Editing The Razor's Edge

{{Short description|1944 novel by William Somerset Maugham}}
{{Other uses|The Razor's Edge (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name         = The Razor's Edge
| image        = The_Razor's_Edge_1st_ed.jpg
| caption      = First edition
| author       = [[W. Somerset Maugham]]
| cover_artist =
| country      = United States
| language     = English
| genre        =
| publisher    = [[Doubleday, Doran]]
| release_date = 1944
| media_type   = Print (hardback and paperback)
| pages        = 314 (paperback)
| isbn         = 1-4000-3420-5
| dewey        = 813.54
| oclc         = 53054407
| preceded_by  =
| followed_by  =
}}

'''''The Razor's Edge''''' is a 1944 novel by [[W. Somerset Maugham]].  It tells the story of Larry Darrell, an American pilot traumatized by his experiences in [[World War I]], who sets off in search of some transcendent meaning in his life.  Maugham is the narrator whose narration takes the form of relating his conversations and reactions to the characters. He finds Larry both mystifying and compelling. The story begins through the eyes of Larry's friends and acquaintances as they witness his personality change after the war. His rejection of conventional life and search for meaningful experience allows him to thrive while the more materialistic characters suffer reversals of fortune.

The novel's title comes from a translation of a verse in the ''[[Katha Upanishad]]'', paraphrased in the book's [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] as: "The sharp edge of a razor is difficult to pass over; thus the wise say the path to Salvation is hard."<ref>[http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/katha.html Katha Upanishad] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207183955/http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/katha.html|date=7 February 2009 }} 1–III–14. "Arise, awake, and learn by approaching the exalted ones, for that path is sharp as a razor's edge, impassable, and hard to go by, say the wise."</ref><ref>[http://www.timesquotidian.com/tag/katha-upanishad/ Razors Edge: The Katha Upanishad] by Nancy Cantwell. Timequotidian.com, 29 January 2010.</ref>

The book has twice been adapted into film;
[[The Razor's Edge (1946 film)|first in 1946]] starring [[Tyrone Power]] and [[Gene Tierney]], with [[Herbert Marshall]] as Maugham and [[Anne Baxter]] as Sophie, and then a [[The Razor's Edge (1984 film)|1984 adaptation]] starring [[Bill Murray]].

== Plot ==
Wounded and traumatised by the death of a comrade in the War, Larry Darrell returns to Chicago and his fiancée Isabel Bradley, only to announce that he does not plan to seek paid employment and instead will "loaf" on his small inheritance.  He wants to delay their marriage and refuses to take up a job as a stockbroker offered to him by Henry Maturin, the father of his friend Gray.  Meanwhile, Sophie, Larry's childhood friend, settles into a happy marriage, only to later tragically lose her husband and baby in a car accident.

Larry moves to Paris and immerses himself in study and bohemian life. After two years of this "loafing", Isabel visits and Larry asks her to join his life of wandering and searching, living in Paris and traveling with little money.  She cannot accept his vision of life and breaks their engagement to go back to [[Chicago]]. There she marries the millionaire Gray, who provides her a rich family life. Meanwhile, Larry begins a sojourn through Europe, taking a job at a coal mine in [[Lens, France]], where he befriends a former Polish army officer named Kosti. Kosti's influence encourages Larry to look toward things spiritual for his answers rather than in books.  Larry and Kosti leave the coal mine and travel together for a time before parting ways. Larry then meets a [[Benedictine Order|Benedictine]] monk named Father Ensheim in Bonn, Germany, while Father Ensheim is on leave from his monastery doing academic research. After spending months with the Benedictines and being unable to reconcile their conception of God with his own, Larry takes a job on an ocean liner and finds himself in [[Bombay]].

Larry has spiritual adventures in India and comes back to Paris. What he actually found in India and what he finally concluded are held back from the reader for a considerable time until, in a scene late in the book, Maugham discusses India and spirituality with Larry in a café long into the evening.  He starts off the chapter by saying "I feel it right to warn the reader that he can very well skip this chapter without losing the thread of the story as I have to tell, since for most part it is nothing more than the account of a conversation that I had with Larry. However, I should add that except for this conversation, I would perhaps not have thought it worthwhile to write this book."  Maugham then initiates the reader to [[Advaita]] philosophy and reveals how, through deep meditation and contact with Bhagawan [[Ramana Maharshi]], disguised as Sri [[Ganesha]] in the novel, Larry goes on to realise God through the experience of [[samadhi]]—thus becoming a saint—and in the process gains liberation from the cycle of human suffering, birth, and death that the rest of the earthly mortals are subject to.

The [[Wall Street crash of 1929|1929 stock market crash]] has ruined Gray, and he and Isabel are invited to live in her uncle Elliott Templeton's grand Parisian house.  Gray is often incapacitated with agonising migraines due to a general nervous collapse.  Larry is able to help him using an Indian form of hypnotic suggestion.  Sophie has also drifted to the French capital, where her friends find her reduced to alcohol, opium, and promiscuity – empty and dangerous liaisons that seem to help her to bury her pain.  Larry first sets out to save her and then decides to marry her, a plan which displeases Isabel, who is still in love with him.

Isabel tempts Sophie back into alcoholism with a bottle of [[Zubrowka|zubrovka]] and she disappears from Paris.  Maugham deduces this after seeing Sophie in [[Toulon]], where she has returned to smoking opium and promiscuity.  He is drawn back into the tale when police interrogate him after Sophie has been found murdered with an inscribed book from him in her room, along with volumes by [[Baudelaire]] and [[Rimbaud]].

Meanwhile, in [[Antibes]], Elliott Templeton is on his deathbed.  Despite the fact that he has throughout his life compulsively sought out aristocratic society, none of his titled friends come to see him, which makes him alternately morose and irate.  But his outlook on death is somewhat positive: "I have always moved in the best society in Europe, and I have no doubt that I shall move in the best society in heaven."

Isabel inherits his fortune, but genuinely grieves for her uncle.  Maugham confronts her about Sophie, having figured out Isabel's role in Sophie's downfall.  Isabel's only punishment will be that she will never get Larry, who has decided to return to the United States of America and live as a common working man.  He is uninterested in the rich and glamorous world that Isabel will move in.  Maugham ends his narrative by suggesting that all the characters got what they wanted in the end: "Elliott social eminence; Isabel an assured position...Sophie death; and Larry happiness."

== Influences and critical reception ==
[[File:RazorsEdgeNew.jpg|thumb|1946 hardcover edition promoting the [[The Razor's Edge (1946 film)|first film adaptation]]]]
Maugham, like [[Hermann Hesse]], anticipated a fresh embrace of [[Eastern world|Eastern culture]] by Americans and Europeans almost a decade before the [[Beat generation|Beats]] were to popularise it.  (Americans had explored Eastern philosophy before these authors, in the nineteenth century through the [[Transcendentalists]], [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophists]], the visit of [[Vivekananda]] in 1893, and then [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]]'s move to the US in 1920.) Maugham visited [[Sri Ramana Ashram]], where he had a direct interaction with [[Ramana Maharshi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India in 1938.<ref>Talk 550. 15 October 1938. ''Talks with Ramana Maharshi''. Inner Directions Press. {{ISBN|978-1-878019-00-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eastern promise|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/05/17000630/Hidden-camera.html?d=1|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=17 May 2008}}</ref> Maugham's suggestion that he "invented nothing" was a source of annoyance for [[Christopher Isherwood]], who helped him translate the verse (1.3.14) from the [[Katha Upanishad]] for the novel's epigraph – उत्तिष्ठ जाग्रत प्राप्य वरान्निबोधत| क्षुरस्य धारा निशिता दुरत्यया दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति|| (uttiṣṭha jāgrata prāpya varān nibodhata| kṣurasya dhārā niśitā duratyayā durga pathas tat kavayo vadanti|| ) – which means "Rise, wake up, seek the wise and realize. The path is difficult to cross like the sharpened edge of the razor (knife), so say the wise."

Many thought Isherwood, who had built his own literary reputation by then and was studying [[Indian philosophy]], was the basis for the book's hero.<ref name="Time">"Fable of Beasts & Men". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.  5 November 1945.</ref> Isherwood went so far as to write to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' denying this speculation.<ref name="Isherwood">Isherwood's letter to ''Time'' is cited in Christopher Isherwood, ''My Guru and His Disciple'', page 183.</ref> It has been suggested that [[Guy Hague]] was an important influence in the character of Darrell, although it now appears that he was not at Ramanasramam when Maugham visited.<ref name="Godman 1988">Godman, David (1988) [http://davidgodman.org/rteach/smaugham.shtml ''Somerset Maugham and The Razor's Edge''] http://davidgodman.org</ref> The English poet and translator Lewis Thompson is thought to be a more likely candidate.<ref>Thompson, Lewis, and Lannoy, Richard (ed) (2011), ''Fathomless Heart: The Spiritual and Philosophical Reflections of an English Poet-Sage'', p. 1, North Atlantic Books</ref> David Haberman has pointed out that [[Krishna Prem|Ronald Nixon]], an Englishman who took monastic vows and became known as Krishna Prem, served as a fighter pilot in the First World War and experienced a crisis of meaninglessness that was "strikingly similar" to that experienced by Larry.<ref name=haberman93>{{cite journal|last=Haberman|first=David L.|title=A cross‐cultural adventure: The transformation of Ronald Nixon|journal=Religion|date=1 July 1993|volume=23|issue=3|pages=217–227|doi=10.1006/reli.1993.1020|publisher=Routledge|issn=0048-721X}}  Haberman states that Nixon's "direct experiences with the death and destruction of warfare filled him with a sense of futility and meaninglessness (strikingly similar to the experience of Larry in Sommerset Maugham's ''The Razor's Edge'')" (p. 283).</ref>

Another distinct possibility for influence is raised by the anglicised American, British MP [[Henry Channon|Chips Channon]] in his diaries.<ref name="Chips 1944">sPress. {{ISBN|978-1-257-02549-7}}.  Channon, Henry (1967).  Rhodes James, Robert, ed. ''Chips: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. {{ISBN|978-1-85799-493-3}}.</ref> During a trip to New York in August 1944, Channon wrote "I saw much of Somerset Maugham, who never before was a friend. He has put me into a book, 'the Razor's Edge' and when I dined with him, I asked him why he had done it, and he explained, with some embarrassment, that he had split me into three characters, and then written a book about all three. So I am Elliott Templeton, Larry, himself the hero of the book, and another: however I am flattered, and the book is a masterpiece ...".

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{FadedPage|id=20171032|name=The Razor's Edge}}
* ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine [https://books.google.com/books?id=lE0EAAAAMBAJ&dq=maugham+the+razor%27s+edge&pg=PA97 article about ''Razor's Edge'' movie] ("Movie of the Week: ''The Razor's Edge'' – Maugham book makes superb film", 18 November 1946, pp.&nbsp;97–100).

{{W. Somerset Maugham}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Razors Edge, The}}
[[Category:1944 British novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Doubleday, Doran books]]
[[Category:Novels by W. Somerset Maugham]]