Editing Theogony

{{Short description|Poem by Hesiod}}
{{Italic title}}
{{lead too short|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox poem
| name              = Theogony
| author            = [[Hesiod]]
| image             = File:Hesiod, Theogony, Venice, Gr. 464.jpg
| caption           = Fourteenth-century [[Greek language|Greek]] manuscript of Hesiod's Theogony with ''[[scholia]]'' written in the margins
| original_title    = Θεογονία
| written           = [[8th century BC]]
| language          = [[Ancient Greek]]
| subject           = [[Greek mythology]],<br/> [[Ancient Greek religion]]
| genre             = [[Epic poetry|Epic]], [[Didacticism|Didactic]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Hesiod {{!}} Greek poet |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hesiod |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>
| lines             = 1022
}}

The '''''Theogony''''' ({{langx|grc|Θεογονία|Theogonía<ref>{{IPA|grc-x-attic|tʰeoɡoníaː|lang|link=yes}}</ref>|the genealogy or birth of the [[polytheism|gods]]}}<ref name="LSJ">{{LSJ|qeogoni/a|θεογονία|ref}}</ref>) is a [[poem]] by [[Hesiod]] (8th–7th century BC) describing the origins and [[genealogy|genealogies]] of the [[Greek gods]], composed {{Circa|730–700 BC}}.<ref>West 1966, p. 45.</ref> It is written in the [[Epic dialect]] of [[Ancient Greek]] and contains 1022 lines. It is one of the most important sources for the understanding of [[early Greek cosmology]].

==Descriptions==
Hesiod's ''Theogony'' is a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local [[Greece|Greek]] traditions concerning the gods, organized as a [[narrative]] that tells how they came to be and how they established permanent control over the [[cosmos]]. It is the first known [[Greece|Greek]] [[mythical]] [[cosmogony]]. The initial state of the universe is [[Chaos (mythology)|chaos]], a dark indefinite void considered a divine primordial condition from which everything else appeared. Theogonies are a part of [[Greek mythology]] which embodies the desire to articulate reality as a whole; this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first later projects of speculative theorizing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sandwell |first=Barry |author-link=<!--Barry Sandwell-->|title=Presocratic Philosophy vol.3 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k561uXI-uPgC|isbn=9780415101707}} p. 28</ref>

Further, in the "Kings and Singers" passage (80–103)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stoddard |first=Kathryn B. |authorlink=<!--Kathryn B. Stoddard--> |title=The Programmatic Message of the 'Kings and Singers' Passage: Hesiod, Theogony 80-103   |journal=Transactions of the American Philological Association |volume=133 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1353/apa.2003.0010 |jstor=20054073 |s2cid=161532502 }}</ref> Hesiod appropriates to himself the authority usually reserved to sacred kingship. The poet declares that it is he, where we might have expected some king instead, upon whom the [[Muse]]s have bestowed the two gifts of a [[scepter]] and an authoritative voice (Hesiod, ''Theogony'' 30–3), which are the visible signs of kingship. It is not that this gesture is meant to make Hesiod a king. Rather, the point is that the authority of kingship now belongs to the poetic voice, the voice that is declaiming the ''Theogony''.

[[File:Muses sarcophagus Louvre MR880.jpg|thumb|upright=1.9|right|The nine [[muses]] on a Roman [[sarcophagus]] (second century AD)—[[Louvre]], Paris]]

Although it is often used as a sourcebook for [[Greek mythology]],<ref>[[Herodotus]] (II.53) cited it simply as an authoritative list of divine names, attributes and functions.</ref> the ''Theogony'' is both more and less than that. In formal terms it is a hymn invoking Zeus and the Muses: parallel passages between it and the much shorter [[Homeric Hymns|Homeric ''Hymn to the Muses'']] make it clear that the ''Theogony'' developed out of a tradition of hymnic preludes with which an ancient Greek [[rhapsode]] would begin his performance at poetic competitions. It is necessary to see the ''Theogony'' not as the definitive source of Greek mythology, but rather as a snapshot of a dynamic tradition that happened to crystallize when Hesiod formulated the myths he knew—and to remember that the traditions have continued evolving since that time.

The written form of the ''Theogony'' was established in the 6th century BC. Even some conservative editors have concluded that the [[Typhon]] episode (820–68) is an interpolation.<ref>F. Solmsen, ''Hesiod and Aeschylus'' (Ithaca: Cornell Studies in Classical Philology 30) 1949:53 and note 179 with citations; "if an interpolation," [[Joseph Eddy Fontenrose]] observes (''Python: a study of Delphic myth and its origins'': 71, note 3), "it was made early enough."</ref>
 
Hesiod was probably influenced by some Near-Eastern traditions, such as the Babylonian [[Dynasty of Dunnum]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lambert |first1=Wilfred G. |last2=Walcot |first2=Peter |title=A New Babylonian Theogony and Hesiod |journal=Kadmos |volume=4 |issue=1 |year=1965 |pages=64–72 |doi=10.1515/kadm.1965.4.1.64 |s2cid=162417685 }}</ref> which were mixed with local traditions, but they are more likely to be lingering traces from the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] tradition than the result of oriental contacts in Hesiod's own time.
     
The decipherment of [[Hittite language|Hittite]] mythical texts, notably the ''Kingship in Heaven'' text first presented in 1946, with its castration [[mytheme]], offers in the figure of [[Kumarbi]] an Anatolian parallel to Hesiod's Uranus–Cronus conflict.<ref>Walter Burkert, ''The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age'' (Harvard University Press) 192, offers discussion and bibliography of related questions.</ref>

==The succession myth==
[[File:The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn.jpg|thumb|300px|''The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn'': fresco by [[Giorgio Vasari]] and [[Cristofano Gherardi]], {{Circa|1560}} (Sala di Cosimo I, [[Palazzo Vecchio]])]]

One of the principal components of the ''Theogony'' is the presentation of what is called the "succession myth", which tells how [[Cronus]] overthrew [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], and how in turn Zeus overthrew Cronus and his fellow [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]], and how Zeus was eventually established as the final and permanent ruler of the cosmos.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA65 pp. 65&ndash;69]; West 1966, pp. 18&ndash;19.</ref>

Uranus (Sky) initially produced eighteen children with his mother [[Gaia]] (Earth): the twelve Titans, the three [[Cyclopes]], and the three [[Hecatoncheires]] (Hundred-Handers),<ref>''Theogony'' 132&ndash;153 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]).</ref> but hating them,<ref>''Theogony'' 154&ndash;155 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.15.xml pp. 14, 15]). Exactly which of these eighteen children Hesiod meant that Uranus hated is not entirely clear, all eighteen, or perhaps just the Cyclopes and the Hundred-Handers. Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; West 1988, p. 7, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154&ndash;160, make it all eighteen; while Gantz, p. 10, says "likely all eighteen"; and Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.15.xml p. 15 n. 8], says "apparently only the ... Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers are meant" and not the twelve Titans. See also West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139&ndash;53, p. 213 line 154 '''γὰρ'''.  Why Uranus hated his children is also not clear. Gantz, p. 10 says: "The reason for [Uranus'] hatred may be [his children's] horrible appearance, though Hesiod does not quite say this"; while Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA67 p. 67] says: "Although Hesiod is vague about the cause of his hatred, it would seem that he took a dislike to them because they were terrible to behold". However, West 1966, p. 213 on line 155, says that Uranus hated his children because of their "fearsome nature".</ref> he hid them away somewhere inside Gaia.<ref>''Theogony'' 156&ndash;158 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.15.xml pp. 14, 15]). The hiding place inside Gaia is presumably her womb, see West 1966, p. 214 on line 158; Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154&ndash;160; Gantz, p. 10. This place seems also to be the same place as [[Tartarus]], see West 1966, p. 338 on line 618, and Caldwell, p. 37 on lines 154&ndash;160.</ref> Angry and in distress, Gaia fashioned a [[sickle]] made of [[adamant]] and urged her children to punish their father. Only her son Cronus, the youngest Titan, was willing to do so.<ref>''Theogony'' 159&ndash;172 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.17.xml pp. 16, 17]).</ref> So Gaia hid Cronus in "ambush" and gave him the adamantine sickle, and when Uranus came to lie with Gaia, Cronus reached out and castrated his father.<ref>''Theogony'' 173&ndash;182 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.17.xml pp. 16, 17]); according to Gantz, p. 10, Cronus waited in ambush, and reached out to castrate Uranus, from "inside [Gaia's] body, we will understand, if he too is a prisoner".</ref> This enabled the Titans to be born and Cronus to assume supreme command of the cosmos.<ref>Hard, p. 67; West 1966, p. 19. As Hard notes, in the ''Theogony'' apparently, although the Titans were freed as a result of Uranus' castration, the Cyclopes and Hundred-Handers remain imprisoned (see below), see also West 1966, p. 214 on line 158.</ref>

Cronus, having now taken over control of the cosmos from Uranus, wanted to ensure that he maintained control. Uranus and Gaia had prophesied to Cronus that one of Cronus' own children would overthrow him, so when Cronus married [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], he made sure to swallow each of the children she birthed: [[Hestia]], [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Hades]], [[Poseidon]], and [[Zeus]] (in that order), to Rhea's great sorrow.<ref>''Theogony'' 453&ndash;467 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.39.xml pp. 38, 39]).</ref> However, when Rhea was pregnant with Zeus, Rhea begged her parents Gaia and Uranus to help her save Zeus. So they sent Rhea to [[Lyctus]] on Crete to bear Zeus, and Gaia took the newborn Zeus to raise, hiding him deep in a cave beneath Mount Aigaion.<ref>''Theogony'' 468&ndash;484 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.41.xml pp. 40, 41]). Mount Aigaion is otherwise unknown, and Lyctus is nowhere else associated with Zeus' birth, later tradition located the cave on [[Mount Ida (Crete)|Mount Ida]], or sometimes [[Dikti|Mount Dikte]], see Hard, pp. 74&ndash;75; West 1966, pp. 297&ndash;298 on line 477, p. 300 on line 484.</ref> Meanwhile, Rhea gave Cronus a huge stone wrapped in baby's clothes which he swallowed thinking that it was another of Rhea's children.<ref>''Theogony'' 485&ndash;491 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.41.xml pp. 40, 41]).</ref>

[[File:Cornelis Cornelisz. van Haarlem - The Fall of the Titans - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|300px|''[[The Fall of the Titans]]'' by [[Cornelis Cornelisz van Haarlem]] (1596–1598)]]

Zeus, now grown, forced Cronus (using some unspecified trickery of Gaia) to disgorge his other five children.<ref>''Theogony'' 492&ndash;500 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.43.xml pp. 42, 43]).</ref> Zeus then released his uncles the Cyclopes (apparently still imprisoned beneath the earth, along with the Hundred-Handers, where Uranus had originally confined them) who then provide Zeus with his great weapon, the thunderbolt, which had been hidden by Gaia.<ref>''Theogony'' 501&ndash;506 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.43.xml pp. 42, 43]); Hard, pp. 68&ndash;69; West 1966, p. 206 on lines 139&ndash;153, pp. 303&ndash;305 on lines 501&ndash;506. According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.4 1.1.4&ndash;5], after the overthrow of Uranus, the Cyclopes (as well as the Hundred-Handers) were rescued from [[Tartarus]] by the Titans, but reimprisoned by Cronus.</ref> A great war was begun, the [[Titanomachy]], between the new gods, Zeus and his siblings, and the old gods, Cronus and the Titans, for control of the cosmos. In the tenth year of that war, following Gaia's counsel, Zeus released the Hundred-Handers, who joined the war against the Titans, helping Zeus to gain the upper hand. Zeus then cast the fury of his thunderbolt at the Titans, defeating them and throwing them into [[Tartarus]],<ref>''Theogony'' 624&ndash;733 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.53.xml pp. 52&ndash;61]). This is the sequence of events understood to be implied in the ''Theogony'' by, for example, Hard, p. 68; Caldwell, p. 65 on line 636; and West 1966, p. 19. However according to Gantz, p. 45, "Hesiod's account does not quite say whether the Hundred-Handers were freed before the conflict or only in the tenth year. ... Eventually, if not at the beginning, the Hundred-Handers are fighting".</ref> thus ending the Titanomachy.

A final threat to Zeus' power was to come in the form of the monster [[Typhon]], son of Gaia and Tartarus. Zeus with his thunderbolt was quickly victorious, and Typhon was also imprisoned in Tartarus.<ref>''Theogony'' 820&ndash;868 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.69.xml pp. 68, 69]).</ref>

Zeus, by Gaia's advice, was elected king of the gods, and he distributed various honors among the gods.<ref>''Theogony'' 881&ndash;885 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.73.xml pp. 72, 73]).</ref> Zeus then married his first wife [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], but when he learned that Metis was fated to produce a son which might overthrow his rule, by the advice of Gaia and Uranus, Zeus swallowed Metis (while still pregnant with [[Athena]]). And so Zeus managed to end the cycle of succession and secure his eternal rule over the cosmos.<ref name="pp. 74, 75">''Theogony'' 886&ndash;900 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 74, 75]).</ref>

==The genealogies==

===The first gods===
The world began with the spontaneous generation of four beings: first arose [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]] (Chasm); then came [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] (Earth), "the ever-sure foundation of all"; "dim" [[Tartarus]], in the depths of the Earth; and [[Eros]] (Desire) "fairest among the deathless gods".<ref>''Theogony'' 116&ndash;122 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]). West 1966, p. 192 line 116 '''Χάος''', "best translated Chasm"; Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml p. 13], translates ''Χάος'' as "Chasm", and notes: (n. 7): "Usually translated as 'Chaos'; but that suggests to us, misleadingly, a jumble of disordered matter, whereas Hesiod's term indicates instead a gap or opening". Other translations given in this section follow those given by Caldwell, pp. 5&ndash;6.</ref>
From Chaos came [[Erebus]] (Darkness) and [[Nyx (mythology)|Nyx]] (Night). And Nyx "from union in love" with Erebus produced [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] (Brightness) and [[Hemera]] (Day).<ref>''Theogony'' 123&ndash;125 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]).</ref> From Gaia came [[Ouranos (mythology)|Uranus]] (Sky), the [[Ourea]] (Mountains), and [[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]] (Sea).<ref>''Theogony'' 126&ndash;132 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]).</ref>

{{chart top|The first gods <ref>''Theogony'' 116&ndash;132 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]); Caldwell, p. 5, table 3; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA694 p. 694]; Gantz, p. xxvi.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | |CHA | | | | | | | |GAI | | | | |TAR | |ERO |CHA=[[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]]|GAI = [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|TAR=[[Tartarus]]|ERO=[[Eros]]}}
{{chart| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | |ERE  |y|NYX | |URA | |OUR | |PON |NYX=[[Nyx]]|ERE=[[Erebus]]|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|OUR=<small>The [[Ourea]]</small>|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart| | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart| | | AET | | HEM |AET=[[Aether (mythology)|Aether]]|HEM=[[Hemera]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Children of Gaia and Uranus===
Uranus mated with Gaia, and she gave birth to the twelve [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]]s: [[Oceanus]], [[Coeus]], [[Crius]], [[Hyperion (mythology)|Hyperion]], [[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]], [[Theia]], [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], [[Themis]], [[Mnemosyne]], [[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and [[Cronus]];<ref>''Theogony'' 132&ndash;138  (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]).</ref> the [[Cyclopes]]: Brontes, Steropes and [[Arges (Cyclops)|Arges]];<ref>''Theogony'' 139&ndash;146 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.15.xml pp. 14, 15]).</ref> and the [[Hecatoncheires]] ("Hundred-Handers"): Cottus, Briareos, and Gyges.<ref>''Theogony'' 147&ndash;153 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.15.xml pp. 14, 15]).</ref>

{{chart top|Children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky) <ref>''Theogony'' 132&ndash;153 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.13.xml pp. 12, 13]); Caldwell, p. 5, table 3.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |GAI | y |URA |GAI = [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]}}
{{chart| | | |,|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | |OCE |!|CRI |!|IAP |!|RHE |!|MNE |!|TET |!|| |!|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]}}
{{chart| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |!}}
{{chart| | | | |COE | |HYP | |THE | |THEM | |PHO | |CRO | |!|COE=[[Coeus]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (mythology)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|THEM=[[Themis]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]}}
{{chart|border=0| |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|TIT |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J|!|TIT=<small>The [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]]s</small>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | |BRO | |STE | |ARG | | | | | | | |!|BRO=[[Cyclopes|Brontes]]|STE=[[Cyclopes|Steropes]]|ARG=[[Arges (Cyclops)|Arges]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | | | | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|CYC|~|~|~|~|J| | | | | | |!|CYC=<small>The [[Cyclopes]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | |COT | |BRI | |GYG |COT=[[Hecatoncheires|Cottus]]|BRI=[[Hecatoncheires|Briareos]]|GYG =[[Hecatoncheires|Gyges]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | | | | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|HUN|~|~|~|~|J|HUN=<small>The&nbsp;[[Hecatoncheires|Hundred-Handers]]</small>}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Children of Gaia and Uranus' blood, and Uranus' genitals===
[[File:The Birth of Venus by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1879).jpg|thumb|250px|''[[The Birth of Venus (Bouguereau)|The Birth of Venus]]'' by [[William-Adolphe Bouguereau]] ({{Circa|1879}})]]

When Cronus castrated Uranus, from Uranus' blood which splattered onto the earth, came the [[Erinyes]] (Furies), the [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giant]]s, and the [[Meliai]]. Cronus threw the severed genitals into the sea, around which foam developed and transformed into the [[goddess]] [[Aphrodite]].<ref>''Theogony'' 173&ndash;206 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.17.xml pp. 16, 17]).</ref>

{{chart top|Children of Gaia and Uranus' blood, and Uranus' genitals <ref>''Theogony'' 183&ndash;200 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.17.xml pp. 16, 17]); Caldwell, p. 6, table 4.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | |GAI | y |URAB | | | | |URAG |GAI = [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|URAB=<small>[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]' blood</small>|URAG=<small>[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]'&nbsp;genitals</small>}}
{{chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|+|-|-|.| | | | | |!|}}
{{chart| | | | | ERI| |GIA | |MEL | | |APH |ERI=<small>The [[Erinyes]]</small>|GIA=<small>The [[Giants (Greek mythology)|Giants]]</small>|MEL=<small>The [[Meliae]]</small>|APH=[[Aphrodite]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Descendants of Nyx===
Meanwhile, [[Nyx]] (Night) alone produced children: [[Moros]] (Doom), [[Keres (mythology)|Ker]] (Destiny), [[Thanatos]] (Death), [[Hypnos]] (Sleep), [[Oneiros|Oneiroi]] (Dreams), [[Momus]] (Blame), [[Oizys]] (Pain), [[Hesperides]] (Daughters of Night), [[Moirai]] (Fates),<ref name="loebclassics.com">At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 904] the Moirai are the daughters of Zeus and Themis.</ref> [[Keres (mythology)|Keres]] (Destinies), [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] (Retribution), [[Apate (deity)|Apate]] (Deceit), [[Philotes (mythology)|Philotes]] (Love), [[Geras]] (Old Age), and [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] (Discord).<ref>''Theogony'' 211&ndash;225 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml pp. 20, 21]). The translations of the names used here are those given by Caldwell, p. 6, table 5.</ref>

And from [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]] alone, came [[Ponos]] (Hardship), [[Lethe]] (Forgetfulness), [[Limos (mythology)|Limos]] (Starvation), [[Algos|Algea]] (Pains), [[Hysminai]] (Battles), [[Makhai]] (Wars), [[Phonoi]] (Murders), [[Androktasiai]] (Manslaughters), [[Neikea]] (Quarrels), Pseudea (Lies), Logoi (Stories), [[Amphillogiai]] (Disputes), [[Dysnomia (mythology)|Dysnomia]] (Anarchy), [[Atë|Ate]] (Ruin), and [[Horkos]] (Oath).<ref>''Theogony'' 226&ndash;232 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml pp. 20, 21]). The translations of the names used here are those given by Caldwell, p. 6, table 5.</ref>

{{chart top| Children of Nyx (Night) and Eris (Discord)<ref>''Theogony'' 211&ndash;232 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml pp. 20, 21]); Caldwell, pp. 6&ndash;7, table 5.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NYX|NYX=[[Nyx]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.}}
{{chart|MOR |!|THA |!|ONE |!|OIZ |!|MOI |!|NEM |!|PHI |!| |!|MOR=[[Moros]]|THA=[[Thanatos]]|ONE=<small>[[Oneiros|Oneiroi]]</small>|OIZ=[[Oizys]]|MOI=<small>[[Moirai]]<ref name="loebclassics.com">At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 904] the Moirai are the daughters of Zeus and Themis.</ref></small>|NEM=[[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]]|PHI=[[Philotes (mythology)|Philotes]]}}
{{chart| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| |!}}
{{chart| | |KER | |HYP | |MOM | |HES | |KERE | |APA | |GER |!|KER=[[Keres (mythology)|Ker]]|HYP=[[Hypnos]]|MOM=[[Momus]]|HES=<small>[[Hesperides]]</small>|KERE=<small>[[Keres (mythology)|Keres]]</small>|APA=[[Apate (deity)|Apate]]|GER=[[Geras]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|'}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ERI |ERI=[[Eris (mythology)|Eris]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|+|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.}}
{{chart|PON |!|LIM |!|HYS |!|PHO |!|NEI |!|LOG |!|DYS |!|HOR|PON=[[Ponos]]|LIM=[[Limos (mythology)|Limos]]|HYS=<small>[[Hysminai]]</small>|PHO=<small>[[Phonoi]]</small>|NEI=<small>[[Neikea]]</small>|LOG=<small>Logoi</small>|DYS=[[Dysnomia (mythology)|Dysnomia]]|HOR=[[Horkos]]}}
{{chart| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart| | |LET | |ALG | |MAK | |AND | |PSE | |AMP | |ATE |LET=[[Lethe]]|ALG=<small>[[Algos|Algea]]</small>|MAK=<small>[[Makhai]]</small>|AND=<small>[[Androktasiai]]</small>|PSE=<small>Pseudea</small>|AMP=<small>[[Amphillogiai]]</small>|ATE=[[Atë|Ate]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Descendants of Gaia and Pontus===
After Uranus's castration, Gaia mated with her son Pontus (Sea) producing a descendent line consisting primarily of sea deities, sea nymphs, and hybrid monsters. Their first child [[Nereus]] (Old Man of the Sea) married [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], one of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys, and they produced the [[Nereid]]s, fifty sea nymphs, which included [[Amphitrite]], [[Thetis]], and [[Psamathe (Nereid)|Psamathe]]. Their second child [[Thaumas]] married Electra, another Oceanid, and their offspring were [[Iris (mythology)|Iris]] (Rainbow) and the two [[Harpies]]: [[Aello]] and [[Ocypete]].<ref>''Theogony'' 233&ndash;269 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml pp. 22, 23]).</ref>

Gaia and Pontus' third and fourth children, [[Phorcys]] and [[Ceto]], married each other and produced the two [[Graiae]]: [[Pemphredo]] and [[Enyo]], and the three [[Gorgons]]: [[Stheno]], [[Euryale (Gorgon)|Euryale]], and [[Medusa]]. [[Poseidon]] mated with [[Medusa]] and two offspring, the winged horse [[Pegasus]] and the warrior [[Chrysaor]], were born when the hero [[Perseus]] cut off Medusa's head. Chrysaor married [[Callirrhoe (Oceanid)|Callirhoe]], another Oceanid, and they produced the three-headed [[Geryon]].<ref>''Theogony'' 270&ndash;294 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.25.xml pp. 24, 25]).</ref> Next comes the half-nymph half-snake [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]]<ref>''Theogony'' 295&ndash;305 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml pp. 26, 27]).</ref> (her mother is unclear, probably Ceto, or possibly Callirhoe).<ref>The "she" at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml 295] is ambiguous. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe, according to Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p. 159 n. 32], "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Gantz, p. 22; Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 295–303.</ref> The last offspring of Ceto and Phorcys was a serpent (unnamed in the ''Theogony'', later called [[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]], by [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]) who guards the golden apples.<ref>''Theogony'' 333&ndash;336 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml pp. 28, 29]); [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.441.xml 4.1396].</ref> 
 
{{chart top|Descendants of Gaia and Pontus (Sea), and Phorcys and Ceto<ref>''Theogony'' 233&ndash;297, 333&ndash;335 (Ladon) (Most, pp. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 22, 23], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml 28, 29]); Caldwell, p. 7, tables 6&ndash;9; Hard, p. 696.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | |GAI |y|PON |GAI = [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|NER |y|DOR | |THA |y|ELE| |PHO |y|CET | |EUR |NER=[[Nereus]]|DOR=[[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]]<ref>One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 350].</ref> |THA=[[Thaumas]]|ELE=[[Electra (Oceanid)|Electra]]<ref>One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 349].</ref> |PHO=[[Phorcys]]|CET=[[Ceto]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}} 
{{chart| | | |!| | | | |,|-|-|+|-|-|.| | | | |!}}
{{chart| | |NER| |IRI | |AEL | |OCY  | | |!|NER=<small>The [[Nereids]]</small> <ref>The fifty sea nymphs, including: [[Amphitrite]] ( [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 243]), [[Thetis]] ( [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 244]), [[Acis and Galatea (mythology)|Galatea]] ( [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 250]), and [[Psamathe (Nereid)|Psamathe]] ( [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 260]).</ref>|IRI=[[Iris (mythology)|Iris]]|AEL=[[Aello]]|OCY=[[Ocypete]]}}
{{chart|border=0 | | | | | | |  | |  |L|~|~|HAR |~|~|J| |!|HAR=<small>The [[Harpies]]</small>}}
{{chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|v|-|-|.}}
{{chart| |PEM | |ENY | |!| | | |!| | | |!| |ECH | |LAD |PEM=[[Pemphredo]]|ENY=[[Enyo]]|ECH=[[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna?]]<ref>Who Echidna's mother is supposed to be, is unclear, she is probably Ceto, but possibly Callirhoe. The "she" at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml 295] is ambiguous. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe, according to Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p. 159 n. 32], "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Gantz, p. 22; Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 295–303.</ref>|LAD= ([[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]]) <ref>Unnamed by Hesiod, but described at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml 334&ndash;335] as a terrible serpent who guards the golden apples.</ref>}}
{{chart|border=0 |L|~|~|GRA |~|~|J|!| | | |!| | | |!| | |GRA=<small>The [[Graiai]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | |STH | |EUR | |MED |~|y|POS |STH=[[Sthenno]]|EUR=[[Euryale (Gorgon)|Euryale]]|MED=[[Medusa]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]<ref>Son of [[Cronus]] and [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.39.xml 456], where he is called "Earth-Shaker".</ref>}}
{{chart|border=0 | | | | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|GOR |~|~|~|~|J|! | | | | | | | | |GOR=<small>The [[Gorgons]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |PEG | |CHR |y|CAL|PEG=[[Pegasus]]|CHR=[[Chrysaor]]|CAL=[[Callirrhoe (Oceanid)|Callirhoe]]<ref name="ReferenceA">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 351].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GER|GER=[[Geryon]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Descendants of Echidna and Typhon ===
Gaia also mated with Tartarus to produce [[Typhon]],<ref>''Theogony'' 821&ndash;822 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.69.xml pp. 68, 69]).</ref> whom Echidna married, producing several monstrous descendants.<ref>''Theogony'' 304&ndash;332 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml pp. 26, 27]).</ref> Their first three offspring were [[Orthrus|Orthus]], [[Cerberus]], and the [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]]. Next comes the [[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]] (whose mother is unclear, either Echidna or the Hydra).<ref>The "she" at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml 319] is ambiguous, see Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p. 159, with n. 34], but probably refers to Echidna, according to Gantz, p. 22; Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml p. 29 n.18]; Caldwell, p. 47 on lines 319–325; but possibly the Hydra, or less likely Ceto.</ref> Finally Orthus (his mate is unclear, either the Chimera or Echidna) produced two offspring: the [[Sphinx]] and the [[Nemean Lion]].<ref>The "she" at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml 326] is ambiguous, see Clay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=2etBN0w0NGUC&pg=PA159 p. 159, with n. 34], but probably refers to the Chimera according to Gantz, p. 23; Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.29.xml p. 29 n. 20]; West 1988, p. 67 n. 326; but possibly to Echidna or less likely to Ceto.</ref>

{{chart top|Descendants of Echidna and Typhon<ref>''Theogony'' 304–327, 821&ndash;822 (Typhon) (Most, pp. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.27.xml 26, 27], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.69.xml 68, 69]); Caldwell, p. 8, table 10; Hard, p. 696.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | |GAI |y|TAR |GAI = [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|TAR=[[Tartarus]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | |ECH|y|TYP | | |QUE |ECH=[[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]]|TYP=[[Typhon]]|QUE=Echidna&nbsp;(or&nbsp;Hydra?)&nbsp;<ref>Who the Chimera's mother is supposed to be, is unclear, she is probably Echidna, but possibly the Hydra.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|v|-|-|.| | |!}}
{{chart| | | | |ORT|7|CER| |HYD | |CHI|ORT=[[Orthrus|Orthus]]|CER=[[Cerberus]]|HYD=[[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]] |CHI=[[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |:}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |L|y|~|CHI | | |CHI=Chimera&nbsp;(or&nbsp;Echidna?)&nbsp;<ref>Who Orthrus mates with is unclear, probably the Chimera, but possibly Echidna.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{chart| | | | | |SPH | |NEM |SPH=[[Sphinx]]|NEM=[[Nemean lion]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Descendants of the Titans===
The Titans, Oceanus, Hyperion, Coeus, and Cronus married their sisters Tethys, Theia, Phoebe and Rhea, and Crius married his half-sister Eurybia, the daughter of Gaia and her son, Pontus. From Oceanus and Tethys came the three thousand river gods (including [[Nilus (mythology)|Nilus]] [Nile], [[Alpheus (deity)|Alpheus]], and [[Scamander]]) and three thousand [[Oceanid]] nymphs (including [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], Electra, [[Callirrhoe (Oceanid)|Callirhoe]], [[Styx]], [[Clymene (mythology)|Clymene]], [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], [[Perse (mythology)|Perseis]], and [[Idyia]]). From Hyperion and Theia came [[Helios]] (Sun), [[Selene]] (Moon), and [[Eos]] (Dawn), and from Crius and Eurybia came [[Astraios]], [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]], and [[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]. From Eos and Astraios came the winds: [[Zephyrus]], [[Boreas (god)|Boreas]] and [[Notos]], [[Phosphorus (morning star)|Eosphoros]] (Dawn-bringer, i.e. [[Venus]], the Morning Star), and the Stars. From Pallas and the Oceanid Styx came [[Zelus]] (Envy), [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]] (Victory), [[Kratos (mythology)|Kratos]] (Power), and [[Bia (mythology)|Bia]] (Force).<ref>''Theogony'' 337&ndash;388 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml pp. 30, 31]). The translations of the names used here follow Caldwell, p. 8.</ref>

From Coeus and Phoebe came [[Leto]] and [[Asteria]], who married Perses, producing [[Hekate]],<ref>''Theogony'' 404&ndash;411 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.35.xml pp. 34, 35]).</ref> and from Cronus and his older sister, Rhea, came Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus.<ref>''Theogony'' 453&ndash;458 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.39.xml pp. 38, 39]).</ref> The Titan Iapetos married the Oceanid [[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]] and produced [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], [[Menoetius (mythology)|Menoetius]], [[Prometheus]], and [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]].<ref>''Theogony'' 507&ndash;511 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.43.xml pp. 42, 43]).</ref>

{{chart top|Descendants of the Titans<ref>''Theogony'' 337&ndash;411, 453&ndash;520 (Most, pp. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 30, 31], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.39.xml 38, 39]); Caldwell, pp. 8&ndash;9, tables 11&ndash;13; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA695 p. 695].</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |!|}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (mythology)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!|,|-|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV | |OCE | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS |y|AST |F|PAL |F|PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[River gods (Greek mythology)|Rivers]]</small>&nbsp;<ref>The 3,000 river gods, of which 25 are named: [[Nilus (mythology)|Nilus]], [[Alpheus (mythology)|Alpheus]], [[Eridanos (river of Hades)|Eridanos]], [[Strymon (mythology)|Strymon]], [[Meander (mythology)|Maiandros]], [[Danube|Istros]], [[Rioni River|Phasis]], Rhesus,  [[Achelous]], Nessos, Rhodius, [[Haliacmon]], Heptaporus, [[Biga Çayı|Granicus]], [[Aesepus]], [[Simoeis]], [[Peneus]], [[Hermus]], [[Bakırçay|Caicus]], [[Sangarius (mythology)|Sangarius]], [[Ladon (river)|Ladon]], [[Bartın River|Parthenius]], [[Evenus (mythology)|Evenus]], Aldeskos, [[Scamander]].</ref>|OCE=<small>The [[Oceanids]]</small>&nbsp;<ref>The 3,000 daughters, of which 41 are named: [[Peitho]], [[Admete (Oceanid)|Admete]], Ianthe, Electra, [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], Prymno, Urania, Hippo, [[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]], Rhodea, [[Callirrhoe (Oceanid)|Callirhoe]], [[Zeuxo (Greek mythology)|Zeuxo]], [[Clytie (Oceanid)|Clytie]], [[Idyia]], Pasithoe, Plexaura, Galaxaura, [[Dione (Titaness)|Dione]], Melobosis, Thoe, [[Polydora]], Cerceis, [[Plouto (Oceanid)|Plouto]], [[Perse (mythology)|Perseis]], [[Ianeira]], [[Acaste (Oceanid)|Acaste]], Xanthe, Petraea, Menestho, Europa, [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], [[Telesto (mythology)|Telesto]], Chryseis, [[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]], Calypso, Eudora, [[Tyche]], Amphirho, [[Ocyrhoe]], and [[Styx]].</ref>|HEL=[[Helios]]|SEL=[[Selene]]|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| |:| | | |:}}
{{chart|!| | | | |ZEP| |BOR | |NOT | |EOS | |STA|:| | | |:|ZEP=[[Zephyrus]]|BOR=[[Boreas (god)|Boreas]]|NOT=[[Notos]]|EOS=[[Eosphoros]]|STA=Stars}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | |:}}
{{chart|! | | | | |  | | | | | | | | | | | | |STY |~|y|~|J| | | |:|STY=[[Styx]]<ref>One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 361].</ref>}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| |:}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | |ZEL| |NIK | |KRA | |BIA |:|ZEL=[[Zelus]]|NIK=[[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]|KRA=[[Kratos (mythology)|Kratos]]|BIA=[[Bia (mythology)|Bia]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |:}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | | | | | | | | | |:|COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |:}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | |LET | |AST |~|y|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |HEC|HEC=[[Hecate]]}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | |CRO |y|RHE |CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!| | |HES | |DEM | |HER | |HAD | |POS | |ZEU |HES=[[Hestia]]|DEM=[[Demeter]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]}}
{{chart|!}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |IAP |y|CLY |IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]<ref name="ReferenceA">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 351].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI |ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]|MEN=[[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]|EPI=[[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Children of Zeus and his seven wives===
[[File:René-Antoine Houasse - Minerva.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''The Birth of [[Minerva]]'' by [[René-Antoine Houasse]] (before 1688)]]

[[Zeus]] married seven wives. His first wife was the [[Oceanid]] [[Metis (mythology)|Metis]], whom he impregnated with [[Athena]], then, on the advice of Gaia and Uranus, swallowed Metis so that no son of his by Metis would overthrow him, as had been foretold.<ref name="pp. 74, 75"/> Zeus' second wife was his aunt the Titan [[Themis]], who bore the three [[Horae]] (Seasons): [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]] (Order), [[Dike (mythology)|Dikē]] (Justice), [[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]] (Peace); and the three [[Moirai]] (Fates):<ref name="ReferenceB">At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 217] the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.</ref> [[Clotho]] (Spinner), [[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]] (Allotter), and [[Atropos]] (Unbending). Zeus then married his third wife, another Oceanid, [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]], who bore the three [[Charites]] (Graces): [[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]] (Splendor), whom Hephaestus married, [[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]] (Joy), and [[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]] (Good Cheer).<ref>''Theogony'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 901&ndash;911]. The translations of the names used here, follow Caldwell, p. 11, except for the translations of Aglaea, Euphrosyne and Thalia, which use those given by Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml p. 75].</ref>

Zeus' fourth wife was his sister, [[Demeter]], who bore [[Persephone]]. The fifth wife of Zeus was another aunt, the Titan [[Mnemosyne]], from whom came the nine [[Muses]]: [[Clio]], [[Euterpe]], [[Thalia (Muse)|Thalia]], [[Melpomene]], [[Terpsichore]], [[Erato]], [[Polyhymnia|Polymnia]], [[Urania]], and [[Calliope]]. His sixth wife was the Titan [[Leto]], who gave birth to [[Apollo]] and [[Artemis]]. Zeus' seventh and final wife was his sister [[Hera]], the mother by Zeus of [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]], [[Ares]], and [[Eileithyia]].<ref>''Theogony'' 912&ndash;923 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 74&ndash;77]).</ref>

Zeus finally "gave birth" himself to [[Athena]], from his head, which angered Hera so much that she produced, by herself, her own son [[Hephaestus]], god of fire and blacksmiths.<ref>''Theogony'' 924&ndash;929 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml pp. 76, 77]).</ref>

{{chart top|Children of Zeus and his seven wives <ref>''Theogony'' 886&ndash;929 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml pp. 74, 75]); Caldwell, p. 11, table 14.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart}}
{{chart|ZEU|7|ZEU=[[Zeus]]}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|y|~|~|~|MET|MET=[[Metis (mythology)|Metis]]<ref name="ReferenceC">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |:| |ATH|ATH=[[Athena]]<ref>Of Zeus' children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived ( [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.75.xml 889]), but the last to be born. Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her, later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena "from his head" ( [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 924]).</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|THE|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |EUN| |DIK | |EIR | | |CLO | |LAC | |ATR | |EUN=[[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]]|DIK=[[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]|EIR=[[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]|CLO=[[Clotho]]|LAC=[[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]]|ATR=[[Atropos]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|HOR |~|~|~|~|J|L|~|~|~|~|MOI|~|~|~|~|J|HOR=<small>The [[Horae]]</small>|MOI=<small>The [[Moirai]]</small>&nbsp;<ref name="ReferenceB">At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.21.xml 217] the Moirai are the daughters of Nyx.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |:}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|EUR | | | | | |F|~|~|y|DEM |EUR=[[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]<ref name="ReferenceC">One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 358].</ref>|DEM=[[Demeter]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | |!|}}
{{chart| | | |:| |AGL| |EUP | |THA | | |:| |PER|AGL=[[Aglaia (Grace)|Aglaea]]|EUP=[[Euphrosyne (mythology)|Euphrosyne]]|THA=[[Thalia (Grace)|Thalia]]|PER=[[Persephone]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|CHA |~|~|~|~|J| |:|CHA=<small>The [[Charites]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|MNE|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|v|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |CLI|!|THA |!|TER |!|POL |!|CAL |CLI=[[Clio]]|THA=[[Thalia (Muse)|Thaleia]]|TER=[[Terpsichore]]|POL=[[Polyhymnia]]|CAL=[[Calliope]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!}}
{{chart| | | |:| | | |EUT| |MEL| |ERA | |URA |EUT=[[Euterpe]]|MEL=[[Melpomene]]|ERA=[[Erato]]|URA=[[Urania]]|}}
{{chart|border=0| | | |:|L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|MUS |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J|MUS=<small>The [[Muses]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | |:}}
{{chart| | | |D|~|~|~|y|~|~|LET |F|~|~|~|~|y|~|~|~|HER |LET=[[Leto]]|HER=[[Hera]]}}
{{chart| | | |:| | |,|^|-|-|.| | |:| |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|.|`|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |:| |APO | |ART | |:|HEB | |ARE | |EIL | |HEP |APO=[[Apollo]]|ART=[[Artemis]]|HEB=[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]|ARE=[[Ares]]|EIL=[[Eileithyia]]|HEP=[[Hephaestus]]&nbsp;<ref>Hephaestus is produced by Hera alone, with no father at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 927&ndash;929]. In the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', Hephaestus is apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gantz, p. 74.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|J}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Other descendants of divine fathers===
From [[Poseidon]] and the [[Nereid]] [[Amphitrite]] was born [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]], and from [[Ares]] and [[Aphrodite]] came [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]] (Fear), [[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]] (Terror), and [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]] (Harmony). Zeus, with [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]'s daughter [[Maia (mythology)|Maia]], produced [[Hermes]], and with the mortal [[Alcmene]], produced the hero [[Heracles]], who married [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]. Zeus and the mortal [[Semele]], daughter of Harmonia and [[Cadmus]], the founder and first king of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], produced [[Dionysus]], who married [[Ariadne]], daughter of [[Minos]], king of [[Crete]]. [[Helios]] and the Oceanid [[Perse (mythology)|Perseis]] produced [[Circe]], [[Aeëtes|Aeetes]], who became king of [[Colchis]] and married the Oceanid [[Idyia]], producing [[Medea]].<ref>''Theogony'' 930&ndash;962 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml pp. 76, 77]).</ref>

{{chart top|Other descendants of divine fathers <ref>''Theogony'' 930&ndash;962, 975&ndash;976 (Most, pp. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 76, 77], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.81.xml 80, 81]); Caldwell, p. 12, table 15.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| |POS |y|AMP | | | |ARE |y|APH |POS=[[Poseidon]]|AMP=[[Amphitrite]]<ref>One of the [[Nereid]] daughters of [[Nereus]] and [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 243].</ref>|ARE=[[Ares]]|APH=[[Aphrodite]]<ref>Called by her title "Cytherea" ("of the Island [[Kythira|Cythera]]") at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 934].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | |!| | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | |TRI | | | |PHO | |DEI | |HAR |y|CAD |TRI=[[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]|PHO=[[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]]|DEI=[[Deimos (deity)|Deimos]]|HAR=[[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]]|CAD=[[Cadmus]]<ref>Cadmus was the mortal founder and first king of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]]; no parentage is given in the ''Theogony''.</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| |ZEU|V|~|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|~|~|~|7| | | |!|ZEU=[[Zeus]]}}
{{chart| | | | |L|y|MAI |L|y|ALC | | |L|~|y|SEM |MAI=[[Maia (mythology)|Maia]]<ref>At [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.77.xml 938] called the "Atlantid" ''i.e.'' daughter of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=9AC4F2564ED0593B31146372FEC08E36?doc=Apollod.+3.10.1 3.10.1], she was one of the seven [[Pleiades (Greek mythology)|Pleiades]], daughters of Atlas and the [[Oceanid]] [[Pleione (mythology)|Pleione]].</ref> |ALC=[[Alcmene]]<ref>Alcmene was the granddaughter of [[Perseus]], and hence the great-granddaughter of Zeus.</ref>|SEM=[[Semele]]}}
{{chart| | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | |HER | | |HERA |~|HEB| |DIO |~|ARI |HER=[[Hermes]]|HERA=[[Heracles]]|HEB=[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]|DIO=[[Dionysus]]|ARI=[[Ariadne]]<ref>The daughter of [[Minos]], king of [[Crete]].</ref>}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | |HEL |y|PER |HEL=[[Helios]]|PER=[[Perse (mythology)|Perseis]]<ref>One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 356].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | |CIR | |AIE |y|IDY|CIR=[[Circe]]|AIE=[[Aeetes]]|IDY=[[Idyia]]<ref>One of the [[Oceanid]] daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 352].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MED|MED=[[Medea]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

===Children of divine mothers with mortal fathers===
[[File:William Blake Richmond - Venus and Anchises - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] and [[Anchises]]'' by [[William Blake Richmond]] (1889 or 1890)|thumb|350px]]

The goddess [[Demeter]] joined with the mortal [[Iasion]] to produce [[Plutus]]. In addition to Semele, the goddess [[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]] and the mortal [[Cadmus]] also produced [[Ino (Greek mythology)|Ino]], [[Agave (mythology)|Agave]], [[Autonoë|Autonoe]] and [[Polydorus (son of Cadmus)|Polydorus]]. [[Eos]] (Dawn) with the mortal [[Tithonus]], produced the hero [[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]], and [[Emathion]], and with [[Cephalus]], produced [[Phaethon (son of Eos)|Phaethon]]. [[Medea]] with the mortal [[Jason]], produced [[Medus|Medius]], the [[Nereid]] [[Psamathe (Nereid)|Psamathe]] with the mortal [[Aeacus]], produced the hero [[Phocus]], the Nereid [[Thetis]], with [[Peleus]] produced the great warrior [[Achilles]], and the goddess [[Aphrodite]] with the mortal [[Anchises]] produced the [[Troy|Trojan]] hero [[Aeneas]]. With the hero [[Odysseus]], Circe would give birth to [[Agrius]], [[Latinus]], and [[Telegonus]], and Atlas' daughter [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]] would also bear Odysseus two sons, [[Nausithoos]] and [[Nausinous]].<ref>''Theogony'' 963&ndash;1018 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.79.xml pp. 78, 79]). According to West 1966, p. 434 on line 1014, the line, which has Circe being the mother of Telegonus, is probably a later (Byzantine?) interpolation.</ref>

{{chart top|Children of goddesses with mortals <ref>''Theogony'' 969&ndash;1018 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.81.xml pp. 80, 81]); Caldwell, p. 12, table 15.</ref>|collapsed=yes}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| |DEM |y|IAS | | | | | | | |HAR |y|CAD |DEM=[[Demeter]]|IAS=[[Iasion]]<ref>According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=9AC4F2564ED0593B31146372FEC08E36?doc=Apollod.+3.12.1 3.12.1], Iasion was the son of Zeus and [[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]], one of the seven [[Pleiades (Greek mythology)|Pleiades]], daughters of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] and the [[Oceanid]] [[Pleione (mythology)|Pleione]].</ref>|HAR=[[Harmonia (mythology)|Harmonia]]|CAD=[[Cadmus]]}}
{{chart| | | | |!| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{Chart| | | | PLU | | |INO | |SEM | |AGA | |AUT |~|ARI | |POL |PLU=[[Plutus]]|INO=[[Ino (Greek mythology)|Ino]]|SEM=[[Semele]]|AGA=[[Agave (mythology)|Agave]]|AUT=[[Autonoe]]|ARI=[[Aristaeus]]<ref>The son of [[Apollo]] and [[Cyrene (mythology)|Cyrene]], [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#81 4.81.1&ndash;2], [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+10.17.3 10.17.3].</ref>|POL=[[Polydorus]]}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | |TIT |y|~|EOS |~|y|CEP | | |MED |y|JAS |TIT=[[Tithonus]]|EOS=[[Eos]]|CEP=[[Cephalus]]|MED=[[Medea]]|JAS=[[Jason]]}}
{{chart| | | | | |,|-|-|^|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | |MEM| |EMA | | |PHA | | | | | | |MED |MEM=[[Memnon (mythology)|Memnon]]|EMA=[[Emathion]]|PHA=[[Phaethon (son of Eos)|Phaethon]]|MED=[[Medeius]]}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | |PSA |y|AIA | |THE |y|PEL | |APH |y|ANC |PSA=[[Psamathe (Nereid)|Psamathe]]<ref>One of the [[Nereid]] daughters of [[Nereus]] and [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 260].</ref>|AIA=[[Aeacus]]|THE=[[Thetis]]<ref>One of the [[Nereid]] daughters of [[Nereus]] and [[Doris (Oceanid)|Doris]], at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.23.xml 245].</ref>|PEL=[[Peleus]]|APH=[[Aphrodite]]|ANC=[[Anchises]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |! | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |PHO | | | | | |ACH | | | | | |AEN|PHO=[[Phocus]]|ACH=[[Achilles]]|AEN=[[Aeneas]]}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | |CIR|y|~|~|~|ODY |~|~|~|~|y|CAL |CIR=[[Circe]]|ODY=[[Odysseus]]|CAL=[[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]]<ref>According to Caldwell, p. 49 on line 359, this Calypso, elsewhere the daughter of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], is "probably not" the same Calypso named at [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.31.xml 359] as one of the Oceanid daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]; see also West 1966, p. 267 359. '''καὶ ἱμερόεσσα Καλυψώ'''; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA41 p. 41].</ref>}}
{{chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |AGR | |LAT | |TEL | | |NAU1 | |NAU2 |AGR=[[Agrius]]|LAT=[[Latinus]]|TEL=[[Telegonus]]<ref>According to West 1966, p. 434 on line 1014, the line, which has Circe being the mother of Telegonus, is probably a later (Byzantine?) interpolation.</ref>|NAU1=[[Nausithous]]|NAU2=[[Nausinous]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

==Prometheus==
[[File:Atlas Typhoeus Prometheus.png|thumb|Laconic bowl depicting [[Prometheus]] and [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] enduring their respective punishments, circa 550 BC]]

The ''Theogony'', after listing the offspring of the Titan [[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]] and the Oceanid [[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]], as [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]], [[Menoitios]], [[Prometheus]], and [[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]], and telling briefly what happened to each, tells the story of Prometheus.<ref>''Theogony'' 507&ndash;616 (Most, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-theogony/2018/pb_LCL057.43.xml pp. 42, 43]).</ref> When the gods and men met at [[Mekone]] to decide how sacrifices should be distributed, Prometheus sought to trick Zeus. Slaughtering an ox, he took the valuable fat and meat, and covered it with the ox's stomach. Prometheus then took the bones and hid them with a thin glistening layer of fat. Prometheus asked Zeus' opinion on which offering pile he found more desirable, hoping to trick the god into selecting the less desirable portion. Though Zeus saw through the trick, he chose the fat covered bones, and so it was established that ever after men would burn the bones as sacrifice to the gods, keeping the choice meat and fat for themselves. But in punishment for this trick, an angry Zeus decided to deny mankind the use of fire. But Prometheus stole fire inside a fennel stalk, and gave it to humanity. Zeus then ordered the creation of the first woman [[Pandora]] as a new punishment for mankind. And Prometheus was chained to a cliff, where an eagle fed on his ever-regenerating liver every day, until eventually Zeus' son [[Heracles]] came to free him.

==Manuscripts==
The earliest existing manuscripts of the Theogony date from the end of the 13th century.  An early example is found in ''Vaticanus gr. 1825''.  This manuscript dates to about 1310 based on watermarks.  There are about 64 known manuscripts that date from 1600 AD or earlier.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27736292|title=Notes on a Forgotten Manuscript of Hesiod's "Theogony"|date=2009|journal=Mnemosyne |series=Fourth Series|volume=62|pages= 1–10 |author=Guillermo Galán Vioque|issue=1 |doi=10.1163/156852508X252885 |jstor=27736292 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/637722 |title=The Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts of Hesiod's Theogony|author = M. L. West|journal =The Classical Quarterly|volume=14|number=2|pages=165–189|date=November 1964|doi=10.1017/S0009838800023739 |jstor=637722 }}</ref>

==Influence on earliest Greek philosophy==
[[File:Anaximander Mosaic (cropped, with sundial).jpg|thumb|Ancient Roman mosaic from Johannisstraße, [[Trier]], dating to the early third century AD, showing the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|Pre-Socratic]] philosopher [[Anaximander|Anaximander of Miletus]] holding a sundial<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zühmer|first1=T. H.|title=Roman Mosaic Depicting Anaximander with Sundial|url=http://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/time-cosmos/objects/roman-mosaic-anaximander|website=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|date=19 October 2016 |publisher=New York University}}</ref>]]
The heritage of Greek mythology already embodied the desire to articulate reality as a whole, and this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first projects of speculative theorizing. It appears that the order of being was first imaginatively visualized before it was abstractly thought. Hesiod, impressed by necessity governing the ordering of things, discloses a definite pattern in the genesis and appearance of the gods. These ideas made something like ''cosmological'' speculation possible. The earliest rhetoric of reflection all centers about two interrelated things: the experience of wonder as a living involvement with the divine order of things; and the absolute conviction that, beyond the totality of things, reality forms a beautiful and harmonious whole.<ref>{{cite book|title=Presocratic Philosophy vol.3|author=Barry Sandywell|year=1996|publisher=Rootledge New York}} p. 28, 42</ref>

In the ''Theogony'', the origin (''[[arche]]'') is ''Chaos'', a divine primordial condition, and there are the roots and the ends of the earth, sky, sea, and [[Tartarus]]. [[Pherecydes of Syros]] (6th century BC), believed that there were three pre-existent divine principles and called the water also Chaos.<ref>[[Diels–Kranz numbering system|DK]] B1a</ref> In the language of the archaic period (8th – 6th century BC), ''arche'' (or ''archai'') designates the source, origin, or root of things that exist. If a thing is to be well established or founded, its ''arche'' or static point must be secure, and the most secure foundations are those provided by the gods: the indestructible, immutable, and eternal ordering of things.<ref>{{cite book|title=Presocratic philosophy vol.3|author=Barry Sandwell|year=1996|publisher=Rootledge New York|isbn=9780415101707}} p.142</ref>

In ancient [[Greek philosophy]], ''arche'' is the element or first principle of all things, a permanent nature or substance which is conserved in the generation of the rest of it. From this, all things come to be, and into it they are resolved in a final state.<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaph.]]'' Α983.b6ff</ref> It is the divine horizon of substance that encompasses and rules all things. [[Thales]] (7th – 6th century BC), the first Greek philosopher, claimed that the first principle of all things is water. [[Anaximander]] (6th century BC) was the first philosopher who used the term ''arche'' for that which writers from Aristotle on call the "substratum".<ref>[[Hippolytus of Rome]] I.6.I [[Diels–Kranz numbering system|DK]] B2</ref> Anaximander claimed that the beginning or first principle is an endless mass (''[[Apeiron (cosmology)|Apeiron]]'') subject to neither age nor decay, from which all things are being born and then they are destroyed there. A fragment from [[Xenophanes]] (6th century BC) shows the transition from ''Chaos'' to ''Apeiron'': "The upper limit of earth borders on air. The lower limit of earth reaches down to the unlimited (i.e the Apeiron)."<ref>{{cite book|title=The World of Parmenides|author=[[Karl Popper]]|year=1998|publisher=Rootledge New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V76PlyggwQkC|isbn=9780415173018}} p. 39</ref>

==Christian views of the Theogony==
[[John Milton]], a [[Calvinist]], viewed the Theogony as inspired by [[Satan]].  Milton's view, as articulated in [[Paradise Lost]], was that once Satan was cast out from heaven, he became the muse that inspired Hesiod.  What Hesiod wrote, therefore, was a corruption of the "actual" events that happened in the cosmological struggle of Satan against God. In particular, Milton asserted that the triumph of Zeus (i.e., the supreme deity) through guile, negotiation and alliances, was a corruption of God's omnipotence which did not require any ally.<ref name="Gallagher"/>

Milton's view echoes the views of early Christian [[patristics|patristic]] writers.  [[Justin Martyr]] and [[Athenagoras of Athens]], for example, asserted that heathen mythologies in general are demonic distortions of the "true" cosmological history.<ref name="Gallagher">{{cite journal|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/43446941|title=Paradise Lost and the Greek Theogony|author=Philip J. Gallagher|journal=English Literary Renaissance|volume=9|number=1|date=Winter 1979|pages=121–148|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1111/j.1475-6757.1979.tb01404.x |jstor=43446941 }}</ref>

==Other cosmogonies in ancient literature==
{{See also|Comparative mythology}}
In the ''Theogony'' the initial state of the universe, or the origin ([[arche]]) is [[Chaos (mythology)|Chaos]], a ''gaping void'' ([[Abyss (religion)|abyss]]) considered as a divine primordial condition, from which appeared everything that exists. Then came [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] (Earth), [[Tartarus]] (the cave-like space under the earth; the later-born [[Erebus]] is the darkness in this space), and [[Eros]] (representing sexual desire—the urge to reproduce—instead of the emotion of love as is the common misconception). Hesiod made an abstraction because his original ''chaos'' is something completely indefinite.<ref>O.Gigon. ''Der Ursprung der griechischen Philosophie.Von Hesiod bis Parmenides''.Bale.Stuttgart.Schwabe & Co. p. 29</ref>

By contrast, in the [[Orphic]] cosmogony the unaging [[Chronos]] produced [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] and Chaos and made a silvery egg in divine Aether. From it appeared the androgynous god [[Phanes (mythology)|Phanes]], identified by the Orphics as Eros, who becomes the creator of the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Presocratic Philosophers|author=G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven and M. Schofield|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFpd86J8PLsC|isbn=9780521274555}} p. 24</ref>

Some similar ideas appear in the [[Vedic]] and [[Hindu]] cosmologies. In the [[Vedic]] cosmology the universe is created from nothing by the great heat. Kāma (Desire) the primal seed of spirit, is the link which connected the existent with the non-existent <ref>"Thereafter rose Desire in the beginning, Desire the primal seed and germ of Spirit,
Sages who searched with their heart's thought discovered the existent's kinship in the non-existent." [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]] X.129: [https://archive.org/stream/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog#page/n580/mode/2up The Hymns of the Rig Veda], Book X, Hymn CXXIX, Verse 4, p. 575</ref> In the [[Hindu]] cosmology, in the beginning there was nothing in the universe but only darkness and the divine essence who removed the darkness and created the primordial waters. His seed produced the ''universal germ'' ([[Hiranyagarbha]]), from which everything else appeared.<ref>[[Matsya Purana]] (2.25.30) – [http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/matsya_purana.php online]: "The creation"</ref>

In the Babylonian creation story ''[[Enûma Eliš]]'' the universe was in a formless state and is described as a watery ''chaos''. From it emerged two primary gods, the male [[Apsu]] and female [[Tiamat]], and a third deity who is the ''maker'' [[Mummu]] and his power for the progression of cosmogonic births to begin.<ref>''The Babylonian creation story'' ([[Enûma Eliš]]) –[http://faculty.gvsu.edu/websterm/Enuma_Elish.html online]</ref>

[[Norse mythology]] also describes [[Ginnungagap]] as the primordial abyss from which sprang the first living creatures, including the giant [[Ymir]] whose body eventually became the world, whose blood became the seas, and so on; another version describes the origin of the world as a result of the fiery and cold parts of [[Hel (location)|Hel]] colliding.

==Editions==
===Selected translations===
* [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis, Apostolos N.]], ''Theogony; Works and days; Shield / Hesiod; introduction, translation, and notes'', Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 1983. {{ISBN|0-8018-2998-4}}
* [[Thomas Cooke (author)|Cook, Thomas]], "The Works of Hesiod," 1728.
* Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), ''The Poems of Hesiod'', Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. {{ISBN|0-8061-1837-7}}
* Most, Glenn, translator, ''Hesiod'', 2 vols., Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2006–07.
* Schlegel, Catherine M., and Henry Weinfield, translators, ''Theogony and Works and Days'', Ann Arbor, Michigan, 2006
* [[Kimberly Johnson|Johnson, Kimberly]], ''Theogony and Works and Days: A New Critical Edition'', Northwestern University Press, 2017. {{ISBN|081013487X}}.

==See also==
* [[Ancient literature]]
* [[Gigantomachy]]
* [[Theomachy]]
* [[Pherecydes of Syros]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'', edited and translated by William H. Race, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99630-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL001/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Brown, Norman O. Introduction to ''Hesiod: Theogony'' (New York: Liberal Arts Press) 1953.
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}.
* Clay, Jenny Strauss, ''Hesiod's Cosmos'', Cambridge University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82392-0}}.
* Gantz, Timothy, ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}.
* Lamberton, Robert, ''Hesiod'', New Haven : Yale University Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-300-04068-7}}. Cf. Chapter II, "The Theogony", pp.&nbsp;38–104.
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Montanari |editor-first1=F. |editor-last2=Rengakos |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Tsagalis |editor-first3=C. |title=Brill's Companion to Hesiod |location=Leiden |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17840-3 |doi=10.1163/9789047440758}}
**{{harvc |last=Cingano |first=E. |c=The Hesiodic Corpus |in=Montanari |in2=Rengakos |in3=Tsagalis |year=2009 |pages=91–130}} {{doi|10.1163/9789047440758_006}}
**{{harvc |last=Rutherford |first=I. |c=Hesiod and the Literary Traditions of the Near East |in=Montanari |in2=Rengakos |in3=Tsagalis |year=2009 |pages=9–35}} {{doi|10.1163/9789047440758_003}}
* [[Glenn W. Most|Most, G.W.]], ''Hesiod, Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia,'' Edited and translated by Glenn W. Most, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 57, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99720-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
*Tandy, David W., and Neale, Walter C. [translators], ''Works and Days: a translation and commentary for the social sciences'', Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-520-20383-6}}
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1988), ''Hesiod: Theogony ''and'' Works and Days'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953831-7}}.
* [[Willem Jacob Verdenius|Verdenius, Willem Jacob]], ''A Commentary on Hesiod ''Works and Days'' vv 1-382'' (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985). {{ISBN|90-04-07465-1}}

==External links==
*{{Wikisourcelang-inline|el|Θεογονία}}
*{{wikisource-inline|Theogony|''Theogony''}}
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/hesiod/theogony.htm Hesiod, ''Theogony'']: text in English translation.
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0129 Hesiod, ''Theogony''] e-text in Ancient Greek (from Perseus)
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0130 Hesiod, ''Theogony''] e-text in English (from Perseus)
*{{Librivox book |title=Theogony |author=Hesiod}}

{{Hesiod}}
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