Editing Thomas Holcroft

{{Short description|English dramatist and poet (1745–1809)}}
{{other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
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|birth_place = Orange Court, [[Leicester Square|Leicester Fields]], [[London]]
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'''Thomas Holcroft''' (10 December 1745{{snd}}23 March 1809) was an English dramatist, miscellanist, poet, novelist and translator. He was sympathetic to the early ideas of the French Revolution and helped [[Thomas Paine]] to publish the first part of ''The [[Rights of Man]]''.

==Early life==
Holcroft was born in Orange Court, [[Leicester Fields]], London. His father had a shoemaker's shop and kept riding horses for hire, but he fell into difficulties and was reduced to hawking as a pedlar. The son accompanied his parents on their travels. He obtained work as a stable boy at [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]], at the stables of [[Richard Vernon (MP)|Hon. Richard Vernon]], where he spent his evenings chiefly on miscellaneous reading and the study of music. He gradually obtained a knowledge of French, German and Italian.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

When Holcroft's job at the stables came to an end, he returned to assist his father, who had resumed his trade of shoemaker in London. Around 1765, he became a teacher in a small school in Liverpool. However, he failed in an attempt to set up a private school, and instead became the [[Prompter (theatre)|prompter]] in a [[Dublin]] theatre. He went on to act in various strolling companies until 1778, when he produced the play ''The Crisis; or, Love and Famine'', at [[Drury Lane]]. ''[[Duplicity (play)|Duplicity]]'' followed in 1781.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Literary and political career==
Two years later Holcroft went to Paris as correspondent of the ''[[Morning Herald]]''. Here he attended the performances of [[Pierre Beaumarchais|Beaumarchais]]'s ''Mariage de Figaro'' until he had memorized the whole. His translation of it, with the title ''The Follies of the Day'', was produced at [[Drury Lane]] in 1784. His comedy ''[[The Road to Ruin (play)|The Road to Ruin]]'',<ref>[https://archive.org/details/roadtoruincomedy00holc archive.org]</ref> his most successful play, was produced in 1792; a revival in 1873 ran for 118 nights.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

His novels include ''Alwyn'' (1780), an account, largely autobiographical, of a strolling comedian, ''Anna St. Ives'' (the first British [[Jacobin novel]], published in 1792), and ''The Adventures of Hugh Trevor'' (1794–1797). He also wrote ''Travels from Hamburg through Westphalia, Holland and the Netherlands to Paris'', some volumes of verse, and translations from French and German.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} One of these was ''Letters Between Frederic II and M. De Voltaire'' (1789).

Sympathetic to the early ideals of the [[French Revolution]], Holcroft assisted in publishing the first part of [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''The [[Rights of Man]]'' in 1791. He joined the [[Society for Constitutional Information]] (SCI) in 1792 and was appointed a member of a liaison committee to work with the LCS in early 1794. As a result of his activism, Holcroft was indicted in the autumn of 1794 for high treason and held in Newgate Prison whilst [[1794 Treason Trials|three other treason trials]] proceeded. In early December 1794 Holcroft was discharged without trial after those cases, against [[London Corresponding Society]] secretary Thomas Hardy, and SCI figure [[John Horne Tooke]], resulted in acquittals.<ref>For more on Holcroft's activities in the SCI, and the connections between his theatrical and political dissent, see: {{cite journal |doi=10.1086/386246 |first=David S. |last=Karr |title="Thoughts That Flash like Lightning": Thomas Holcroft, Radical Theater, and the Production of Meaning in 1790s London |journal=Journal of British Studies |volume=40 |date=July 2001 |pages=324–56 |issue=3 |jstor=3070727|s2cid=144541409 }}</ref>

As one of what Secretary of War [[William Windham]] called "acquitted felons", Holcroft's post-arrest reputation meant that his plays achieved little success after 1795, although he was instrumental in bringing [[melodrama]] to Britain at the end of the decade with his ''Deaf and Dumb'' (1801) and ''A Tale of Mystery'' (1802, an unacknowledged translation of [[René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt|de Pixerécourt]]'s ''Cœlina, ou, l'enfant du mystère''). Despite a modicum of success with ''A Tale of Mystery'', the remainder of the decade was marked by unsuccessful attempts to return to the public eye. He died in 1809, not long after a deathbed reconciliation with his closest friend from the 1790s (lately estranged), [[William Godwin]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} His ''Memoirs written by Himself and continued down to the Time of his Death, from his Diary, Notes and other Papers'', by [[William Hazlitt]], appeared in 1816, and was reprinted, in a slightly abridged form, in 1852.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Personal life==

[[File:William Daniell after George Dance the Younger - Thomas Holcroft - 11713.jpg|thumb|'Thomas Holcroft' - [[William Daniell]] after [[George Dance the Younger]], chalk and pencil drawing]]

Thomas Holcroft married four times.

From his first wife, whom he married around 1765 and whose name is unknown,<ref>There is no proof for saying he married his cousin, half-sister of Major [[Charles Marsack]] of [[Caversham Park]]. In 1765, Holcroft's cousin Margaretta, daughter of his uncle John Holcroft (or "Houldcraft") by his second marriage in 1754 with Margaret Marsack, was just ten years old. Till her death in January 1785 she remained unmarried, although a mother of three children by a relationship with William Roome. According to her will (National Archives PROB 11/1126/89, Kew, dated 1 February 1785), "Margaretta Holcroft Roome, Spinster of Saint Marylebone, Middlesex" named her half-brother Charles Marsack as her executor.</ref> he had a daughter Ann (1766–1841), who in 1797 married Colonel William Tooke Harwood (1757–1824), a close associate of [[John Horne Tooke]] (1736–1812) and a fervent follower of [[Joanna Southcott]] (1750–1814).

In 1772 Holcroft married Matilda Tipler from [[Nottingham]] and had with her two children: a son William (1773–1789), who being only sixteen, committed suicide while attempting to escape to the West Indies after robbing his father of £40 (Memoirs, pp.&nbsp;140–142), and a daughter Sophia (1775–1850), who in 1794 married William Cole, a merchant from Exeter. She resided later at Hamburg, and in 1805, after Cole's death, was married to [[Georges Danton]]'s cousin Georges Nicholas Mergez (1772–1846), a general in the Napoleonic army.

In 1778, three years after the death of his second wife, Holcroft married Diana Robinson, who died in 1780 after giving birth to a daughter [[Fanny Margaretta Holcroft|Fanny Margaretta]] (1780–1844). Fanny Holcroft was the author of the noted Romantic anti-slavery poem, "The Negro" (1797), as well as novels such as ''Fortitude and Frailty'' (1817) and ''The Wife and the Lover'' (1813–14).<ref>Corvey Library catalogue: [http://extra.shu.ac.uk/corvey/catalog/belleslettres/h.html Retrieved 30 July 2012.]</ref> From 1805 to 1806, she also translated seven plays (from German, Italian, and Spanish) for her father's "Theatrical Recorder" and later wrote a melodrama of her own.

After nine years as a widower, Holcroft married his fourth wife, Louisa Mercier (1779–1853), in March 1799. She was the daughter of a longstanding friend, Charles-André Mercier, brother of the French dramatist [[Louis-Sébastien Mercier]] (1740–1814). From this marriage came four sons and two daughters. The daughter Louisa (1801–1869) became the wife of Carlyle's friend John Badams (Carlyle, [[Reminiscences (Carlyle)|Reminiscences]], ed. C. E. Norton, 1887, i., pp.&nbsp;93–95) in 1828; after Badam's death (1833), she in 1835 married Barham Cole Mergez, her half-sister's Sophia son from her second marriage who in 1846 inherited the title "baron" from his father. The son Thomas Holcroft Jr. (1803–1852) was a clerk in the House of Commons and spent several years in India, before becoming a journalist in 1822, who some time was Paris correspondent for the ''Morning Herald'' and secretary of the Asiatic Society. The widowed Louisa Mercier Holcroft remarried [[James Kenney (dramatist)|James Kenney]] (1780–1849), the dramatist, in 1812 and became the mother of three sons and three daughters.

==Selected plays==
*''[[Duplicity (play)|Duplicity]]'' (1781)
*''[[Seduction (Holcroft play)|Seduction]]'' (1787)
*''[[The German Hotel]]'' (1790)
*''[[The School for Arrogance]]'' (1791)
*''[[The Road to Ruin (play)|The Road to Ruin]]'' (1792)
*''[[Love's Frailties]]'' (1794)
*''[[The Deserted Daughter]]'' (1795)
*''[[The Force of Ridicule]]'' (1796)
*''[[The Man of Ten Thousand]]'' (1796)
* ''[[The Inquisitor (play)|The Inquisitor]]'' (1797)
*''[[He's Much to Blame]]'' (1798)
*''[[Knave or Not?]]'' (1798)
*''[[Hear Both Sides]]'' (1803)
*''[[The Vindictive Man]]'' (1806)

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*{{EB1911 |wstitle=Holcroft, Thomas |volume=13 |page=582}}

==References==
*{{Cite journal |last=Bour |first=Isabelle |title=Raison, esprit, psyché dans les romans révolutionaires de Thomas Holcroft |journal=Bulletin de la Société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles |volume=36 |pages=71–82 |date=July 1993|doi=10.3406/xvii.1993.1249}}
*Garnai, Amy. ''[http://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/bucknell/thomas-holcrofts-revolutionary-drama/9781684484430 Thomas Holcroft's Revolutionary Drama: Reception and Afterlives]''. Bucknell University Press, 2023.
*{{Cite book |title=Memoirs of the Late Thomas Holcroft: Written by Himself; and Continued to the Time of His Death |url=https://archive.org/details/memoirslatethom00hazlgoog |last1=Holcroft |first1=Thomas |first2=William |last2=Hazlitt |year=1852 |location=London |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans}}
*Markley, A. A. and Miriam L. Wallace."Introduction." ''[https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315606224-1/introduction-miriam-wallace-markley Re-viewing Thomas Holcroft, 1745-1809: Essays on His Works and Life]''. Routledge, 2012 (2009).

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/authors/pers00330.shtml Thomas Holcroft] at the [https://www.eighteenthcenturypoetry.org/ Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)]
*{{Gutenberg author |id=3066|name=Thomas Holcroft}}
*{{Internet Archive author |sname=Thomas Holcroft}}
* {{Librivox author |id=16391}}
*[http://shop.stagescripts.com/categories/Plays/Full-Length/Comedy/He%27s-Much-To-Blame/ 'He's Much To Blame'] (part of the 'Restoring The Repertoire' series from the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds, UK)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holcroft, Thomas}}
[[Category:1745 births]]
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[[Category:English dramatists and playwrights]]
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[[Category:English male dramatists and playwrights]]
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[[Category:18th-century English male writers]]