Editing Theurgy

{{Short description|Magic used to invoke divine presence}}
{{Redirect|Divine magic|the magic in Dungeons & Dragons|Divine magic (Dungeons & Dragons)}}
{{magic sidebar|Forms}}
'''Theurgy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|iː|ɜr|dʒ|i}}; from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] θεουργία {{transliteration|grc|theourgía}}), also known as '''divine magic''', is one of two major branches of the [[Magic (supernatural)|magical]] arts,<ref name="Riffard">[[Pierre A. Riffard]], ''Dictionnaire de l'ésotérisme'', Paris: Payot, 1983, 340.</ref> the other being practical magic or [[thaumaturgy]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Josephy |first1=Marcia Reines |title=Magic & Superstition in the Jewish Tradition: An Exhibition Organized by the Maurice Spertus Museum of Judaica |date=1975 |publisher=Spertus College of Judaica Press |page=18}}</ref><ref>''Hasidism: Between Ecstasy and Magic'', [[Moshe Idel]], SUNY Press 1995, pp. 72–74. The term magic, used here to denote divine theurgy affecting material blessing, rather than directly [[talisman]]ic practical Kabbalah magic</ref> Theurgy describes the [[ceremonial magic|ritual practices]] associated with the [[invocation]] or [[evocation]] of the [[divine presence|presence]] of one or more [[deity|deities]], especially with the goal of achieving [[henosis]] (uniting with the divine) and perfecting oneself.<ref>Edmonds III, Radcliffe G. 2019. "The Illuminations of Theurgy: Philosophy and Magic" pp. 314-377. ''Drawing Down the Moon: Magic in the Ancient Greco-Roman World.'' Princeton University Press.</ref>

== Definitions ==
*[[Proclus]] ({{circa|480}}): theurgy is "a power higher than all human wisdom embracing the blessings of [[divination]], the purifying powers of [[Religious initiation rites|initiation]] and in a word all the operations of divine possession."<ref>[[Proclus]], ''On the theology of Plato'', 1.26.63. [[E. R. Dodds]], ''The Greeks and the Irrational'', University of California Press, 1959).</ref>
*[[Keith Thomas (historian)|Keith Thomas]]: "Spiritual magic or theurgy was based on the idea that one could reach God in an ascent up the scale of creation made possible by a rigorous course of prayer, fasting and devotional preparation."<ref>[[Keith Thomas (historian)|Keith Thomas]], ''Religion and the Decline of Magic'' (1971), Penguin, 1973, 320-321.</ref>
*[[Pierre A. Riffard]]: "Theurgy is a type of magic. It consists of a set of magical practices performed to evoke beneficent spirits in order to see them or know them or in order to influence them, for instance by forcing them to  animate a statue, to inhabit a human being (such as a medium), or to disclose mysteries."<ref name="Riffard"/>

== Neoplatonism ==
{{Neoplatonism}}
''Theurgy'' means "divine working". The first recorded use of the term is found in the mid-second-century neoplatonist work the ''[[Chaldean Oracles]]'' (Fragment 153 des Places (Paris, 1971): 'For the theourgoí do not fall under the fate-governed herd').<ref>Lewy, Hans, ''Chaldaean Oracles and Theurgy'', Cairo 1956, pp. 421–466 (mostly consulted and quoted from the revised edition by Michel Tardieu, {{lang|fr|Revue des Études Augustiniennes}} 58 (1978)).</ref> The source of [[Western culture|Western]] theurgy can be found in the philosophy of late [[Neoplatonism|neoplatonists]], especially [[Iamblichus]]. Although the neoplatonists are often considered [[pagan]] [[polytheism|polytheists]], they embraced a form of [[monism]].

In late neoplatonism, the spiritual [[universe]] is regarded as a series of [[Emanationism|emanation]]s from the [[Neo-Platonism#The One|One]]. From the One emanated the Divine Mind (Nous) and in turn from the Divine Mind emanated the [[Anima mundi|World Soul]] (Psyche). Neoplatonists insisted that the One is absolutely transcendent and in the emanations nothing of the higher was lost or transmitted to the lower, which remained unchanged by the lower emanations.

For [[Plotinus]] and [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] the emanations are as follows:
* '''To Hen''' ({{lang|grc|τό ἕν}}), The One: Deity without quality, sometimes called The Good.
* '''[[Nous]]''' ({{lang|grc|Νοῦς}}), [[Mind]]: The universal [[consciousness]], from which proceeds
* '''[[Psyche (psychology)|Psychē]]''' ({{lang|grc|Ψυχή}}), [[Soul]]: Including both individual and world soul, leading finally to
* '''[[Physis]]''' ({{lang|grc|Φύσις}}), [[Nature]].

Plotinus urged [[contemplation]]s for those who wished to perform theurgy, the goal of which was to reunite with the Divine (called [[henosis]]). Therefore, his school resembles a school of [[meditation]] or [[contemplation]].

=== Iamblichus ===
[[Iamblichus]], a student of [[Anatolius of Laodicea|Anatolius]] and associate of [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] (who had studied under [[Plotinus]]), developed a more elaborate and ritual-centered form of theurgy. His system emphasized [[invocation]], ritual action, and the use of symbolic materials to engage the divine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/neoplato/|title=Neo-Platonism &#124; Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref> In his major work, ''[[On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians]]'', Iamblichus described theurgy as a kind of ritualized [[cosmogony]]—a reenactment of the divine creative process—through which the [[Divine embodiment|embodied soul]] participates in the maintenance and restoration of cosmic order.<ref name="Shaw-1971"/>

Iamblichus' analysis was that the transcendent cannot be grasped with mental contemplation because the transcendent is supra-rational. Theurgy is a series of rituals and operations aimed at recovering the transcendent essence by retracing the divine 'signatures' through the layers of being.<ref>SIORVANES, LUCAS (1998). Iamblichus. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge. Retrieved September 17, 2013, from [http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/A062]</ref> Education is important for comprehending the scheme of things as presented by Aristotle, Plato, and Pythagoras. The theurgist works 'like with like': at the material level, with physical symbols; at the higher level, with mental and purely spiritual practices. Starting with correspondences of the divine in matter, the theurgist eventually reaches the level where the soul's inner divinity unites with the One.<ref name="Shaw-1971">Shaw, Gregory, ''Theurgy and the Soul: The Neoplatonism of Iamblichus'', Penn State Press, 1971, page 115.</ref>

=== Emperor Julian ===
The Emperor [[Julian (emperor)|Julian]] (332-363) embraced neoplatonic philosophy and worked to replace [[Christianity]] with a version of neoplatonic [[paganism]]. Because of his untimely death and the hold mainstream Christianity had over the empire at the time, this was ultimately unsuccessful, but he did produce several works of [[philosophy]] and [[theology]], including a popular [[hymn]] to the sun. In his theology, [[Helios]], the sun, was the ideal example of the perfection of the gods and light, a symbol of divine emanation. He also held the [[mother goddess]] [[Cybele]] in high esteem.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Julian favored ritual theurgy, with an emphasis on [[sacrifice]] and [[prayer]]. He was heavily influenced by [[Iamblichus]]' ideas.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== In Western esotericism ==

=== Esoteric Christianity ===
[[Esoteric Christianity]] accepts theurgy as a tradition that could greatly benefit a person. The main feat of Esoteric Christianity is to learn the mysteries of [[God]] (see [[Raziel]]) and to rise to higher consciousness in the understanding of God's relationship to individual consciousness. Theurgy, in the esoteric tradition, uses this knowledge to heighten one's own spiritual nature.<ref>Louise Nelstrop, Kevin Magill, Bradley B. Onishi. ''Christian Mysticism: An Introduction to Contemporary Theoretical Approaches''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009, pp. 109–110.</ref> Some branches of Esoteric Christianity hold that if an Esoteric Christian, [[Rosicrucianism|Rosicrucian]], or Theosopher practices it they could potentially rise to the degree of [[Magi#Esoteric Christianity and Magi|Magus]] or [[Adept]] after a certain level of spiritual attainment. In a traditional and magical sense, theurgy is seen as the opposite of [[Goetia]], even though many argue that they overlap.<ref>Aaron Leitch. ''Secrets of the Magickal Grimoires'', chapter 8, pp. 241–278</ref>

==== Radical orthodoxy ====
[[John Milbank]], founder of [[radical orthodoxy]], asserts that [[Christian theology|theology]] "encourages a theurgy which aims at a liberation of nature from terror and distress and at a fully harmonious and beautiful interaction between [[human]]s and the natural world". He continues by stating that [[Christian theology|theology]] equally "encourages a theurgy which is a social work of maximising democratic participation and [[Socialism|socialist]] sharing".<ref>Milbank, John (2015). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035507/http://www.unifr.ch/theo/assets/files/SA2015/Theses_EN.pdf WHAT IS RADICAL ORTHODOXY ? by John Milbank]" (PDF). University of Freiburg. Retrieved 21 July 2020 from the [http://www.unifr.ch/theo/assets/files/SA2015/Theses_EN.pdf original]</ref>

===Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn===
{{further|Magical organization}}
Some organizations, such as the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], teach a type of theurgy that would help one ascend spiritually as well as understand the true nature of the self and its relation to the Divine and the Universe.<ref>Chic and Tabatha Cicero, ''Self-Initiation into the Golden Dawn tradition'', Chapter 1</ref> This tradition holds that theurgists are usually solitary practitioners who seek the divine light alone. Theurgy in this [[Hermeticism|hermetic]] sense stresses the need for the individual to separate and analyze the individual components that constitute everyday consciousness and reunite them in a way that changes one's personal awareness into a state that understands and partakes in spiritual grace.<ref>Israel Regardie, revised by Chic and Sandra Tabatha Cicero. ''The Tree of Life: an Illustrated Study in Magic''.</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Astral religion}}
* {{annotated link|Body of light}}
* {{annotated link|Deity yoga}}
* {{annotated link|Divinization (Christian)|Divinization}}
* [[Holy Guardian Angel]] – Angel assigned to protect and guide a particular person
* {{annotated link|Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite}}
* {{annotated link|Simiyya}}
* {{annotated link|Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)|Theosis}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |year=2012 |editor1-first=Claire |editor1-last=Fanger |title=Invoking Angels: Theurgic Ideas and Practices, Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries |location=University Park |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-05143-7}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/toj/ Two Orations of the Emperor Julian]
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/plotenn/ Plotinus' Enneads]
*[http://www.esotericarchives.com/oracle/iambl_th.htm Iamblichus' Theurgia or On the Egyptian Mysteries]

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[[Category:Theurgy| ]]
[[Category:Divinity]]
[[Category:Hermeticism]]
[[Category:History of magic]]
[[Category:Magic (supernatural)]]
[[Category:Neoplatonism]]
[[Category:Spiritual practice]]
[[Category:Western esotericism]]