Editing Thurrock

{{Short description|Borough in Essex, England}}
{{About|the district formed in 1974|the Parliament constituency|Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency)|the district from 1936-1974|Thurrock Urban District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox settlement
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<!-- Basic info ---------------->| name               = Thurrock <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in -->
| other_name         = Borough of Thurrock
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| settlement_type    = [[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority area]] and [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough]]
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| subdivision_name2  = [[East of England|East]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Ceremonial county]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Essex]]
| subdivision_type4  = Admin HQ
| subdivision_name4  = [[Grays, Essex|Grays]]
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<!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = 
| governing_body     = [[Thurrock Council]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]])
| leader_title2      = [[List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election|MPs]]
| leader_name2       = [[Jen Craft]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(Labour)]]<br />[[James McMurdock]] ([[Reform UK|Reform]])
| established_title  = <!-- Settled -->
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| elevation_min_ft   = <!-- Population ----------------------->
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| population_density_urban_sq_mi = <!-- demographics (section 1) -->
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E06000034|title=Thurrock Local Authority|access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 76.7% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
 | 11.9% [[Black British people|Black]]
 | 6.9% [[British Asians|Asian]]
 | 3% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
 | 1.5% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
 }}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 51.7% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
 | 34.7% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
 | 8.7% [[Religion in England|other]]
 | 4.9% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
 }}
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| blank1_info        = 00KG (ONS)<br />E06000034 (GSS)
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| website            = {{url|thurrock.gov.uk}}
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}}
'''Thurrock''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|ʌr|ə|k}}) is a [[unitary authorities of England|unitary authority area]] with [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]] in the [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]] of [[Essex]], England. It lies on the north bank of the [[River Thames]] immediately east of [[London]] and has over {{convert|18|mi}} of riverfront including the [[Port of Tilbury]], the principal port for London. Thurrock is within the [[London commuter belt]] and is an area of regeneration within the [[Thames Gateway]] redevelopment zone. The borough includes the northern ends of the [[Dartford Crossing]].

The local authority is [[Thurrock Council]], based in [[Grays, Essex|Grays]]. The borough also includes [[Purfleet-on-Thames]], [[South Ockendon]], [[Stanford-le-Hope]] and [[Tilbury]], as well as other villages and surrounding areas. More than half of the borough is designated as [[Green Belt]].

The neighbouring districts are the [[London Borough of Havering]], [[Borough of Brentwood|Brentwood]], [[Borough of Basildon|Basildon]] and [[Castle Point]]. On the opposite side of the Thames are [[Gravesham]] and [[Borough of Dartford|Dartford]] in [[Kent]].

==History==
[[Mammoths]] once grazed in the Thurrock area<ref name=catton>{{cite book|last=Catton|first=Jonathan|chapter=A Short History of Thurrock|title=Exploring Thurrock|publisher=Thurrock Local History Society|year=2008|editor=Christopher Harrold}}</ref> and archaeologists unearthed the remains of a jungle cat. Humans have lived in the area since [[prehistoric times]]<ref name=catton/> and the land has been farmed by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]<ref name=catton/> and [[Anglo-Saxons]].<ref name=catton/> Thurrock has numerous [[List of archaeological sites in Thurrock|archaeological sites]] including the major excavation at [[Mucking excavation|Mucking]]. The name "Thurrock" is a Saxon name meaning "the bottom of a ship".<ref>{{cite book|author=PH Reaney|title=The Place-Names of Essex|publisher=CUP|year=1969}}</ref>

[[File:Wool-market.jpg|thumb|left|The Woolmarket, Horndon-on-the-Hill]] [[Horndon-on-the-Hill]] was the site of an [[Horndon mint|11th century mint]] as well as the 15th century woolmarket which gives an indication of the area's wealth in the 15th century. The narrowing of the river where Tilbury now stands meant it was important in the defence of [[London]], and [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] built three blockhouses, two on the Tilbury side and another on the Gravesend side of the river, following the end of his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]].

In 1381, villagers from [[Fobbing]], [[Mucking]] and [[Stanford-le-Hope]] instigated the [[Peasants' Revolt]] when they were called to [[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]] to pay the [[poll tax]]. When they refused to pay, a riot ensued which was the catalyst for a mass protest across [[Essex]] and [[Kent]].

Later, in 1588 [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] addressed her troops not far from the Tilbury blockhouse as the [[Spanish Armada]] sailed up the [[English Channel]]. Between 1670 and 1682, the Tilbury blockhouse was substantially rebuilt into a much larger fortification ([[Tilbury Fort]]) and Coalhouse Fort was built further down river, close to the second blockhouse. The importance of the forts in defending the country continued through [[Napoleon]]ic times and into the two world wars. The land where Tilbury Town now stands was farmland and marsh grazing until the building of the docks in the 1890s. Thurrock includes the [[East Tilbury#History|Bata village]], built for workers of the shoe company in 1933. Eight homes and the factory are listed.
 
Historically, the area was renowned for mineral extraction, including clay, aggregates and notably the digging of huge amounts of chalk from the West Thurrock area for use in the now defunct cement industries. When chalk extraction ceased one of the disused pits was redeveloped as Lakeside Shopping Centre. A number of former pits have been used to form the Chafford Gorges Nature Reserve, managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.essexfieldclub.org.uk/resource/Introduction%20to%20the%20geology%20of%20Essex|title=The Geology of Essex}}</ref>

===Captain Kidd===
The body of [[William Kidd|Captain Kidd]] was displayed in Thurrock. He had been convicted of piracy and hanged on 23 May 1701, at '[[Execution Dock]]', [[Wapping]]. His body was ''[[gibbet]]ed'' — left to hang in an iron cage over the Thames at Tilbury Point<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_piracy.htm |title=A Brief History of Piracy &#124; Online Information Bank &#124; Research Collections &#124; Royal Naval Museum at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard |access-date=21 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082349/http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_piracy.htm |archive-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> — as a warning to future would-be pirates for twenty years. Some sources give the location where his body was exhibited as Tilbury Ness, but this may be an alternative name for the same place. There is some uncertainty as to whether his body was displayed at what is now called Coalhouse Point or at a site a few hundred yards up stream, close to the present Tilbury Docks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608211536/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=8|url-status=dead|title=Captain Kidd – the Tilbury connection|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref>

===1953 Floods===
On 31 January 1953, the low-lying areas of Thurrock were inundated by the [[North Sea flood of 1953]]. The Van den Berghs and Jurgens margarine factory, which manufactured [[Stork margarine]], was forced to stop production for many months. Since the output of this factory constituted one third of the country's ration allocation, this led to a severe strain on the supply of margarine in the UK.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Tide|first=Hilda|last=Grieve|year=1959|publisher=Essex County Council|page=466}}</ref> Most schools in Thurrock were closed, either as a direct result of the flooding or in order to use them to help the relief effort. More than 1300 people in [[Tilbury]] and other low-lying areas were evacuated to schools on the higher ground.<ref name="1953 Floods">{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/safety/floods/content.php?page=1953_aftermath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305154939/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/safety/floods/content.php?page=1953_aftermath|url-status=dead|title=1953 Floods|archive-date=5 March 2010}}</ref> Chadwell St Mary Primary school was used as the main welfare centre for the homeless.<ref>Grieve, 1959, page 600</ref> By 15 February, most schools had returned to normal. The last to resume were the Landsdowne school in Tilbury and the newly opened Woodside Primary School – then called Tyrell Heath School.<ref>Grieve, 1959, page 616</ref> On Friday 13 February, the flooded areas were visited by the young [[Queen Elizabeth II]]<ref name="1953 Floods"/> Despite severe loss of life in nearby [[Canvey Island]], only one person in Thurrock died as a result of the floods.<ref>Grieve, 1959, page 568</ref>

===Heritage plaques===
In 2002, a partnership between Thurrock Council, Thurrock Heritage Forum and the Thurrock Local History Society began an initiative to place heritage plaques marking the famous people, events and organisations associated with Thurrock.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrock-community.org.uk/historysoc/plaques.html|title=Thurrock Council}}</ref> By September 2021 plaques included:
*[[Joseph Conrad]]
*Alice Mangold Diehl (Musician and Novelist, born in [[Aveley]]) 
*[[Dracula]]'s connection to Purfleet
*The arrival of the [[Empire Windrush]] at Tilbury on 21 June 1948
*The training ship Exmouth
*The [[Kynoch]] factory in the [[Corringham, Essex|Corringham]] marshes
*The shooting down of [[Zeppelin]] L15 at [[Purfleet]] in 1916
*[[Vincent Motorcycles#Phil Vincent|Philip Vincent]]
*[[Alfred Russel Wallace]] and his house at [[the Dell (Thurrock)|the Dell]]
*[[Arthur Young (writer)|Arthur Young]]
*The establishment of the town of [[Tilbury]] in 1912
*[[John Newton]]'s connection with [[Aveley]] and [[Purfleet]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin]]'s connection with the design of a lightning conductor for the Purfleet gunpowder magazine<ref>Thurrock Yellow Advertiser, 26 April 2012</ref>
*[[Henry de Grey]], who gave his name to [[Grays, Essex|Grays]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourthurrock.com/2013/06/14/commemorating-the-norman-knight-henry-de-grey/|title=Commemorating the Norman knight, Henry de Grey|date=14 June 2013}}</ref>
*[[Kate Luard]], the much decorated Boer War and First World War nurse

===Administrative history===
The borough has its origins in the [[Orsett]] [[Poor Law Union]], which had been created in 1835 covering a group of 18 parishes in southern Essex.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Higginbotham |first1=Peter |title=Orsett Workhouse |url=https://www.workhouses.org.uk/Orsett/ |website=The Workhouse |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Borough and council history: From Turroc to modern Thurrock |url=https://www.thurrock.gov.uk/borough-and-council-history/from-turroc-to-modern-thurrock |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Thurrock Council}}</ref> Poor Law Unions subsequently formed the basis for later local government structures, with the Orsett [[sanitary district|Rural Sanitary District]] created in 1872 covering the same area. The parish of [[Grays Thurrock]] was made its own [[local board of health|urban sanitary district]] in 1886.<ref name=Essex1914>{{cite book|title=Kelly's Directory of Essex, 1914|publisher=Kelly's Directories Ltd|url=http://specialcollections.le.ac.uk/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16445coll4/id/8909/rec/1|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref>

Urban and rural sanitary districts were converted into [[Urban district (England and Wales)|urban districts]] and [[rural districts]] in 1894.<ref>[[Local Government Act 1894]] (56 & 57 Vict. c. 73)</ref> Two further urban districts were later created from parts of the [[Orsett Rural District]]: the [[Tilbury Urban District]] in 1912 covering the parish of [[Chadwell St Mary]], and the [[Purfleet Urban District]] in 1929 covering the three parishes of [[Aveley]], [[South Ockendon]] and [[West Thurrock]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Orsett Rural District |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10025941 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

After 1929 the area therefore comprised four district-level authorities: one rural district, containing 13 civil parishes, and three urban districts:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ordnance Survey Diagram of Essex showing administrative boundaries, 1934 |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/241242514 |website=National Library of Scotland |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>{{efn|Whilst the urban districts still contained civil parishes, as [[urban parish]]es they had no administrative functions.}}
*[[Grays Thurrock Urban District]]
*[[Purfleet Urban District]]
*[[Tilbury Urban District]]
*[[Orsett Rural District]], with its parishes being:
**[[Bulphan]]
**[[Corringham, Essex|Corringham]]
**[[East Tilbury]]
**[[Fobbing]]
**[[Horndon on the Hill]]
**[[Langdon Hills]]
**[[Little Thurrock]]
**[[Mucking]]
**[[North Ockendon]]
**[[Orsett]]
**[[Stanford-le-Hope]]
**[[Stifford]]
**[[West Tilbury]]

In 1936 the four districts were all abolished to create the [[Thurrock Urban District]] (subject to some minor boundary changes with surrounding areas, notably at North Ockendon). All the civil parishes within the area were merged at the same time to become a single parish called Thurrock.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thurrock Urban District |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10074186# |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10247603|title=Relationships and changes Thurrock CP through time|publisher=A Vision of Britain through Time|accessdate=26 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of the County of Essex: Volume 8 |date=1983 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=35–56 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol8/pp35-56#anchorn282 |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

The present-day borough of Thurrock was created in on 1 April 1974 under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], covering almost the same area as the former Thurrock Urban District, which was abolished, with just a minor change on the border with [[Borough of Basildon|Basildon]] to place the whole designated area for Basildon [[New Towns in the United Kingdom|new town]] in that district.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|year=1972|number=2039|access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref> The civil parish of Thurrock was also abolished as part of the reforms and the area became an [[unparished area]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukbmd.org.uk/reg/districts/thurrock.html|title=Thurrock Registration District|publisher=UKBMD|accessdate=26 December 2021}}</ref> The reformed Thurrock district was given [[Borough status in the United Kingdom|borough status]] at the same time, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor.<ref name="hans74">{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1974/mar/28/district-councils-and-boroughs#S5CV0871P0_19740328_CWA_145|title=District Councils and Boroughs|date=28 March 1974|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

Until 1998 Thurrock was a lower-tier [[non-metropolitan district|district]] authority, with [[Essex County Council]] providing [[non-metropolitan county|county-level]] services. Thurrock was made a [[unitary authorities in England|unitary authority]] on 1 April 1998, taking over the county-level services.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996|year=1996|number=1875|access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref> Thurrock remains part of the [[ceremonial county]] of Essex for the purposes of [[Lieutenancy area|lieutenancy]].<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Lieutenancies Act 1997|year=1997|chapter=23|accessdate=26 April 2023}}</ref>

==Governance==
{{main|Thurrock Council}}
There is only one tier of local government in Thurrock, being the unitary authority of [[Thurrock Council]]. There are no [[civil parish]]es in the borough, with the whole borough being an [[unparished area]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>
The local authority is [[Thurrock Council]]. [[Thurrock local elections|Elections]] are held in three years out of every four.

===Wider politics===
Thurrock is covered by two parliamentary constituencies. [[Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency)|Thurrock]] includes most of the borough while [[South Basildon and East Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency)|South Basildon and East Thurrock]] includes some wards in the east of the borough.

==Geography==
[[File:West Thurrock Church - geograph.org.uk - 1515300.jpg|thumb|Old and new: [[St Clement's Church, West Thurrock]] with the [[Procter & Gamble]] chemical plant on the banks of the Thames behind it.]]
Thurrock has a population of 175,500 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157204/report.aspx|title = Labour Market Profile - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics}}</ref> people living in 90,500 homes. The [[Metropolitan Green Belt]] covers 70% of the borough. There are {{convert|494|acres|ha}} of land available for industrial use.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/planning/strategic/content.php?page=factsheet_01 |title= Thurrock Council &#124; Strategic Planning &#124; General Information About Thurrock|website=www.thurrock.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029021726/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/planning/strategic/content.php?page=factsheet_01 |archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> There are seven [[conservation area]]s, 19 [[scheduled monument]]s, including the [[dovecote]] at [[High House Purfleet]], and 239 [[listed building]]s.

The borough contains ten [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest]]: 
*Globe Pit, Grays
*Grays Chalk Pit
*Lion Pit, Grays
*Purfleet Chalk Pits
*West Thurrock Lagoon and Marshes
*Inner Thames Marshes
*Vange and Fobbing Marshes
*Basildon Meadows
*Mucking Flats and Marshes
*[[Hangman's Wood]] and Deneholes

Despite much of the borough being protected Green Belt land, Thurrock provides localised opportunities for further industrial and commercial development. The borough forms part of the [[Thames Gateway]] regeneration area, a corridor of opportunity that has been identified by central government as the area with greatest development and commercial potential in the country. [[Thurrock Development Corporation]] took over much of the borough's planning functions from its creation in 2005 until its demise in March 2011.

Much of the population and commercial activity is centred along the riverfront. This includes many large and important industrial sites, including two large oil refineries, manufacturing industries, a container port, cruise liner terminal, distribution warehousing and one of Britain's largest refuse disposal sites at the appropriately named settlement of Mucking. Thurrock is also home to the [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]].

===Climate===
Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Cfb]]" (Marine West Coast Climate/[[Oceanic climate]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591303&cityname=Thurrock%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&units=|title=Thurrock, England Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|work=Weatherbase}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Thurrock
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|Jan high F = 46
|Feb high F = 46
|Mar high F = 52
|Apr high F = 54
|May high F = 61
|Jun high F = 64
|Jul high F = 70
|Aug high F = 72
|Sep high F = 64
|Oct high F = 57
|Nov high F = 50
|Dec high F = 46
|year high F = 57
|Jan low F = 41
|Feb low F = 39
|Mar low F = 43
|Apr low F = 43
|May low F = 50
|Jun low F = 54
|Jul low F = 59
|Aug low F = 59
|Sep low F = 54
|Oct low F = 50
|Nov low F = 43
|Dec low F = 41
|year low F = 48
|Jan precipitation days = 13
|Feb precipitation days = 11
|Mar precipitation days = 10
|Apr precipitation days = 11
|May precipitation days = 8
|Jun precipitation days = 10
|Jul precipitation days= 9
|Aug precipitation days = 5
|Sep precipitation days = 11
|Oct precipitation days = 10
|Nov precipitation days = 9
|Dec precipitation days = 10
|year precipitation days = 117
|source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name=Weatherbase>
{{cite web
|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=591303&cityname=Thurrock-England
|publisher=Weatherbase
|title=Weatherbase.com
|year=2013
}}
Retrieved on 5 July 2013.
</ref>
|date=July 2013
}}

==Demography==
{{Historical populations
|width = 10em
|shading = off
|1911 |2500
|1951 |82100
|1961 |114300
|1971 |125000
|1981 |127400
|1985 |124600
|[[United Kingdom Census 1991|1991]] |128700
|1995 |133400
|[[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001]] |143300
|2005 |148900
|2007 |152200
|[[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011]] |158300
|footnote= All totals rounded to nearest hundred
|source = [http://www.populstat.info/Europe/unkingdt.htm Populstat] & [http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157204/subreports/pop_time_series/report.aspx? NOMIS]
}}
At the [[census]] of 2011, there were 157,705 people, 62,353 households and 45,985 families residing in the borough. The population density was 9.7 people per hectare. There were 63,869 housing units. The racial makeup of the borough was 86% White, 3.8% Asian, 7.8% Black, 2% Mixed Race, 0.6% other.

There were 62,353 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.7% were [[marriage|married couples]] living together, 52.5% of all households were made up of individuals, 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.<ref name="statistics1">{{cite web|author=Neighbourhood Statistics |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadDatasetList.do?a=7&b=6275283&c=thurrock&d=13&g=6395496&i=1001x1003x1032&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1373049144141&enc=1&domainId=61 |title=Check Browser Settings |publisher=Neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |access-date=2013-07-05}}</ref>

The median age in the borough was 42. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% of residents were between the ages of 19 and 24; 30.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 38.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.3% male and 50.6% female.<ref name="statistics1"/>
{{clear}}

==Economy==
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Thurrock at current basic prices published<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |title=Regional Gross Value Added |access-date=2023-05-16 |lang=en |website=www.statistics.gov.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728091019/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011}}</ref> (pp.&nbsp;240–253) by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British [[Pound sterling|Pounds Sterling]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year||Regional gross value added<ref>Components may not sum to totals due to rounding</ref>||Agriculture<ref>includes hunting and forestry</ref>||Industry<ref>includes energy and construction</ref>||Services<ref>includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured</ref>
|-
|1995||'''1,406'''||8||657||741
|-
|2000||'''1,737'''||4||677||1,056
|-
|2003||'''1,995'''||5||664||1,327
|}

==Culture and film==
Thurrock has been the scene of several major films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=44|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608210532/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/heritage/content.php?page=factfiles_details&id=44|url-status=dead|title=Thurrock Heritage Fact File|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> St Clement's Church and street scenes at [[West Thurrock]] were used in the making of the film ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]''. Thurrock can also be seen in ''[[28 Days Later]]''. Scenes from the films ''[[Alfie (2004 film)|Alfie]]'' (2004), and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]'' were shot at Tilbury docks. The opening scenes from ''[[Batman Begins]]'' (2005) were shot at Coalhouse Fort in East Tilbury. Some filming also took place for the film ''[[Essex Boys]]'' in and around the Bata estate at East Tilbury. The [[State Cinema]], where Eddie met Roger in the classic ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', can be found in Grays.

===Art Deco architecture in Thurrock===
[[File:The State Nov 07.jpg|thumb|right|The State Cinema in 2007]] There are a number of examples of [[Art Deco#Design|Art Deco architecture]] in Thurrock. The baggage hall at Tilbury was opened in 1930. It has an art deco interior, designed by [[Edwin Cooper (architect)|Sir Edwin Cooper]] and is a grade II listed building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-119858-riverside-station-including-floating-lan|title=Riverside Station (Including Floating Landing Stage) – Tilbury – Thurrock – England – British Listed Buildings|author=Good Stuff}}</ref> The State cinema is also a listed building and dates from 1938. It is one of the few surviving examples of 1930s cinema architecture. It has the original cinema organ which can still be played. However, in the early 21st century the building became disused and faced dereliction. In September 2015 it was announced that [[Wetherspoons|J D Wetherspoon]] had bought the property for conversion to a public house.(<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/news/13718230.Pub_chain_JD_Wetherspoon_confirm_purchase_of_State_Cinema/?ref=mr&lp=4|title=Pub chain JD Wetherspoon confirm purchase of State Cinema|work=Thurrock Gazette|date=14 September 2015 }}</ref> Building of the [[Bata Shoes]] estate in East Tilbury was begun in 1933, and this is now a conservation area.JD Wetherspoon have since put the State Cinema building up for sale after announcing they would no longer be converting it to a public house January 2023

Chadwell St Mary has one of the few examples of a "Sunspan" house designed by the architect [[Wells Coates]]. Although built in the 1950s, Woodside Primary School's architecture has been described as the slightly earlier "ocean liner" style of Art Deco. The building features a number of bricked curves and circular windows, while the wrought-iron banisters on the stairs are deliberately set to lean out at an angle.

===Attractions===
[[File:Dovecote HHPP purfleet.JPG|thumb|The Dovecote at High House]]

There is one multiplex cinema attached to the Lakeside Shopping Centre, and the Thameside Theatre in [[Grays, Essex|Grays]]. Live shows are held at the Circus Tavern in [[Purfleet]]. Open space includes [[Chafford Gorges Nature Park]], [[Langdon Hills Country Park]] and [[Grove House Wood]], managed by [[Essex Wildlife Trust]]. Museums and historic buildings include [[Coalhouse Fort]] at [[East Tilbury]], [[Tilbury Fort]] in [[Tilbury]], Purfleet Heritage and Military Centre, [[High House, Purfleet]] with its historic farm buildings, the Royal Opera House's Bob and Tamar Manoukian Production Workshop, The Backstage Centre and ACME artists' studios, Thurrock Museum and Walton Hall Farm Museum.

Next to [[Lakeside Shopping Centre]] is [[Arena Essex Raceway|Arena Essex]], a former motor sports complex, where speedway, banger and stock car racing took place. This site is now to be redeveloped for housing.

==Transport==
{{National Rail in Thurrock}}
Being on the river and close to London, Thurrock is served with good communication links. The [[M25 London Orbital Motorway]], the railway line between Southend and London Fenchurch Street which provides direct access to Central London, the Port of Tilbury, and the nearby [[London City Airport]] make Thurrock an important international trade centre. There is a grass airstrip south of Bulphan village. A ferry for passengers on foot connects Tilbury with Gravesend on the southern bank of the River Thames.

Rail transport in the borough is provided by [[c2c]] with stations at:

*[[Chafford Hundred railway station]]
*[[East Tilbury railway station]]
*[[Grays railway station]]
*[[Ockendon railway station]]
*[[Purfleet railway station]]
*[[Stanford-le-Hope railway station]]
*[[Tilbury Town railway station]]
*[[West Horndon railway station]] (on northern boundary)

Bus services within the Thurrock urban area are mostly provided by [[Ensignbus]].

*Arriva has a depot at West Thurrock, but all of its work is Transport for London contracts and has only one route running into Thurrock, the 370.

Other operators are First Essex, Stagecoach London and NIBS Buses.

==Education==
{{See also|List of schools in Thurrock}}

Thurrock has 55 schools; 39 of them are [[primary schools]], 13 are [[Secondary school|secondary]], two are [[Special schools|special]] and one is [[Alternative school|alternative]]. All but one have [[Free school (England)|free school]] or [[Academy status (England)|academy status]], with [[Grays Convent High School]] instead having [[Voluntary aided school|voluntary aided]] status. Five schools, including Grays Convent High School and four primary schools, are [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[faith school]]s while two primary schools are [[Church of England|Anglican]] faith schools. 44 schools in Thurrock are operated by one of 13 [[multi-academy trust]]s, which include major chains such as the [[Harris Federation]] and [[Ormiston Trust]] and the country's first [[cooperative]] academy trust.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-13 |title=Thurrock's Education Landscape |url=https://democracy.thurrock.gov.uk/documents/s31004/Item%2010%20-%20Thurrocks%20Education%20Landscape.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119084634/https://democracy.thurrock.gov.uk/documents/s31004/Item%2010%20-%20Thurrocks%20Education%20Landscape.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-19 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Thurrock Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thurrock Education Commission |url=https://democracy.thurrock.gov.uk/Data/Children%27s%20Services%20Overview%20and%20Scrutiny%20Committee/201310301900/Agenda/401%20-%2019772.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012082511/https://democracy.thurrock.gov.uk/Data/Children's%20Services%20Overview%20and%20Scrutiny%20Committee/201310301900/Agenda/401%20-%2019772.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-12 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Thurrock Council |pages=25 and 26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.osborne.coop/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Osborne Co-operative Academy Trust}}</ref> Since 2007, all secondary schools in Thurrock have had [[Specialist schools in the United Kingdom|specialist school]] status.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Alexandra |date=2007-02-01 |title=Specialist schools in England now total 84% of all schools, new figures show |url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/feb/01/schools.uk1 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Some schools, such as [[William Edwards School]] and [[Orsett Heath Academy]], utilise their right as specialist schools to [[Partially selective school (England)|select 10%]] of their pupils in specialist subject aptitude every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thurrock Council Secondary School Admissions information brochure September 2022 |url=https://www.thurrock.gov.uk/sites/default/files/assets/documents/admissions-secondary-2022-v05.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022115333/https://www.thurrock.gov.uk/sites/default/files/assets/documents/admissions-secondary-2022-v05.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-22 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Thurrock Council |pages=40 and 58}}</ref>

Thurrock has no [[grammar schools]], although Thurrock Council has tried to introduce them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-30 |title=Grammar schools for Thurrock? |url=https://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/news/14112709.grammar-schools-for-thurrock/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Thurrock Gazette |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-12 |title=Thurrock Council reveals plans for new grammar school, if government reforms get green light |url=https://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/news/14738166.thurrock-council-reveals-plans-for-new-grammar-school-if-government-reforms-get-green-light/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Thurrock Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Historically Thurrock had three grammar schools, Grays Thurrock School,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwQTAAAAYAAJ |title=Parliamentary Papers |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1869 |series=11 |volume=28 |location=Great Britain |pages=64–65 |language=en |department=House of Commons}}</ref> Palmer's School for Boys and Palmer's School for Girls. In 1931, the Palmer's schools became [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] with [[Boarding school|boarding]], reverting back to grammar school status in 1944 under [[Voluntary controlled school|voluntary control]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Palmer College Educational Trust |url=https://www.uspcollege.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/william-palmer-college-educational-trust/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=USP College}}</ref> Grays Convent High School was an [[Independent school|independent]] [[day school]] from its formation until 1969. There were also two selective [[secondary technical school]]s, [[Grays County Technical High School]] which is now an academy status [[Comprehensive school|comprehensive]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Parishes: Grays Thurrock |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/essex/vol8/pp35-56#p124 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=British History Online}}</ref> and [[Aveley County Technical High School]], which merged with the Palmer's schools in 1971 to form [[Palmer's College]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=July 1995 |title=Report from the Inspectorate: Palmer's College |url=https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/3192/1/palmers_cyc1.pdf |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Further Education Funding Council for England}}</ref>

Palmer's College, now one half of [[USP College]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.uspcollege.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=USP College}}</ref> is Thurrock's local [[sixth form college]] for generalised [[further education]], whilst the Thurrock Campus of [[South Essex College]] is the local sixth form college for [[vocational education]].<ref name=":2" /> Palmer's also offers courses at [[higher education]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=USP College Prospectus 2018 |url=https://www.uspcollege.ac.uk/media/1275/prospectus-2018-final-version.pdf |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=USP College}}</ref> Other [[Further education institution|institutions of further education]] in Thurrock include the [[Thurrock Adult Community College]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://tacc.ac.uk/about-us/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Thurrock Adult Community College |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Osborne Sixth Form]] and [[Ortu Sixth Form Centre Stanford & Corringham]].

===Partnerships===
The [[Tilbury and Chadwell St Mary Excellence Cluster]] brought together Chadwell St Mary Primary School, ORTU Corringham Primary School, Grays Convent High School, [[Hassenbrook Academy]], Herringham Primary School, Landsdowne Primary School, Manor Infant School, Manor Junior School, St Mary's RC Primary School, Woodside Primary School and [[The Gateway Academy]]. Senior members of the schools' councils also sat on the cluster's student council before its dissolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tilbury and Chadwell St Mary Excellence Cluster |url=http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/education/schools/content.php?page=excellence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430223949/http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/education/schools/content.php?page=excellence |archive-date=30 April 2010}}</ref>

ORTU Gable Hall School has had a long partnership with [[Pro Arte Alphen Park|Pro Arte Alphen Park School]] in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa for almost 10 years – the two schools have held exchange programmes with each other and the students sampling life in each other's respective countries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}

Woodside Primary is linked with a school in [[Nepal]], through the charity Gorkha Learning for Life, which was founded by a member of school staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gorkhalearning.org/volunteers-staff.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311235920/http://www.gorkhalearning.org/volunteers-staff.asp|url-status=dead|title=Gorkha Learning for Life|archive-date=11 March 2010}}</ref>

==Media==
===Television===
Thurrock is served by [[BBC London]] and [[ITV London]] with television signals are received from [[Crystal Palace transmitting station|Crystal Palace]] TV transmitter,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Crystal_Palace|title=Full Freeview on the Crystal Palace (Greater London, England) transmitter|date=1 May 2004|website=UK Free TV|accessdate=20 July 2024}}</ref> [[BBC South East]] and [[ITV Meridian]] can also be received from [[Bluebell Hill transmitting station|Bluebell Hill]] TV transmitter. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Bluebell_Hill|title=Full Freeview on the Bluebell Hill (Medway, England) transmitter|date=1 May 2004|website=UK Free TV|accessdate=20 July 2024}}</ref> 
===Radio===
Radio stations that broadcast to the area are:
*[[BBC Essex]] 
*[[BBC Radio London]] can also be heard
*[[BBC Radio Kent]] can also be heard
*[[Heart East]]
*[[Radio Essex]] 
*[[Time 107.5]]
*Gateway 97.8, a community based station <ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.gateway978.com/|title=Gateway 97.8 |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>

===Newspapers===
The area is served by these local newspapers:
*''The Thurrock Gazette''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpapers.co.uk/england-eang/thurrock-gazette/|title=Thurrock Gazette|date=11 November 2013|website=British Papers|accessdate=20 July 2024}}</ref>
*''[[The Echo (Essex)|The Evening Echo]]''

==Sport and leisure==
Thurrock has several [[Non-League football]] clubs in the area:
*[[Tilbury F.C.]] the oldest surviving football club in Thurrock having been formed in 1889. They have played at Chadfields since 1947.
*[[Thurrock F.C.]] which played at Ship Lane and was dissolved in 2018
*[[Aveley F.C.]] which plays at Parkside
*[[Grays Athletic F.C.]] which played in at the [[New Recreation Ground]] in central Grays until 2010, but now plays at Parkside
*[[East Thurrock United F.C.]] which plays at Rookery Hill

Thurrock Yacht Club is based in the centre of Grays on the Thames foreshore. It offers a range of competitive and recreational boating opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thurrock Yacht Club in Essex|url=https://www.thurrockyachtclub.org.uk/|access-date=2020-07-03|website=thurrockyachtclub.org.uk}}</ref>

==List of places in the borough==
*[[Aveley]]
*[[Bulphan]]
*[[Chadwell St Mary]]
*[[Chafford Hundred]]
*[[Corringham, Essex|Corringham]]
*[[Coryton Refinery]]
*[[East Tilbury]]
*[[Fobbing]]
*[[Grays, Essex|Grays]]
*[[Horndon-on-the-Hill]]
*[[Linford, Essex|Linford]]
*[[Little Thurrock]]
*[[Mucking]]
*[[Orsett]]
*[[Purfleet-on-Thames]]
*[[Shell Haven]]
*[[South Ockendon]]
*[[Stanford-le-Hope]]
*[[Stifford]]
*[[Thames Haven]]
*Thurrock Village
*[[Tilbury]]
*[[West Thurrock]]

===Historic buildings===
*[[Coalhouse Fort]]
*[[St Clement's Church, West Thurrock|St Clement's Church]]
*[[State Cinema|The State Cinema]]
*[[Tilbury Fort]]
*The Woolmarket, Horndon
*[[Palmer's College]]
*[[Orsett Hall]]
*St Peter & St Paul’s Church, Grays

==Freedom of the Borough==
The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Borough]] of Thurrock.

{{Incomplete list|date=June 2020}}

===Individuals===
* Dorothy Coker: 26 September 2001.<ref name="Editor">{{Cite web|work=The News|location=Portsmouth|title=Posthumous honour for Father Paul as council recognises service to borough community by three priests|date=22 May 2020|url=https://thurrock.nub.news/n/posthumous-honour-for-father-paul-as-council-recognises-service-to-borough-community-by-three-priests|access-date=2020-10-19|language=en}}</ref>
* Reverend John Guest: 30 September 2021.
* Canon Brian O’Shea: 30 September 2021.
* Father Paul Dynan: 30 September 2021.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Council awards highest honour to Thurrock clergymen|url=https://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/news/18471103.thurrock-clergymen-receive-freedom-borough-award/|access-date=2020-07-03|website=Thurrock Gazette|date=23 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yourthurrock.com/2021/10/01/freedom-of-the-borough-honour-bestowed-to-three-clergymen-across-thurrock/ |title=Freedom of the Borough honour bestowed to three clergymen across Thurrock   |last= |first= |date=1 October 2021 |website=Your Thurrock |publisher= |access-date=3 October 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
* [[The Reverend]] [[Canon (priest)|Canon]] Darren Barlow: 31 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom of the Borough ceremony |url=https://www.thurrock.gov.uk/news/celebrating-success-in-thurrock/freedom-of-borough-ceremony |website=Thurrock Borough Council |date=1 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Military Units===
* [[151 Regiment RLC|215 (Essex) Squadron]], [[Royal Logistic Corps|RLC]]: 28 June 1986.
* The [[Royal Anglian Regiment]]: 18 July 1990.
* The [[Port of Tilbury Police]]: 25 September 2002.
* The [[Burma Star Association]] (Thurrock Branch): 26 November 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thurrockgazette.co.uk/news/3933354.burma-star-association-honoured-with-freedom-of-the-borough/|title=Burma Star Association honoured with freedom of the borough|website=Thurrock Gazette|date=28 November 2008 }}</ref>

== Twin towns ==
The borough of Thurrock is twinned with the following places:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Woolston |first=Hope |date=30 May 2021 |title=Essex's twin towns from across the globe and how they compare |url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/essex-twin-towns-europe-world-4440396 |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=EssexLive}}</ref>

* [[Mönchengladbach]] – city in Germany
* [[Płock]] – city in Poland

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thurrock.gov.uk Thurrock Borough Council]
*[http://www.thisisthurrock.co.uk Thurrock Gazette]
*[http://www.thurrock-history.org.uk Thurrock Local History Society]

{{Thurrock}}
{{Essex}}
{{East of England}}
{{Unitary authorities of England}}

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Thurrock| ]]
[[Category:Local government in Essex]]
[[Category:Unitary authority districts of England]]
[[Category:Local authorities adjoining the River Thames]]
[[Category:Local government districts of the East of England]]
[[Category:Port of London]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in Essex]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Essex]]
[[Category:Boroughs in England]]