Editing Themis

{{Short description|Greek goddess of divine law}}
{{Hatnote|Not be confused with the sea-goddess [[Tethys (mythology)]], or the sea nymph [[Thetis]]. For other uses, see [[Themis (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Themis
| deity_of = Goddess of justice, divine law, divine order, custom, assemblies, and oracles
| member_of = the [[Titans]]
| image = 0029MAN-Themis.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = [[Themis of Rhamnous]], Attica, by the sculptor Chairestratos, c. 280 BCE<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themis-e1207510 s.v. Themis].</ref>
| other_names = 
| script_name = Ancient Greek
| script = Θέμις
| abode = [[Mount Olympus]]
| consort = [[Zeus]]
| parents = [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]
| offspring = {{Collapsible list
 | title=[[Horae]]
 | bullets = on
 | [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]
 | [[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]
 | [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]]
}}
{{Collapsible list
| title= [[Moirai]]
| bullets = on
| [[Clotho]]
| [[Lachesis]]
| [[Atropos]]
}}
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}

In [[Greek mythology]] and [[Ancient Greek religion|religion]], '''Themis''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|iː|m|ᵻ|s}}; {{langx|grc|Θέμις|Themis|justice, law, custom}})<ref>Beekes, [https://dictionaries.brillonline.com/search#dictionary=greek&id=gr2814 s.v. Θέμις, p. 539].</ref> is the goddess and personification of justice, divine order, law, and custom. She is one of the twelve [[Titans|Titan]] children of [[Gaia]] and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]], and the second wife of [[Zeus]]. She is associated with oracles and prophecies, including the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]].

==Name==
''Themis'' means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the Greek verb ''títhēmi'' ([[wikt:τίθημι|τίθημι]]), meaning "to put."<ref>[[LSJ]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*q%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dqe%2Fmis s.v. θέμις].</ref>

To the ancient Greeks she was originally the organizer of the "communal affairs of humans, particularly assemblies."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/themis.html |title=(University of Washington School of Law) Themis, Goddess of Justice |access-date=2008-07-16 |archive-date=2008-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725032608/http://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/themis.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>  [[Moses Finley]] remarked of ''themis'', as the word was used by [[Homer]] in the 8th century BCE, to evoke the social order of the 10th- and 9th-century [[Greek Dark Ages]]:

{{blockquote|Themis is untranslatable. A gift of the gods and a mark of civilized existence, sometimes it means right custom, proper procedure, social order, and sometimes merely the will of the gods (as revealed by an [[omen]], for example) with little of the idea of right.<ref>Finley, ''The World of Odysseus'', rev. ed. (New York: Viking Press), 1978: 78, note.</ref>}}

Finley adds, "There was ''themis''—custom, tradition, [[Folkways (sociology)|folk-ways]], ''[[mores]]'', whatever we may call it, the enormous power of 'it is (or is not) done'."<ref>Finley, ''The World of Odysseus''. p. 82.</ref>

In the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Hymn]] to Apollo'', Themis is referred to as "[[Ichnaea]]", meaning "Tracker".<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89 96]; Gantz, p. 52.</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Bacciarelli Themis.jpg|thumb|Painting of Themis with scales and sword by [[Marcello Bacciarelli]]]]

Some classical descriptions of Themis describe a sober-looking woman holding scales.<ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopaedia |date=2006 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Religions|doi=|last1=Cooke |first1=Rachel }}</ref> Themis is an earth goddess much like her mother, Gaia, and in some stories it is hard to tell the two apart.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=de Ville|first=Jacques|date=2013|title=Mythology and the Images of Justice|journal=Law and Literature|volume=23|issue=3|pages=324–364|doi=10.1525/lal.2011.23.3.324|hdl=10566/288|s2cid=220308728|issn=1535-685X|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Some classical depictions of Themis show her holding a sword.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bennett|first=De Robigne Mortimer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eH5jAAAAMAAJ|title=The Gods and Religions of Ancient and Modern Times ...|date=1880|publisher=Bennett|pages=227|language=en}}</ref>

When Themis is disregarded, [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] brings just and wrathful retribution; thus Themis shared the small temple at [[Rhamnous]] with Nemesis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Munn|first=Mark H.|url=|title=The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion|date=2006-07-11|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-93158-9|pages=337|language=en}}</ref> Themis is not wrathful; when a distraught [[Hera]] returned to [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]] after quarrelling with Zeus, Themis, "of the lovely cheeks," was the first to offer her a cup.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D15%3Acard%3D78 15.88].</ref>

Themis presided over the proper relation between man and woman, the basis of the rightly ordered family (the family was seen as the pillar of the [[deme]]). Judges were often referred to as {{-"}}''themistopóloi''{{-"}} (the servants of Themis).  Such was also the basis for order upon Olympus.  Even [[Hera]] addressed her as "Lady Themis".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=See|first=Sally|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onDwBQAAQBAJ|title=The Greek Myths|date=2014-12-25|publisher=S&T|pages=11|language=en}}</ref>

===Hesiod===
Themis occurred in [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' as the first recorded appearance of ''Justice'' as a divine personage. Drawing not only on the socio-religious consciousness of his time but also on many of the earlier cult-religions, Hesiod described the forces of the universe as cosmic divinities. Hesiod portrayed temporal justice, [[Dike (mythology)|Dike]], as the daughter of [[Zeus]] and Themis. Dike executed the law of judgments and sentencing and, together with her mother Themis, she carried out the final decisions of Moirai.<ref>[http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Comp/CompGian.htm Donna Marie Giancola, "Justice and the Face of the Great Mother (East and West)"]</ref>

===Aeschylus===
In the play ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', traditionally attributed to [[Aeschylus]], it is said by Prometheus that Themis is called many names, including [[Gaia]].<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus bound]]'' 211 (Sommerstein, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml pp. 446, 447]; Harrison 1912, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n513/mode/2up?view=theater p. 480]; Harrison 1908, [https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/260/mode/2up?view=theater p. 261].</ref>

==Family==
In [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', Themis is one of the twelve Titan children of [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] (Earth) and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] (Sky).<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D104 133&ndash;138]; Gantz, p. 52; Caldwell, p. 5, table 3; Grimal, s.v. Themis, p. 443; Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558&ndash;559; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis; Morford, [https://archive.org/details/classicalmytholo0000morf_8ed/page/60/mode/2up p. 60]; March, s.v. Themis, p. 376. Themis is similarly called the daughter of Gaia and Uranus by [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], who includes her in his list of Titans ([[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D1 1.3.1]).</ref> She is the second wife of her nephew [[Zeus]], by whom she is the mother of the [[Horae]] (Seasons), listed as [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]] (Law), [[Dike (goddess)|Dike]] (Justice), [[Eirene (Greek goddess)|Eirene]] (Peace), and the [[Moirai]] (Fates), listed as [[Clotho]], [[Lachesis]] and [[Atropos]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D901 901&ndash;906]; Gantz, p. 53; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis. Despite the Moirai being called the offspring of Zeus and Themis, they are earlier, at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D207 217], listed as the daughters of [[Nyx]] (Night) (Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA27 p. 27]).</ref> Similarly to Hesiod's account, the ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to Themis'' calls her the daughter of Gaia and Uranus,<ref>''[[Orphic Hymn]] to Themis'' (79), 1&ndash;3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA62 p. 62]).</ref> and the ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the [[Horae|Seasons]]'' calls her the mother, by Zeus, of the Horae.<ref>''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the [[Horae|Seasons]]'' (43), 1 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA37 p. 37]).</ref>

[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], in his ''[[Fabulae]]'', makes Themis the daughter of [[Aether (mythology)|Aether]] and [[Terra (mythology)|Terra]] (Earth),<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' Theogony 3 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA95 p. 95]).</ref> and by Zeus the mother of the [[Horae]].<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 183 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p. 158]), Theogony 25 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA96 p. 96]).</ref> In the play ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', traditionally attributed to [[Aeschylus]], Themis is the mother of [[Prometheus]],<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444, 445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446, 447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538, 539 n. 113]); ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themis-e1207510 s.v. Themis].</ref> while according to a scholion on [[Euripides]]' play ''[[Hippolytus (play)|Hippolytus]]'', Themis is mother of the [[Hesperides]] by Zeus.<ref>Scholia on [[Euripides]], ''[[Hippolytus (play)|Hippolytus]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=9kBnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA288 742 (Cavarzeran, p. 288)] [= [[Pherecydes of Athens|Pherecydes]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA286 fr. 16d Fowler, p. 286] = ''[[FGrHist]]'' 3 F16d = ''[[Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller|FHG]]'' [https://archive.org/details/fragmentahistori01mueluoft/page/80/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 33b (Müller, p. 80)]]; Gantz, p. 6; Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 p. 294]; Smith, s.vv. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dthemis-bio-1 Themis], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D11%3Aentry%3Dhesperides-bio-1 Hesperides]. According to Gantz, "Jacoby argues confusion with the Eridanos Nymphai here".</ref>

== Mythology ==
Themis built the [[Oracle at Delphi]] and was herself [[Oracle|oracular]].<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://topostext.org/work/133#5.67.3 5.67.4]; [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/62/mode/2up Orphic hymn 79]</ref> According to another legend, Themis received the Oracle at Delphi from [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]] and later gave it to [[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]], who gave it to her grandson [[Apollo (mythology)|Apollo]] as a birthday gift.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''[[The Eumenides|Eumenides]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0006%3Acard%3D1 1&ndash;8]; West 1985, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/631535?seq=1 p. 174].</ref> According to [[Ephorus]], Themis helped Apollo find the oracle, with the intent of helping mankind.<ref>[[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D11 9.3.11] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 70 F31b]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis.</ref> Some examples of Themis' visions; In  the story of [[Dryope (daughter of Dryops)|Dryope]] in [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', Themis warns the gods of an oncoming [[Seven against Thebes|civil war in Thebes.]]<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D9%3Acard%3D324 9.324&ndash;417].</ref> In another tale she warns [[Zeus]] and [[Poseidon]] to not marry [[Thetis]] because her son will be more powerful than his father.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D13%3Asection%3D5 3.13.5].</ref> According to Ovid, it was Themis rather than Zeus who told [[Deucalion]] to throw the bones of "[[Gaia (mythology)|his Mother]]" over his shoulder to create a new race of humankind after the deluge.<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.313 1.313&ndash;381]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA404 p. 404]; Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558&ndash;559; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA417 p. 417].</ref> Also according to Ovid, Themis prophesied that a son of Zeus will steal golden apples from the orchard of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]].<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#4.639 4.639]</ref>

In [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' she is tasked with calling the gods to council on Olympus by Zeus.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D20%3Acard%3D1 20.5].</ref>

Themis was present at [[Delos]] to witness the [[Leto#Witnesses at the birth of Apollo|birth of Apollo]], and nursed him with nectar and [[ambrosia]].<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Apollo'' (3), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89 96], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89 123&ndash;125]; Gantz, p. 52; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA144 p. 144]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis.</ref> In his ''[[De astronomia]]'', [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] lists Themis, in addition to the nymph [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]], as the foster-mother and nurse of the young Zeus.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. Hyginus attributes this statement to "Musaeus", presumably [[Musaeus of Athens]]; see also West, p. 43.</ref> In a fragment of [[Pindar]], Themis was brought from the springs of [[Oceanus]] by the [[Moirai]] (in this version not her daughters) to [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]], where she became the first wife of Zeus (rather than the second), and by him the mother of the [[Horae]].<ref>[[Pindar]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.237.xml fr. 30 Race, p. 236, 237] [= [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata]]'' 5.14.137.1]; Gantz, p. 52.</ref>

According to the lost ''[[Cypria]]'' by [[Stasinus of Cyprus]], Themis and Zeus together plotted the start of the Trojan War.<ref>''[[Cypria]]'' fragment [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/348/348-h/348-h.htm#linknoteref-3001 1]</ref> According to [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], when the gods defied the orders of Zeus and started fighting each other after the creation of the [[Trojan Horse]], Themis stopped them by warning them of Zeus's wrath.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Posthomerica'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.591.xml 12.202&ndash;215 (pp. 590&ndash;3)].</ref>

In the [[Orphism (religion)|Orphic]] "Rhapsodic Theogony", or Rhapsodies, (first century BC/AD)<ref>Meisner, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]; cf. West 1983, pp. 261&ndash;262.</ref> [[Nyx]] (Night) prophesied that Themis would remain a virgin until [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] gave birth to a child of [[Cronus]].<ref>West, pp. 73, 266; Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'' 30 a ([https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin01proc/page/396/mode/2up?view=theater I 396, 29 Diehl]) [= Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 144 Kern]]. The children Themis later gave birth to were here too the Horae and the Moirai (Orphic frr. [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater 126] [= Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Republic'' II 207, 14 Kr.], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/196/mode/2up?view=theater 162] [= Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'' 41 e ([https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/274/mode/2up?view=theater III 274, 17 Diehl])], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/212/mode/2up?view=theater 181] [= Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'' 40 a ([https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/118/mode/2up?view=theater III 118, 30 Diehl])] Kern; West, pp. 73, 266, 267).</ref>

Themis also played a role in [[Eros]], the young god of love, growing up; according to [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], his mother [[Aphrodite]] was worried about her son, Eros, staying a child forever and brought him to Themis. Themis told her to give Eros a brother, as he wasn't growing because of his solitude. Aphrodite then gave birth to another love god, [[Anteros]] (meaning "counter-love"), and Eros grew whenever he was near him. But every time Anteros was away, Eros shrank back to his previous, small form.<ref>Dwight, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924029135651/page/n269/mode/2up p. 266].</ref>

When four Cretan men ([[Aegolius (mythology)|Aegolius]], [[Celeus (Crete)|Celeus]], [[Cerberus (Greek myth)|Cerberus]] and [[Laius (Crete)|Laius]]) broke into the sacred cavern in [[Crete]] where Rhea had given birth to Zeus in order to steal some of the honey produced there by the sacred bees, Themis and her daughters the Fates convinced Zeus against killing them inside the holy cave, as they considered it impious for anyone to die in the cave, so instead he turned all four into different birds.<ref>[[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''Collection of Transformations'' [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19]</ref>

==Cult==
Themis had several temples in Greece, though they are not described in any great detail by ancient authors. She had temples at the oracular shrine of Zeus at Dodona, at Tanagra,<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.9.22.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=9:chapter=22&highlight=Themis 9.22.1].</ref> in Athens nearby to the [[Acropolis]],<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.22.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=1:chapter=22&highlight=Themis 1.22.1]; Harrison 1912, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n515/mode/2up?view=theater p. 481].</ref> a temple in [[Rhamnous]] beside one of [[Nemesis]],<ref>Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/184/mode/2up p. 184].</ref> and a Temple of Themis Ikhnaia in [[Phthiotis]], Thessalia.<ref>[[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D11 3.2.11]; Harrison 1912, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n515/mode/2up?view=theater p. 481].</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] describes her sanctuary in Thebes in somewhat more detail than what was normally the case and it may therefore have been of more importance:

<blockquote>Along the road from the Neistan gate [at Thebes, Boiotia] are three sanctuaries. There is a sanctuary of Themis, with an image of white marble; adjoining it is a sanctuary of the [[Moirai]] (Moirae, Fates) [her daughters], while the third is of Zeus Agoraios (of the Market.)<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.25.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=9:chapter=25&highlight=Themis 9.25.4].</ref></blockquote>

Themis also had an altar in Olympia: "On what is called the Stomion (Mouth) the altar to Themis has been built."<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+5.14.10&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=5:chapter=14&highlight=Themis 5.14.10].</ref> Themis was sometimes depicted in the sanctuaries of other gods and may have shared temples with them occasionally, and she is mentioned to have shared a temple with Aphrodite in Epidauros: "Within the grove [of the sanctuary of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Epidauros] are a temple of Artemis, an image of Epione, a sanctuary of Aphrodite and Themis, a race-course."<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.27.5&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160:book=2:chapter=27&highlight=Themis 2.27.6].</ref>

The temple of Themis in Athens is found west of the theater of Dionysus.<ref>Acropolis, Temple of Themis. Built between 480 and 320 BC. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313398073</ref> Themis' temple in Dodona is [[Distyle in antis|tetrastyle]] [[Portico|pronaos]] in antis with a [[cella]], an entrance on the northside and outside was a large altar. The temple columns in Dodona were [[Ionic order|Ionic]] made out of local sandstone.<ref>Temple of Themis. 4th-3rd centuries BC, 14-Jun-09. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313399354</ref>

== Modern depictions and dedications ==
[[File:Themis in front of the Bank of China.jpg|thumb|A modern statue in Hong Kong showing Themis with her eyes covered.]]

Themis in modern-day depictions is often called "[[Lady Justice]]"<ref>{{Cite book|last=West Publishing Company|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoamericanl11west/page/687/mode/2up|title=The Guide to American law: everyone's legal encyclopedia|date=1983|publisher=St. Paul [Minn.] : West Pub. Co.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-314-73224-8|pages=687–688}}</ref> and statues can be found outside many courthouses.

In 2022, the [[Palais de la Cour de Justice|building]] hosting the main courtroom of the Court of Justice of the European Union's [[General Court (European Union)|General Court]] was renamed ''The Themis Building''.<ref name=CJEU>{{cite web |title=Themis Building |url=https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/p1_3943796/en/ |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=1 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==

{{chart top|Themis's family tree<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132&ndash;138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337&ndash;411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453&ndash;520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901&ndash;906, 915&ndash;920]; Caldwell, pp. 8&ndash;11, tables 11&ndash;14.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP=[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV | |OCE | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS | |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[River gods (Greek mythology)|Rivers]]</small>|OCE=<small>The&nbsp;[[Oceanids]]</small>|HEL=[[Helios]]|SEL=[[Selene]]<ref>Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371&ndash;374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99&ndash;100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.</ref>|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|v|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=[[Hestia]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=[[Demeter]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]&nbsp;(or&nbsp;[[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]])<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507&ndash;511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.</ref>|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE='''THEMIS'''}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |!| | | | | |!}}
{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | |MUS | | | | |!|ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]<ref>According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d&ndash;114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].</ref>|MEN=[[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]<ref>In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444, 445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446, 447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538, 539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.</ref>|EPI=[[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]|MUS=<small>The&nbsp;[[Muses]]</small>|HOR=<small>The&nbsp;[[Horae]]</small>}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |EUN | |DIK | |EIR | | |CLO | |LAC | |ATR | |EUN=[[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]]|DIK=[[Dike (mythology)|Dike]]|EIR=[[Eirene (goddess)|Eirene]]|CLO=[[Clotho]]|LAC=[[Lachesis (mythology)|Lachesis]]|ATR=[[Atropos]]}}
{{chart|border=0| | | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|HOR |~|~|~|~|J|L|~|~|~|~|MOI|~|~|~|~|J|HOR=<small>The [[Horae]]</small>|MOI=<small>The [[Moirai]]<ref>Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], the Moirai are instead called the offspring of [[Nyx]] (Night).</ref></small>}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* {{anli|Adikia}}
* {{anli|Adrestia}}
* {{anli|Dharma}}
* {{anli|Lady Justice}}
* {{anli|Libra (astrology)|Libra}}
* {{anli|Ma'at}}
* {{anli|Me (mythology)|''Me''}}
* {{anli|Raguel (angel)|Raguel}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Oresteia|The Eumenides]]'' in ''Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in Two volumes'', Vol. 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1926, [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg007.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Aeschylus]], ''Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. [https://topostext.org/work/126 Online version at the Topos Text Project].
* [[Apostolos Athanassakis|Athanassakis, Apostolos N.]], and Benjamin M. Wolkow, ''The Orphic Hymns'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0882-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC Google Books].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Robert S. P. Beekes|Beekes, Robert S. P.]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17418-4}}. [https://dictionaries.brillonline.com/greek Online version at Brill].
* ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'', Volume 14, Sym-Tub, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-90-04-14219-0}}. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version at Brill].
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}.
* Cavarzeran, Jacopo, ''Scholia in Euripidis "Hippolytum": Edizione critica, introduzione, indici'', [[De Gruyter]], 2016. {{ISBN|978-3-110-47139-7}}. [https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/document/doi/10.1515/9783110471397/html Online version at De Gruyter]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9kBnDQAAQBAJ Google Books].
* [[Ernst Diehl|Diehl, Ernst]], ''Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria'', Volume I, [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Leipzig, Teubner, 1903. [https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin01proc/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Ernst Diehl|Diehl, Ernst]], ''Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria'', Volume III, [[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]], Leipzig, Teubner, 1903. [https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
* Dwight, Mary Ann, and White, Andrew Dickson, ''Grecian and Roman mythology'', New York, Putnam, 1849. [http://archive.org/details/cu31924029135651 Internet Archive].
* [[Joseph Fontenrose|Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy]], ''Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins'', [[University of California Press]], 1959. {{ISBN|978-0-520-04091-5}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC Google Books].
* Fowler, R. L. (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}.
* Fowler, R. L. (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0198147411}}.
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Jane Ellen Harrison|Harrison, Jane Ellen]] (1908), ''Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion'', second edition, Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1908. [https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Jane Ellen Harrison|Harrison, Jane Ellen]] (1912), ''Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion'', Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1912. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Hesiod]], ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], [[Iliad|''The Iliad'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0134 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 4 ''to Hermes'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg004.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' in ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma'', Hackett Publishing Company,  2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}.
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Astronomica'' ''from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at the Topos Text Project].
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* [[Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller|Müller, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig]], ''Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum'', Volume I, Paris, Ambroise Firmin-Didot, 1841. [https://archive.org/stream/fragmentahistori01mueluoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive]. [https://www.dfhg-project.org/ Online version at the DFHG].
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [https://topostext.org/work/141 Online version at the Topos Text Project].
* ''[[The Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', second edition,  [[N. G. L. Hammond|Hammond, N.G.L.]] and [[Howard Hayes Scullard]] (editors), [[Oxford University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869117-3}}.
* [[Pindar]], ''Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments'', Edited and translated by William H. Race. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99534-5}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL485/1997/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'', edited and translated by Neil Hopkinson, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 19, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2018. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99716-5}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL019/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Strabo]],  [[Geographica|''Geography'']], Editors, H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., London. George Bell & Sons. 1903. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3Dnotice Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1983), ''The Orphic Poems'', [[Clarendon Press]] Oxford, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814854-8}}.
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{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{cite EB9|wstitle=Themis|volume=23|page=250}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Themis|volume=26|page=758}}

{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Children of Gaia]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Divine women of Zeus]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Justice goddesses]]
[[Category:Oracular goddesses]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Titans (mythology)]]
[[Category:Women of the Trojan war]]
[[Category:Olympian deities]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Prophecy]]