2010/09/rod_serling_picks_his_2_f.php|title=In lost interview, Serling reveals his favorite Twilight Zone eps|work=[[Syfy Wire]]|last=Cohen|first=Jon|date=2012-12-14|access-date=2017-06-08|archive-date=2016-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512092407/http://www.blastr.com/2010/09/rod_serling_picks_his_2_f.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The episode has been referenced many times in popular culture. For example, [[The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror]], a theme park ride at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] and formerly [[Disney California Adventure Park]], displays a replica of Henry Bemis' broken glasses in the lobby. It is noted that, while they are indeed reading glasses, Burgess Meredith wears them the entire episode to make Bemis look more bookish.<ref name="ride">{{cite web|url=http://www.emuck.com/aotw/tower.htm |author1=Bruce A Metcalf |author2=Ronnie O'Rourke |name-list-style=amp |title=Twilight Zone Tower of Terror or, Iago & Zazu Learn the Ups & Downs of the Hotel Business |work=Iago & Zazu's Attraction of the Week |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928212510/http://www.emuck.com/aotw/tower.htm |archive-date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> On one appearance of the TV show ''[[Futurama]]'s'' [[show-within-a-show]] "The Scary Door", a parody of ''The Twilight Zone'' and ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'', a man like Bemis is presented in a library as "the last man on earth". After he loses his glasses, the show pokes fun on the fact that he can still read books with large print and even in braille, so he successively loses various body parts until the scene ends.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zachary |first1=Brandon |title=Futurama's Pitch-Perfect Twilight Zone Parody, The Scary Door, Explained |url=https://www.cbr.com/futurama-twilight-zone-parody-scary-door-explained/ |website=CBR |access-date=25 October 2023 |language=en |date=5 June 2021}}</ref> The [[personal computer|PC]] game ''[[Fallout Tactics]]'' (2001) includes a librarian in a desolate world who wants the player to find his missing glasses so he can read his books.<ref name="fallout">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamebanshee.com/fallouttactics/walkthrough/macomb.php |title=Fallout Tactics |work=Game Banshee |access-date=2007-08-30}}</ref> In a 2022 expansion for the game ''[[Fallout 76]]'' entitled “the Pitt”, players may come across a small room featuring a pair of glasses, a gun, and a note called “Time Enough at Last”, containing lines of dialogue from the character of Bemis. In an episode of ''[[Modern Family]]'', Jay's glasses are sat on by Luke, breaking them. As he picks up his book, the shattered pieces of his glasses fall out. "It's not fair. It's not fair," he sarcastically utters.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*DeVoe, Bill. (2008). ''Trivia from The Twilight Zone''. [[Albany, Georgia]]: Bear Manor Media. {{ISBN|978-1-59393-136-0}}
*Grams, Martin. (2008). ''The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic''. [[Churchville, Maryland]]: OTR Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-9703310-9-0}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episode|0734683}}
{{Gutenberg|32633|"Time Enough at Last" (text of original story by Lynn Venable)}}
*{{Librivox book|title=Time Enough at Last}}

{{The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) episodes}}
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[[Category:The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) season 1 episodes]]
[[Category:World War III speculative fiction]]
[[Category:1959 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Reading (process)]]
[[Category:Works about bibliophilia]]
[[Category:Television episodes about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Television episodes written by Rod Serling]]
[[Category:Television shows based on short fiction]]