Editing Theatrum Orbis Terrarum

{{short description|1570 atlas by Abraham Ortelius}}
{{For|''Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive, Atlas novus'' by Blaeu 1635|Atlas Maior}}

{{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}<!--3 sections have no citations-->
{{Infobox book
| italic title   = <!--(see above)-->
| name           = {{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}
| image          =  Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, by Abraham Ortelius, World, 1572.jpg
| image_size     = 400
| caption        = In 1570 (May 20) Gilles Coppens de Diest at Antwerp published 53 maps created by [[Abraham Ortelius]] under the title {{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}, considered the "first modern atlas".{{#tag:ref|The first work that contained systematically arranged maps of uniform size, intended to be published in a book, thus representing the first modern atlas, was ''De Summa totius Orbis'' (1524–26) by the 16th-century Italian cartographer [[Pietro Coppo]]. Nonetheless, this distinction is conventionally awarded to Abraham Ortelius's {{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}.<ref name=Mercator>{{cite book |url=http://mail.nysoclib.org/Mercator_Atlas/MCRATS.PDF |title=Atlas sive Cosmographicæ Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura |first1=Gerardus |last1=Mercator | first2=Robert W. Jr. | last2=Karrow |publisher=Library of Congress |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310032427/http://mail.nysoclib.org/Mercator_Atlas/MCRATS.PDF |archive-date=2016-03-10 }}</ref> |group=note}}  Three [[Latin]] editions of this (besides a [[Dutch language|Dutch]], a French and a [[German language|German]] edition) appeared before the end of 1572; twenty-five editions came out before Ortelius' death in 1598; and several others were published subsequently, for the atlas continued to be in demand till about 1612. This is the world map from this atlas.
| author         =  Abraham Ortelius
| genre          = Atlas
| publisher      = Gilles Coppens de Diest 
| pub_date       = 1570 
}}
'''{{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}''' ({{IPA|la|tʰɛˈaːtrũː ˈɔrbɪs tɛˈrːaːrũː|lang}}, "Theatre of the Lands of the World") is considered to be the first true modern [[atlas]]. Written by [[Abraham Ortelius]], strongly encouraged by [[Gillis Hooftman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mill.arts.kuleuven.be/decastro/en/n_29.htm |title=Gillis Hooftman: Businessman and Patron (engl.) |publisher=Mill.arts.kuleuven.be |access-date=2019-02-25}}</ref> and originally printed on 20 May 1570 in [[Antwerp]],<ref name="WDL1">{{cite web|title=Map of the Gold-Producing Region of Peru. Florida. The Guastecan Region.|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/469/|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>  it consisted of a collection of uniform [[map]] sheets and supporting text bound to form a book for which copper printing plates were specifically engraved. The Ortelius atlas is sometimes referred to as the summary of sixteenth-century [[cartography]]. The publication of the {{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}} (1570) is often considered as the official beginning of the [[Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography]] (approximately 1570s–1670s).{{#tag:ref|Sometimes known as the [[Golden Age of Dutch cartography]].|group=note}}

==Contents==
The atlas contained virtually no maps from the hand of Ortelius, but 53 bundled maps of other masters, with the source as indicated. Previously, groupings of disparate maps were only released as custom lots, to individual order. In the Ortelius atlas, however, the maps were all in the same style and of the same size, printed from copper plates, logically arranged by continent, region and state. In addition to the maps he provided a descriptive comment and referrals on the reverse. This was the first time that the entirety of Western European knowledge of the world was brought together in one book.

In the bibliography, in the section 'Catalogus Auctorum', not only were the 33 cartographers mentioned whose work was recorded in the Theatrum (which at the time was not yet customary), but also the total of 87 cartographers of the 16th century that Ortelius knew. This list grew in every Latin Edition, and included no less than 183 names in 1601. Among the sources the following are mentioned: for the world map, the ''World Map'' (1561) by [[Giacomo Gastaldi]]; the ''porto Avenue of the Atlantic coast'' (1562) by [[Diego Gutiérrez (cartographer)|Diego Gutierrez]], the ''world map'' (1569) of [[Gerardus Mercator]], which have eight maps derived from the Theatrum.{{clarify|date=May 2019}}

For the map of Europe, ''wall map'' (1554). of the Mercator ''map of Scandinavia'' (1539) by Olaus Magnus, map of Asia was derived from his own ''Asia-map'' from 1567, which in turn was inspired by that of Gastaldi (1559).{{clarify|date=May 2019}} Also for [[Africae Tabula Nova|the Africa map]] he referred to Gastaldi.

This work by Ortelius, consisted of a collection of the best maps, refined by himself, combined into one map or split across multiple, and on the same size (folios of approximately 35 x 50&nbsp;cm). The naming and location coordinates were not normalized.

==Editions==
After the initial publication of {{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}}, Ortelius regularly revised and expanded the atlas,<ref name=WDL1/> reissuing it in various formats until his death in 1598. From its original seventy maps and eighty-seven bibliographic references in the first edition (1570), the atlas grew through its thirty-one editions to encompass 183 references and 167 maps in 1612.

The [https://search.sl.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21154252600002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US online copy of the 1573 volume] held by the State Library of New South Wales contains 70 numbered double-page sheets, tipped onto stubs at the centerfold, with six maps combined with descriptive letterpress on the recto of each first leaf. The legends of most maps name the author whose map Ortelius adapted. In the preface Ortelius credits [[Frans Hogenberg|Franciscus Hogenberg]] with engraving nearly all the maps.<ref>{{cite book | title = Theatrum orbis terrarum | author = Ortelius, Abraham | publisher = Antuerpiae: Auctoris aere & cura impressum, absolutumq́ue apud Aegid. Coppenium Diesth | date = 1573 | url = https://search.sl.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21154252600002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US }}</ref>

The 1573 ''Additamentum'' to the atlas is notable for containing [[Humphrey Llwyd]]'s ''[[Cambriae Typus]]'', the first map to show Wales on its own.<ref name="Map of Wales">{{cite web | url=http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/20019/ | title=Map of Wales, 'Cambriae Typus' by Humphrey Lhuyd, 1573 | work=Gathering the Jewels | access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref>

{{Lang|la|Theatrum Orbis Terrarum}} is used as the centerpiece of the [[Fool's Cap Map of the World]], which is a satirical presentation of Europe's understanding of the globe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Lauren |date=2017-02-13 |title=The Enduring Mystery of the 'Fool's Cap Map of the World' |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/16th-century-fools-map |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref>

From the 1630s, the [[Willem Blaeu|Blaeu]] family issued their work under a similar title, ''[[Atlas Maior|Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive, Atlas Novus]]''.

== Structure ==
[[File:Bodleian Libraries, Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum Titlepage with four figures which embody the four known continents.jpg|thumb|Title page from a 1606 edition with female figures representing the continents]]
All the editions had the same structure. They started with an allegorical title page, on which the five known continents were presented by allegorical women, with Europe as the Queen. Then a reference to [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], King of Spain and the Low Countries, and a poem by Adolphus Mekerchus (Adolf of Meetkercke). From 1579, the editions contain a portrait of Ortelius by Philip Galle, an introduction by Ortelius, in the Latin editions followed by a recommendation by [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]. This is followed by the bibliography (''Catalogus Auctorum''), an index (''Index Tabularum''), the maps with text on the back, followed (starting from 1579 in the Latin editions) by a register of place names in ancient times (''Nomenclator''), the treatise, the ''Mona Druidum insula'' of the Welsh scientist Humphrey Lhuyd (Humphrey Llwyd) over the Anglesey coat of arms, and finally the 'privilege' and a [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]].

== Cost ==
The moneyed middle class, which had much interest in knowledge and science, turned out to be very much interested in the convenient size and the pooling of knowledge. For buyers who were not strong in Latin, from the end of 1572, in addition to the Latin version, Dutch, German and French editions were published. 
This rapid success prompted the Ortelius Theatrum to constantly expand and improve. In 1573, he released 17 more additional maps under the title ''Additamentum Theatri Orbis Terrarum'', bringing the total at 70 maps. By Ortelius' death in 1598, there were twenty-five editions that had appeared in seven different languages.

== Image gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Atlas Ortelius KB PPN369376781-091av-091br.jpg|<small>Africa and the Arabian Peninsula</small>
File:Abraham Ortelius - Tvrcici imperii descriptio.jpg|<small>[[Turkish Empire]]</small>
File:Bodleian Libraries, Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae descriptio.jpg|<small>[[Russia]] and [[Tartary]]</small>
File:Bodleian Libraries, Chinae.jpg|<small>China and South East Asia, with West at the top</small>
File: Ortelius - Maris Pacifici 1589.jpg|<small>[[Maris Pacifici]] including Terra Australis</small>
File: Mapa Polski i Litwy 1570.jpg|<small>[[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]]</small>
File:Map of Ireland 1 by Abraham Ortelius.jpeg|<small>[[Hibernia]]</small>
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[Maris Pacifici]]
*[[Early world maps]]
*[[History of cartography]]
*[[List of geographers]]
*[[Mappa Mundi]]
*[[Here be dragons]]
*[[Terra incognita]]
*[[Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography]] (also known as the [[Golden Age of Dutch cartography|Golden Age of Dutch and Flemish cartography]])

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/80561 High-resolution zoomable images from the 1570A edition] – from RareMaps.com
*[http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/49843 High resolution zoomable images from the 1574 edition] – collection item from the [[State Library of Victoria]]
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8978/ High-resolution scan of French edition (1587) of the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum] – from the [[World Digital Library]]
*[https://search.sl.nsw.gov.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21154252600002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US High resolution zoomable images from the 1573 edition] – collection item from the [[State Library of New South Wales]]

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[[Category:1570 books]]
[[Category:Atlases]]
[[Category:1570 in the Habsburg Netherlands]]
[[Category:16th-century books in Latin]]
[[Category:Historic maps of the world]]
[[Category:Early modern Netherlandish cartography]]