Editing Thomas Mifflin

{{short description|American politician and Founding Father (1744–1800)}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = 
| name                = Thomas Mifflin
| image               = Thomas Mifflin.jpg
| office              = 1st [[List of governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]]
| term_start          = December 21, 1790
| term_end            = December 17, 1799
| predecessor         = Himself<br /><small> as [[Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania#Presidents of Council|President of Pennsylvania]] </small>
| successor           = [[Thomas McKean]]
| office1             = 7th [[Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania#Presidents of Council|President of Pennsylvania]]
| vicepresident1      = [[George Ross (Pennsylvania statesman)|George Ross]]
| term_start1         = November 5, 1788
| term_end1           = December 21, 1790
| predecessor1        = [[Benjamin Franklin]]
| successor1          = Himself<br /><small> as [[List of governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]] </small>
| office2             = [[Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]
| term_start2         = 1785
| term_end2           = 1787
| predecessor2        = [[John Bayard]]
| successor2          = [[Richard Peters (Continental Congress)|Richard Peters]]
| office3             = 5th [[President of the Continental Congress|President of the Confederation Congress]]
| term_start3         = November 3, 1783
| term_end3           = June 3, 1784
| predecessor3        = [[Elias Boudinot]]
| successor3          = [[Richard Henry Lee]]
| office4             = [[Continental Congressman]]
| term_start4         = 1782
| term_end4           = 1784
| term_start5         = 1774
| term_end5           = 1775
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1744|1|10}}
| birth_place         = [[Philadelphia]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]], [[British America]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1800|1|20|1744|1|10}}
| death_place         = [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| party               = [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] {{small|(before 1790)}}<br>[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] {{small|(after 1790)}}
| education           = [[University of Pennsylvania]] (B.A.)
| spouse              = {{Marriage|Sarah Morris|March 4, 1767|August 1, 1790|end=d.}}
| children            = 
| profession          = [[Merchant]], soldier, politician
| signature           = Thomas Mifflin Signature2.svg
| rank                = [[Major General]]
| branch              = [[Continental Army]]
| allegiance          = [[United States of America]]
| battles             = [[American Revolutionary War]]
*[[Battle of Trenton]]
*[[Battle of Princeton]]
}}

'''Thomas Mifflin''' (January 10, 1744{{spaced ndash}}January 20, 1800) was an American merchant, soldier, and politician from [[Pennsylvania]], who is regarded as a [[Founding Father of the United States]] for his roles during and after the [[American Revolution]]. Mifflin signed the [[United States Constitution]], was the first [[governor of Pennsylvania]], serving from 1790 to 1799,<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/image/325157119/?terms=%22David%20Rittenhouse%20Porter%22&match=1 The Governors of Pennsylvania]." Mount Union, Pennsylvania: ''The Mount Union Times'', January 27, 1911, p. 1 (subscription required).</ref> and was also the state's last president, succeeding [[Benjamin Franklin]] in 1788.

Born in Philadelphia, Mifflin became a merchant following his graduation from the [[Academy and College of Philadelphia|College of Philadelphia]]. After serving in the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and the [[First Continental Congress]], where he signed the [[Continental Association]], he joined the [[Continental Army]] in 1775. During the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]], Mifflin was an aide to General [[George Washington]] and was appointed the army's [[Quartermaster General of the United States Army|Quartermaster General]], rising to the rank of major general. He returned to Congress in 1782 and was elected [[president of the Continental Congress|president of the Congress]] the following year. He served as speaker of the [[Pennsylvania House of Representatives]] from 1785 to 1787 and as president of [[Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania's Supreme Executive Council]] from 1788 to 1790.

Mifflin was a delegate to the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] in 1787 and signed the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]]. He then presided over the committee that wrote Pennsylvania's state constitution, becoming the state's first governor after the constitution's ratification in 1790. Mifflin left office as governor in 1799 and died the following year.
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== Early life and family ==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Thomas Mifflin.svg|thumb|right|Unofficial coat of arms used by family of John Mifflin<ref name=Bolton/>]]
Mifflin was born January 10, 1744, in Philadelphia, in the [[Province of Pennsylvania]]. He was the son of John Mifflin and Elizabeth Bagnall. His great-grandfather John Mifflin Jr. (1662–1714) was born in [[Warminster]], [[Wiltshire]], England and settled in the Province of Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geni.com/people/John-Mifflin/6000000006515867542|title=John Mifflin, II|date=September 22, 1661 |publisher=Geni|access-date=September 19, 2015}}</ref>

In 1760, Mifflin graduated from the [[College of Philadelphia]] (now the [[University of Pennsylvania]]) and joined the mercantile business of William Biddle. After returning from a trip to Europe in 1765, he established a commercial business partnership with his brother, George Mifflin.

He married a second cousin, Sarah Morris, on March 4, 1767.<ref name=Egle/> Their daughter [https://collections.gilcrease.org/articles/article-mrs-joseph-hopkinson Emily Mifflin] married [[Joseph Hopkinson]], the son of [[Francis Hopkinson]].  After Sarah's death in 1790, Emily became her father's hostess<ref>McKenney, Janice E. ''Women of the Constitution, Wives of the Signers,'' Sarah Morris Mifflin, Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2013.</ref> and a family source references a total of four daughters in the family, "all beautiful women."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/colonialrevoluti41jord/page/18/mode/2up| title = Colonial and Revolutionary Families of Pennsylvania, New Series, Volume IV, Edited by Wilfred Jordan, p. 18, New York, Lewis Historical Publishing Company, Inc., 1932.| date = September 22, 2023}}</ref> A source indicates that Sarah "had no children of her own."<ref name=Egle>{{cite book |first=William Henry |last=Egle |title=Some Pennsylvania Women During the War of the Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/somepennsylvania00egle |year=1898 }} Excerpt at {{cite web |title=Sarah Morris Mifflin |url=https://www.thomasmifflin.com/p/sarah-morris-mifflin.html |first=Stanley |last=Klos |website=ThomasMifflin.com }}</ref>
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== Military service ==
[[File:The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton January 3 1777.jpeg|thumb|''[[The Death of General Mercer at the Battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777]]'', painting by [[John Trumbull]] (Mifflin on far left, leading the cavalry charge)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Caldwell|first1=John|last2=Rodriguez Roque|first2=Oswaldo|title=American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art|volume=1|date=1994|publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|pages=214–15|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYdWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|chapter=Thomas Mifflin}}</ref>]]
Early in the Revolutionary War, Mifflin left the Continental Congress to serve in the Continental Army. He was commissioned as a major, then became an [[Washington's aides-de-camp|''aide-de-camp'']] of George Washington.

On August 14, 1775, Washington appointed him to become the army's first quartermaster general, under order of Congress.<ref name=Risch>{{cite book |last=Risch |first=Erna |title=Supplying Washington's Army |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |year=1981 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/risch/risch-fm.htm |pages=30–31 |access-date=June 10, 2010 |archive-date=June 17, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617002456/http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/risch/risch-fm.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although it has been said that he was good at the job despite preferring to be on the front lines, questions were raised regarding his failure to properly supply Washington and the troops at [[Valley Forge]], alleging that he had instead warehoused and sold supplies intended for Valley Forge to the highest bidder. Reportedly, after Washington confronted him about this,<ref name=Unger>{{cite book |last=Unger |first=Harlow Giles |title=Patrick Henry, Lion of Liberty |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2010 }}</ref> Mifflin asked to be relieved as quartermaster general but was persuaded to resume those duties because Congress was having difficulty finding a replacement.

Mifflin's leadership in the [[Battle of Trenton]] and the [[Battle of Princeton]] led to a promotion to [[major general (United States)|major general]].<ref name=Wright>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Robert K. Jr. |author-link1=Robert K. Wright Jr. |last2=MacGregor |first2=Morris J. Jr. |title=Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/mifflin.htm |publisher=[[U.S. Army Center of Military History]] |chapter=Thomas Mifflin |pages=109–11 |date=1987 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903075759/http://www.history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/mifflin.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Congress, there was debate regarding whether a national army was more efficient or whether the individual states should maintain their own forces.  As a result of this debate the [[Board of War|Congressional Board of War]] was created, on which Mifflin served from 1777 to 1778. He then rejoined the army but took little active role, following criticism of his service as quartermaster general. He was accused of embezzlement and welcomed an inquiry; however, one never took place. He resigned his commission, but Congress continued to ask his advice even after accepting his resignation.

== Political career ==
[[File:General George Washington Resigning his Commission.jpg|thumb|''[[General George Washington Resigning His Commission]]'', painting by [[John Trumbull]] (Mifflin standing at left), 23 December 1783.<ref name=aoc>{{cite web |title=General George Washington Resigning His Commission |url=https://www.aoc.gov/art/historic-rotunda-paintings/general-george-washington-resigning-his-commission |publisher=[[Architect of the Capitol]]}}</ref>]]
[[File:State of Pennsylvania. An act for the gradual abolition of slavery, 1788.jpg|thumb|"State of Pennsylvania. An act to explain and amend an act, entitled, 'An act for the gradual abolition of slavery,'" signed by Pennsylvania governor Thomas Mifflin]]
Prior to American independence, Mifflin was a member of the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly]] (1772–1776). He served two terms in the Continental Congress (1774–1775 and 1782–1784), including seven months (November 1783 to June 1784) as that body's presiding officer.

Mifflin's most important duty as president was to accept on behalf of Congress the [[George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief|resignation of General George Washington]] on December 23, 1783. After the war, the importance of Congress declined so precipitously that Mifflin found it difficult to convince the states to send enough delegates to Congress to ratify the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], which finally took place on January 14, 1784, at the [[Maryland State House]] in Annapolis.<ref name=Alexander>{{cite web |first=John K. |last=Alexander |title=Mifflin, Thomas |website=American National Biography Online |date=February 2000 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Avalon Project - Paris Peace Treaty - Proclamation of January 14, 1784|url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/parispr1.asp|access-date=2021-08-19|website=avalon.law.yale.edu}}</ref> He also appointed [[Thomas Jefferson]] as a minister to France on May 7, 1784, and he appointed his former aide, Colonel [[Josiah Harmar]], to be the commander of the [[First American Regiment]].

Mifflin later served as a delegate to the United States Constitutional Convention in 1787.  He was a signatory to the Continental Association and the Constitution.<ref name=phmc/> He served in the house of Pennsylvania General Assembly (1785–1788). He was a member of the Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and on November 5, 1788, he was elected president of the Council, replacing [[Benjamin Franklin]]. He was unanimously reelected to the presidency on November 11, 1789.<ref name=minutes>{{cite book |title=Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, from its organization to the termination of the Revolution. [March 4, 1777 – December 20, 1790] |location=Harrisburg |publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |date=1852–1853 }}</ref> He presided over the committee that wrote [[Pennsylvania Constitution|Pennsylvania's 1790 state constitution]]. That document did away with the Executive Council, replacing it with a single governor.

On December 21, 1790, Mifflin became the last president of Pennsylvania and the first governor of the Commonwealth. He held the latter office until December 17, 1799,<ref name=phmc>{{cite web |title=Thomas Mifflin |website=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission |url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/governors/mifflin.asp?secid=31 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011104233937/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/governors/mifflin.asp?secid=31 |archive-date=2001-11-04 }}</ref> when he was succeeded by [[Thomas McKean]]. The [[Whiskey Rebellion]] and the [[1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic]] happened during his term in office. [[Fries's Rebellion|Fries Rebellion]] also started during his term. He then returned to the state legislature, where he served until his death the following month.

== Personal life ==
[[File:J S Copley - Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Miffin.jpg|thumb|Mifflin and his wife Sarah Morris, 1773 portrait by [[John Singleton Copley]]]]
Although Mifflin's family had been [[Quakers]] for four generations, he was expelled from the Religious Society of Friends when he joined the Continental Army, because his involvement with the military contradicted that faith's [[Pacifism|pacifistic]] doctrines.<ref name=adherents>{{cite web |title=Thomas Mifflin |url=http://www.adherents.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990422162501/http://www.adherents.com/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 22, 1999 |website=Adherents.com }} Citing {{cite book |editor-first=Robert G. |editor-last=Ferris |title=Signers of the Constitution: Historic Places Commemorating the Signing of the Constitution |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service |location=Washington, DC |edition=revised |year=1976 |pages=193–94 }}</ref> Mifflin became a member of the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1768 and served for two years as its secretary.<ref name="Wright" /> He served from 1773 to 1791 as a trustee of the [[College of Philadelphia|College and Academy of Philadelphia]] (now the [[University of Pennsylvania]]), including two years as treasurer (1773–1775).<ref name="Penn">{{cite web |website=Penn in the 18th Century |title=Thomas Mifflin (1744–1800) |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |url=https://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/mifflin_thos.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423201059/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/mifflin_thos.html |archive-date=2018-04-23 }}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
Mifflin died in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], on January 23, 1800.<ref name=Wright/> He is interred at [[Holy Trinity Lutheran Church (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)|Holy Trinity Lutheran Church]] in Lancaster.<ref name=congbio>{{congbio|M000701|noid=yes|inline=yes}}</ref>

A Commonwealth of Pennsylvania historical marker outside Holy Trinity, dedicated in 1975, commemorates [[Thomas Wharton Jr.|Thomas Wharton]] and Mifflin, the first and last Presidents of Pennsylvania under the [[Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776]]. It reads: {{blockquote |
'''Holy Trinity Lutheran Church'''. Founded in 1730. A session for an Indian treaty was held in the original church building in 1762. The present edifice was dedicated in 1766. Here are interred the remains of Thomas Wharton (1778) and Gov. Thomas Mifflin (1800).<ref name=marker>"[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DOH/descriptresults.asp?secid=31&markertext=thomas+wharton&markertextsubmit=Search+by+Keywords Thomas Mifflin]", Pennsylvania State Historical Marker. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526123038/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/DOH/descriptresults.asp?secid=31&markertext=thomas+wharton&markertextsubmit=Search+by+Keywords |date=May 26, 2008 }}</ref> }}

=== Namesakes ===
==== Counties, cities, and townships ====
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|content=
* [[Fort Mifflin]], Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania
* [[Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Mifflin County, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Mifflin Cross Roads, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Mifflin Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin Township]], Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
* [[Mifflin Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin Township]], Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
* [[Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Mifflintown, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Mifflinville, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Upper Mifflin Township, Pennsylvania|Upper Mifflin Township]], Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
* [[West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]]<ref name=Ackerman>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a4NIAAAAIBAJ&pg=7226%2C2342598 |title=Town names carry bit of history |newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=May 10, 1984 |access-date=2015-10-31 |last=Ackerman |first=Jan |page=6}}</ref>
}}
* [[Mifflin Township, Franklin County, Ohio]]
* [[Mifflin Street, Madison, Wisconsin]]
* [[Mifflin Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]

==== Schools and government buildings ====
* [[Governor Mifflin School District]]
**[[Governor Mifflin High School]]
* Mifflin Hall ([[dormitory]] at the [[Pennsylvania State University]] University Park Campus)<ref name=PSU-map>{{cite web |url=http://www.campusmaps.psu.edu/buildings/mifflin.shtml |title=History of Mifflin Hall |website=[[Pennsylvania State University]] |access-date=2010-05-31 |archive-date=June 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609193836/http://www.campusmaps.psu.edu/buildings/mifflin.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Mifflin Hall (main building at the U.S. Army [[Quartermaster Center and School]] at [[Fort Gregg-Adams]] (formerly Fort Lee), Virginia)<ref name=QM>{{cite web |url=http://www.qmfound.com/MG_Thomas_Mifflin.htm |title=History of Quartermaster Center, Fort Lee, Virginia |access-date=2010-05-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907233402/http://www.qmfound.com/MG_Thomas_Mifflin.htm |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}.</ref>
* [[Thomas Mifflin School]], [[School District of Philadelphia]]

==== Pop Culture ====
*Fictional company Dunder Mifflin in The Office TV show.

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Bolton>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Charles Knowles |title=Bolton's American Armory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH5LJSlAsoUC&pg=PA115 |edition=2009 reprint |year=1927 |publisher=Boston: F.W. Faxon Co. |isbn=978-0806300443 |page=115 }} Note that the following warning about authenticity appears in the introduction: "Readers whose chief interest is in 'authentic' arms... must look elsewhere." ([https://books.google.com/books?id=YH5LJSlAsoUC&pg=PR9 Introduction, p. ix]).</ref>
}}

==References==
* {{cite book
 |last=Boatner
 |first=Mark M. III
 |year=1974
 |title=Encyclopedia of the American Revolution
 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000boat
 |url-access=registration
 |publisher=David McKay Company, Inc.
 |location=New York
 |isbn=978-0679504405
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rossum |first=Kenneth R. |title=Thomas Mifflin and the Politics of the American Revolution |location=Chapel Hill |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=1952 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rowe |first=G. S. |title=Thomas Mifflin: The Shaping of an American Republican |location=Boulder |publisher=University of Colorado Press |year=1978 }}
* {{cite book
 |last=Taffe
 |first=Stephen R.
 |year=2003
 |title=The Philadelphia Campaign 1777–1778
 |publisher=University Press of Kansas
 |location=Lawrence
 |isbn=978-0700612673
}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tinckom |first=Harry M. |title=The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania |location=Harrisburg |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission |year=1950 |pages=113–34 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Thomas Mifflin}}
* [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1700s/mifflin_thos.html Brief biography and portrait] at the University of Pennsylvania
* [https://archive.today/20120907233402/http://www.qmfound.com/MG_Thomas_Mifflin.htm Biography and portrait] at Quartermasters-General

{{S-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|first}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of Pennsylvania]]|years=[[1790 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|1790]], [[1793 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|1793]], [[1796 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|1796]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas McKean]]}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Elias Boudinot]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Continental Congress|President of the United States in Congress Assembled]]|years=November 3, 1783 – October 31, 1784}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Henry Lee]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Benjamin Franklin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Pennsylvania|President of Pennsylvania]]|years= November 5, 1788 – December 21, 1790}}
{{s-non|reason = Office abolished|reason2=Became Governor of Pennsylvania}}
{{s-new|office|reason=Previously President of Pennsylvania}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Pennsylvania|Governor of Pennsylvania]]|years=December 21, 1790 – 1799}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas McKean]]}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Henry Hill (politician)|Henry Hill]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member, [[Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania|Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania]], representing [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|the County of Philadelphia]]|years= October 20, 1788 – December 21, 1790}}
{{s-non|reason = Office abolished}}
{{S-end}}
{{Signers of the Continental Association}}
{{United States Constitution signatories}}
{{Presidents of the Continental Congress}}
{{Governors and Presidents of Pennsylvania}}
{{PASpeakers1776-90}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mifflin, Thomas}}
[[Category:1744 births]]
[[Category:1800 deaths]]

[[Category:American Lutherans]]
[[Category:Continental Army generals]]
[[Category:Continental Army officers from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Continental Army staff officers]]
[[Category:Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Governors of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]
[[Category:Members of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Politicians from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Merchants from colonial Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:18th-century American merchants]]
[[Category:Quartermasters]]
[[Category:Quartermasters General of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Signers of the Continental Association]]
[[Category:Signers of the United States Constitution]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Aides-de-camp of George Washington]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States]]
[[Category:People disowned by the Quakers]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]