Editing Ticker symbol

{{Short description|Abbreviation identifying specific shares}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2013}}
[[File:Edison Stock Telegraph Ticker.jpg|thumb| Stock [[telegraph]] ticker machine invented by [[Thomas Edison]]]]
A '''ticker symbol''' or '''stock symbol''' is an [[abbreviation]] used to uniquely identify publicly traded [[Share (finance)|shares]] of a particular [[stock]] or [[Security (finance)|security]] on a particular [[stock exchange]]. Ticker symbols are arrangements of symbols or characters (generally Latin letters or digits) which provide a shorthand for investors to refer to, purchase, and research securities. Some exchanges include ticker extensions, which encode additional information such as share class, bankruptcy status, or voting rights into the ticker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=What is a ticker? {{!}} Investing Definitions {{!}} Morningstar |url=https://www.morningstar.com/investing-definitions/ticker |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Morningstar, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> 

The first ticker symbol was used in 1867, following the invention of the ticker tape machine by [[Edward A. Calahan|Edward Calahan]]. It was used to identify shares of the [[Union Pacific Railroad Company]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Ticker Symbols Shape the Financial System |url=https://www.six-group.com/en/blog/ticker-symbols.html |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=SIX |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stock Symbol (Ticker Symbol): Abbreviation for a Company's Stock |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/stocksymbol.asp |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2024 |title=What is a Stock Symbol: Overview and History |url=https://www.vantagemarkets.com/academy/what-is-stock-symbol/ |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Vantage Markets}}</ref>

==Interpreting the symbol==
Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market. A stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock.  The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the [[ticker tape]], and to make it easy to recognize by traders and investors.

The allocation of symbols and formatting conventions is specific to each stock exchange.  In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the company name where possible.  For example, US-based computer company stock [[Apple Inc.]] traded on the [[NASDAQ]] exchange has the symbol AAPL, while the motor company Ford's stock that is traded on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] has the single-letter ticker F.  In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes; for example, Dutch consumer goods company [[Unilever]] traded on the [[Euronext|Amsterdam Euronext]] exchange has the symbol UNA.  In Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-[[Latin script]]s.  For example, the bank [[HSBC]]'s stock traded on the [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] has the ticker symbol 0005.

Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with [[Mobil Oil]], [[Exxon]] used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol.  The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM".  Symbols are sometimes reused. In the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols.  For example, since March 2008 [[Visa Inc.]] has used the symbol V that had previously been used by [[Vivendi]] which had delisted and given up the symbol.<ref name="Mantell">{{cite news|last=Mantell|first=Ruth|title=Vivendi voluntarily delists from NYSE, ends ADR program|url=http://articles.marketwatch.com/2006-08-03/news/30830338_1_vivendi-shares-delists-american-depositary-receipt-program|access-date=14 January 2013|newspaper=Marketwatch|date=3 August 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116102143/http://articles.marketwatch.com/2006-08-03/news/30830338_1_vivendi-shares-delists-american-depositary-receipt-program|archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known. On many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security.  This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group plc]] stock ticker symbol
|-
! Location
! [[Reuters Instrument Code]]
! [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] ticker
!Yahoo ticker
|-
| London Stock Exchange
| VOD.L
| VOD:LN
|VOD.L
|-
| Nasdaq
| VOD.O or VOD.OQ
| VOD:US
|VOD
|-
| Stock Exchange of Singapore
| VOD.SI
| VOD:SP
|VOD.SI
|-
|}

=== Other identifiers ===
Although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks, and can change.  These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for [[Settlement (finance)|settlement]] purposes.  The most prevalent of these is the [[International Securities Identifying Number]] (ISIN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isin.com/|title=Home|website=ISIN, CUSIP, LEI, SEDOL, WKN, CFI Codes, Database Securities Apply Application Register}}</ref>  An ISIN uniquely identifies a [[Security (finance)|security]] and its structure is defined in [[ISO 6166]].  Securities for which ISINs are issued include [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], [[commercial paper]], [[stock]]s, and [[Warrant (finance)|warrant]]s.  The ISIN code is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments, but serves for uniform identification of a security at trading and settlement.

The ISIN identifies the security, not the [[stock exchange|exchange]] (if any) on which it trades; it is, therefore, not a replacement for the ticker symbol.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isin.net/isin-etf/ |title=ISIN for ETFs |publisher=ISIN.net |accessdate=2023-03-15}}</ref> For instance, [[Daimler AG]] stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide and is priced in five foreign currencies; it has the same ISIN on each (DE0007100000), though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, typically the three- or four-letter exchange code (such as the [[Market Identifier Code]]), will have to be specified in addition to the ISIN.

===Symbol for stock market indices===
While usually a stock ticker identifies a security that can be traded, [[stock market index|stock market indices]] are also sometimes assigned a symbol, even though they can generally not be traded. Symbols for indices are usually distinguished by adding a symbol in front of the name, such as a [[circumflex#Freestanding|circumflex]] (or 'caret') {{char|^}} or a dot.<ref name="analyzerxl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.analyzerxl.de/symbols.htm |title=Stock quotes Available For Download |quote=Market Indices, such as the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. Ticker symbols for these items all begin with the circumflex (caret) symbol, '^'.}}</ref> For example, [[Reuters]] lists the [[Nasdaq Composite]] index under the symbol ''.IXIC''.<ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/finance/markets/indices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214190514/http://www.reuters.com/finance/markets/indices |title=All American Indices |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-12-14 |date=2017-09-07|website=[[Reuters]] }}</ref>

==Symbols by country==

=== Australia ===

In Australia the [[Australian Securities Exchange]]  uses the following conventions:
Three character base symbol with the first and third character being alphanumeric and the second alphabetic. ETFs and ETMFs can be either 3 or 4 characters.  Exchange-traded warrants and exchange-traded options are six characters. ETOs can have numbers in the sixth character.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.asx.com.au/markets/market-resources/asx-codes-and-descriptors |title=ASX Codes and Descriptors |publisher=Australian Securities Exchange |accessdate=2023-03-15}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ASX fourth, fifth, and sixth-letter codes extensions
|'''D[A–Z]''' 
|Deferred settlement security, temporary code used typically during a consolidation/reverse split.  Used for both Equities and Company Options.
|-
|'''H[A–Z]''' 
|Bonds/Debt 
|-
|'''F[A-Z][A–Z]'''
|Exchanged-traded Warrants
|-
|'''G or G[A–Z]'''
|Convertible Debt
|-
|'''H or H[A–Z]'''
|Unsecured Note
|-
|'''I[A–Z][A–Z]'''
|Instalment Warrant
|-
|'''LV''' 
|Non-Voting or Limited Voting
|-
|'''O or O[A–G]'''
|Company option
|-
|'''P[A–Z]'''
|Preference/Interest Bearing security
|-
|'''R or R[A–Z]''' 
|Company rights
|-
|'''W[A–Z][A–Z]'''
|Exchanged-traded Warrants
|-
|'''U[A–Z][A–Z]'''
|Exchanged-traded Warrants
|-
|'''V[A–Z][A–Z]'''
|Exchanged-traded Warrants
|}

=== Canada ===
In Canada the [[Toronto Stock Exchange]] TSX and the TSXV use the following special codes after the ticker symbol:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ TSX "behind the dot" extensions and other special codes<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Stock Market Terms, Stock Symbol Extension
  | publisher = TMX Money
  | url = http://www.tmxmoney.com/en/investor_tools/glossary.html#S
  | access-date = 2016-04-01}}</ref>
|-
|'''A–B'''&nbsp;– class of shares
|'''NO, NS, NT'''&nbsp;– notes
|'''S'''&nbsp;– special U.S. terms
|-
|'''DB'''&nbsp;– debenture
|'''P'''&nbsp;– Capital Pool Company
|'''U, V'''&nbsp;– U.S. funds
|-
|'''E'''&nbsp;– equity dividend
|'''PR'''&nbsp;– preferred
|'''UN'''&nbsp;– units
|-
|'''H'''&nbsp;– NEX market
|'''R'''&nbsp;– subscription receipts
|'''W'''&nbsp;– when issued
|-
|'''IR'''&nbsp;– installment receipts
|'''RT'''&nbsp;– rights
|'''WT'''&nbsp;– warrants
|}

===United Kingdom===
In the [[United Kingdom]], prior to 1996, stock codes were known as EPICs, named after the [[London Stock Exchange]]'s [[Exchange Price Information Computer]] (e.g.: "MKS" for [[Marks and Spencer]]).  Following the introduction of the [[Sequence trading platform]] in 1996, EPICs were renamed '''Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics''' (TIDM), but they are still widely referred to as EPICs.  Stocks can also be identified using their [[SEDOL]] (Stock Exchange Daily Official List) number or their ISIN ([[International Securities Identification Number]]).

===United States===
In the [[United States]], modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by [[S&P Global Ratings|Standard & Poor's]] (S&P) to bring a national standard to investing. Previously, a single company could have many ticker symbols as they varied between the dozens of individual stock markets.  The term ''ticker'' refers to the noise made by the [[ticker tape]] machines once widely used by stock exchanges.

The S&P system was later standardized by the securities industry and modified as the years passed. Stock symbols for [[preferred stock]] have not been standardized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quantumonline.com/PfdSymbolsNames.cfm|title=Preferred Ticker Symbols and Names - QuantumOnline.com|website=www.quantumonline.com}}</ref>

Some companies use a well-known product as their ticker symbol. Belgian brewer [[AB InBev]], the brewer of [[Budweiser]] beer, uses "BUD" (symbolizing its premier product in the United States) as its three-letter ticker for American Depository Receipts. Its rival, the [[Molson Coors Brewing Company]], uses a similarly beer-related symbol, "TAP". Likewise, [[Southwest Airlines]] pays tribute to its headquarters at [[Dallas Love Field|Love Field]] in [[Dallas]] through its "LUV" symbol. [[Six Flags|Six Flags Entertainment Corporation]], which operates large amusement parks in the United States, uses "FUN" as its symbol. [[Harley-Davidson]] uses "HOG", an abbreviation for the corporate-sponsored [[Harley Owners Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rideapart.com/features/254682/how-harleys-became-known-as-hogs/|title=How Harleys Became Known as 'Hogs'|website=RideApart.com}}</ref>  [[Yamana Gold]] uses "AUY", because on the [[periodic table of elements]], "Au" is the symbol for [[gold]]. [[Sotheby's]], an auction house, previously used the symbol "BID".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=BID:US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214152907/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=BID:US|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2010|title=Sotheby's (BID:New York): Stock Quote&Company Profile|work=Businessweek|access-date=18 March 2012|date=29 February 2012}}</ref> [[Petco]] uses the symbol "WOOF". 

While most symbols come from the company's name, sometimes it happens the other way around. [[Yum! Brands#Tricon Global Restaurants|Tricon Global]], owner of [[KFC]], [[Pizza Hut]] and [[Taco Bell]], adopted the symbol "YUM" to represent its corporate mission when the company was spun out of [[PepsiCo]] in 1997. In 2002, the company changed its name to match its symbol, adopting the name [[Yum! Brands]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/5869.html |title=Tricon announces name change to Yum! Brands Inc &#124; Yum Brands |publisher=AMEinfo.com |access-date=2012-11-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116102136/http://www.ameinfo.com/5869.html |archive-date=2013-01-16 }}</ref>

Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Before the 1999 merger with [[Mobil]], [[Exxon]] used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/11/30/deals/exxonmobil/ |title=Exxon and Mobil to merge |author=Chris Isidore |publisher=CNN Money |date=1999-11-30 |accessdate=2023-03-15}}</ref> The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". After [[Hewlett-Packard]] merged with [[Compaq]], the new firm took on the ticker symbol "HPQ". (The former symbols were HWP and CPQ.) [[AT&T]]'s ticker symbol is "T"; accordingly, the company is referred to simply as "Telephone" on Wall Street (the T symbol is so well known that when SBC purchased the company, it took the AT&T name, capitalizing on its history and keeping the desired single letter symbol).{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Some examples of US Stock symbols include:

* A – [[Agilent Technologies]]
* AAPL – [[Apple Inc|Apple]]
* BRK.(A/B) - [[Berkshire Hathaway]] (Class A or B shares marked by a letter following period, BRK.A or BRK.B)
* C – [[Citigroup]]
* GOOG – [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]] (parent company of [[Google]])
* HOG – [[Harley-Davidson]]
* HPQ - [[Hewlett-Packard]]
* INTC – [[Intel]]
* KO – [[The Coca-Cola Company]]  
* LUV - [[Southwest Airlines]] (after their main hub at [[Dallas Love Field|Love Field]])
* MMM – [[3M]] (originally known as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing)
* MSFT – [[Microsoft]]
* T - [[AT&T]]
* TGT – [[Target Corporation]]
* TXN – [[Texas Instruments]]
* XOM - [[ExxonMobil]]
* WOOF - [[Petco]]
* WMT – [[Walmart]]

Formerly, a glance at a U.S. stock symbol and its appended codes would allow an investor to determine where a stock trades; however, in July 2007, the SEC approved a rule change allowing companies moving from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq to retain their three-letter symbols; [[DirecTV]] was one of the first companies to make this move.  When first implemented, the rule change did not apply to companies with one or two-letter symbols,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nasdaq-tickersymbols-idUSN1036624820070710|title=UPDATE 1-SEC allows Nasdaq to list 3-letter ticker symbols|date=10 July 2017|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> but subsequently any stock was able to move from the NYSE to the Nasdaq without changing its symbol. [[CA Technologies]], which traded under the symbol CA before it was acquired in 2018, moved from the NYSE to the Nasdaq in April 2008 and kept its two-letter symbol.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ca.com/us/press/release.aspx?cid=174409|title=CA Announces Move to NASDAQ}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ NYSE "behind the dot" or Nasdaq fifth-letter codes and other special codes
|-
|'''A'''&nbsp;– Class "A"
|'''K'''&nbsp;– Nonvoting (common)
|'''U'''&nbsp;– [[Strategic business unit|Unit]]s
|- 
|'''B'''&nbsp;– Class "B"
|'''L'''&nbsp;– Miscellaneous
|'''V'''&nbsp;– Pending issue and distribution
|- 
|'''C'''&nbsp;– NextShares
|'''M'''&nbsp;– fourth class&nbsp;– [[preferred stock|preferred shares]]
|'''W'''&nbsp;– [[Warrant (finance)|Warrant]]s
|- 
|'''D'''&nbsp;– New issue or reverse split
|'''N'''&nbsp;– third class&nbsp;– preferred shares
|'''X'''&nbsp;– [[Mutual fund]]
|- 
|'''E'''&nbsp;– Delinquent [[SEC filing]]s
|'''O'''&nbsp;– second class&nbsp;– preferred shares
|'''Y'''&nbsp;– [[American depositary receipt]] (ADR) (used on the [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] market)
|- 
|'''F'''&nbsp;– Foreign (used on the [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] market)
|'''P'''&nbsp;– first class preferred shares
|'''Z'''&nbsp;– Miscellaneous situations
|- 
|'''G'''&nbsp;– first [[convertible bond]]
|'''Q'''&nbsp;– In [[bankruptcy]]
|'''''Special codes'''''
|- 
|'''H'''&nbsp;– second convertible bond
|'''R'''&nbsp;– [[Rights issue|Right]]s
|'''PK'''&nbsp;– A [[Pink Sheets LLC|Pink Sheet]], indicating [[over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]]
|- 
|'''I'''&nbsp;– third convertible bond
|'''S'''&nbsp;– Shares of [[beneficial interest]]
|'''SC'''&nbsp;– Nasdaq Small Cap
|- 
|'''J'''&nbsp;– Voting share&nbsp;– special
|'''T'''&nbsp;– With warrants or rights
|'''NM'''&nbsp;– Nasdaq National Market 
|}

====Single-letter NYSE ticker symbols====
* A: [[Agilent Technologies]] (previously used by [[Anaconda Copper]], American Medical Buildings, Attwoods, and [[Astra AB]]<ref name="InvestFAQ">{{cite web|url=http://invest-faq.com/articles/triv-one-letter-tick.html|title=Trivia - One-Letter Ticker Symbols on NYSE|publisher=The Investment FAQ|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>)
* B: [[Barrick Mining Corporation]] (previously used by [[Barnes Group]], Bankers Utilities Corporation, and [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin Lima Hamilton]])
* C: [[Citigroup]] (previously used by [[Chrysler]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* D: [[Dominion Energy]] (previously used by [[Douglas Aircraft Company]] and [[Dart Industries]])
* E: [[Eni]] (previously used by [[Erie Lackawanna Railway]] and Transco Energy Co.)
* F: [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
* G: [[Genpact]] (previously used by Greyhound Dial Corporation and [[Gillette]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* H: [[Hyatt]] (previously used by Hupp Corporation, [[Hardee's]], [[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt General]], Helm Resources, and [[Realogy]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* J: [[Jacobs Solutions]] (previously used by [[Jackpot Enterprises|J Net Enterprises]]<ref name ='InvestFAQ' /> and Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey)
* K: [[Kellanova]], acquisition by [[Mars Inc.]] pending, Kellanova will delisted from NYSE 
* L: [[Loews Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/loews-scores-coveted-one-letter-ticker/ | work=[[New York Times]]| title=Loews Scores Coveted One-Letter Ticker | date=June 17, 2008 | access-date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> (previously used by Liberty Financial Companies, Sinclair Oil Corp, and [[Liberty Media]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* M: [[Macy's Inc.]] (previously used by [[MCorp Bank|Marcor]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* O: [[Realty Income Corporation]] (previously used by Odetics)
* Q: [[Qnity Electronics]] (previously used by [[Quintiles]] and [[Qwest]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* R: [[Ryder]] (previously used by [[United States Rubber Company#Uniroyal|Uniroyal]] and [[LF Rothschild]])
* S: [[SentinelOne]] (previously used by [[Sprint Corporation]] and [[Sears]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* T: [[AT&T]] (previously used by [[AT&T Corporation]])
* U: [[Unity Software]] (previously used by [[US Airways]])
* V: [[Visa Inc|Visa]] (previously used by [[Vivendi]], [[New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad]], [[Irving Trust|Irving Bank]], Vivra, and Viking General)
* W: [[Wayfair]] (previously used by [[NewPage|Westvaco]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" />)
* X: [[US Steel]]

Unassigned letters: 
* I: previously used by [[Intelsat]], Itel Corporation, and [[First Interstate Bancorp]]<ref name="Wilson" />
* N: previously used by [[Vale Limited|Inco]]<ref name="InvestFAQ" /> and [[NetSuite]]
* P: previously used by [[Pandora Radio|Pandora]] and [[Phillips Petroleum Company]].<ref name="Wilson">{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=David|title=Zillow With a Z Will Break NYSE Grip on One-Letter Tickers|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-27/zillow-with-a-z-will-break-nyse-grip-on-one-letter-tickers.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530160018/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-05-27/zillow-with-a-z-will-break-nyse-grip-on-one-letter-tickers.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 30, 2011|work=BusinessWeek|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>
* Y: previously used by [[Alleghany Corporation]]
* Z: previously used by [[FW Woolworth Company|Woolworth Corporation]]

====Single-letter NASDAQ ticker symbols====
* Z: [[Zillow]]

Unassigned letters: 
* A–Y

===Other countries===
In countries where [[Arabic script]] is used, and in [[East Asia]], transliterated [[Latin script]] versions of company names may be confusing to an unpracticed Western reader; stock symbols provide a simple means of clear communication in the workplace. Many Asian countries use numerical or alphanumerical ticker symbols of only digits and Roman letters to facilitate international trade.

* Industrial and Commercial Bank of China – 01398 [Hong Kong]
* HSBC – 00005 [Hong Kong]
* DBS Bank – D05 [Singapore]
* Jardine C&C – C07 [Singapore]
* ENEOS Holdings – 5020 [Tokyo & Nagoya – Japan]
* Toshiba Corp – 6502 [Tokyo – Japan]
* China CITIC Bank Corp Ltd&nbsp;– 601998 [Shanghai&nbsp;– China]
* Hubei Golden Ring Co Ltd&nbsp;– 000615 [Shenzhen&nbsp;– China]
* [[TSMC]] – 2330 [Taiwan]
* [[Asus|ASUSTeK]] – 2357 [Taiwan]
* Chunghwa Telecom Co Ltd – 2412 [Taiwan]
* [[Saudi Electricity Company]] - 5110 [Saudi Arabia]

==See also==
* [[Central Index Key]]
* [[CUSIP]]
* [[Market identification code]]
* [[Option symbol]]
* [[SEDOL]]
* [[ISIN]]
* [[Wertpapierkennnummer]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Eckett|editor-first= Stephen |year=2004 |title=The UK Stock Market Almanac 2005 |location=Petersfield |publisher=Harriman House |isbn=1-897597-46-0 }}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Financial metadata]]
[[Category:Encodings]]
[[Category:Stock market]]
[[Category:Security identifier types]]