Editing The Exorcist (novel)

{{Short description|1971 novel by William Peter Blatty}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name          = The Exorcist
| image         = The Exorcist 1971.jpg
| image_size    = 
| caption = First edition cover
| author        = [[William Peter Blatty]]
| cover_artist  = 
| country       = United States
| language      = English
| genre         = Horror
| publisher     = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]]
| release_date  = May 5, [[1971 in literature|1971]]
| media_type    = Print (hardcover, paperback)
| pages         = 340 (first edition)
| isbn          = 978-0-06-010365-1
| oclc          = 29760583
| followed_by   = [[Legion (Blatty novel)|Legion]]
}}

'''''The Exorcist''''' is a 1971 [[Horror fiction|horror novel]] written by American writer [[William Peter Blatty]] and published by [[Harper (publisher)|Harper & Row]]. The book details the [[demonic possession]] of eleven-year-old [[Regan MacNeil]], the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to [[Exorcism|exorcise]] the demon. The novel was the basis of a highly successful [[The Exorcist|1973 film adaptation]], whose screenplay was also written and produced by Blatty, for which he won the [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]] and was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]. More movies and books were eventually added to [[The Exorcist (franchise)|''The Exorcist'' franchise]].

The novel was inspired by a [[Exorcism of Roland Doe|1949 case]] of supposed demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at [[Georgetown University]].<ref name="Pedro Palao Pons">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7h9huFdnsmcC&q=Robbie+Mannheim&pg=PA132|title= Dimension Desconocida|publisher= Ediciones Robinbook|quote= La inspiración del exorcista La historia de Robbie Mannheim es un caso típico de posesión, y es la que dio vida a la película ''El Exorcista''.|access-date = April 4, 2010|isbn = 9788499170015|year = 2009}}</ref> As a result, the novel takes place in Washington, D.C., near the campus of Georgetown University. In September 2011, the novel was reprinted by HarperCollins to celebrate its 40th anniversary, with slight revisions made by Blatty as well as interior title artwork by [[Jeremy Caniglia]].

==Plot==
An elderly [[Jesuit]] priest named [[Father Lankester Merrin]] is leading an archaeological dig in northern [[Iraq]] and is studying ancient relics. After discovering a small statue of the demon [[Pazuzu]] (an actual ancient [[Assyria]]n demon), a series of omens alerts him to a pending confrontation with a powerful evil, which, unknown to the reader at this point, he has battled before in an [[exorcism]] in Africa.

Meanwhile, in [[Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)|Georgetown]], a young girl named [[Regan MacNeil]] is living with her famous mother, actress Chris MacNeil, who is in Georgetown filming a movie. Chris has rented a house for her and Regan to reside in during the filming.  Regan finds a [[Ouija board]] in the basement of the home, which she uses to communicate with an entity who identifies itself as "Captain Howdy".  As Chris finishes her work on the film, Regan begins to become inexplicably ill. After a gradual series of [[poltergeist]]-like disturbances in their rented house, for which Chris attempts to find rational explanations, Regan begins to rapidly undergo disturbing psychological and physical changes: she refuses to eat or sleep, becomes withdrawn, and increasingly aggressive and violent. Regan contorts her body to bow and bend in impossible directions, at one point following around her tutor Sharon, hissing and squirming like a snake. Chris initially mistakes Regan's behavior for the result of repressed anger over her parents' divorce and absent father.

Coupled with these events are disturbances at the local Holy Trinity Church, which has been desecrated on several recent occasions. Detective Kinderman begins investigating Father Karras, as they exchange disturbing stories of [[Black Mass]]es, Catholic theology and 1960s film stars. At this point in the novel, Burke Dennings, Chris's movie director, has been killed, with his head turned completely around.
"Could another human being have done it? Yes, but he'd have to be an exceptionally powerful man."

After several unsuccessful psychiatric and medical treatments (X-rays, medication, [[Temporal lobe epilepsy|temporal]] lobe analysis), Regan's mother, an [[atheist]], turns to a local Jesuit priest for help as Regan's personality becomes increasingly disturbed and the doctors still cannot find a source. Father [[Damien Karras]], who is currently going through a crisis of faith coupled with the recent loss of his mother, agrees to see Regan as a psychiatrist, but initially resists the notion that it is an actual demonic possession, pointing to advances in science which can explain what was previously assumed to be possession. After a few meetings with the child, now completely inhabited by a diabolical personality claiming to be the devil, he turns to the local bishop for permission to perform an exorcism on the child.

The bishop with whom he consults does not believe Karras is qualified to perform the rites, and appoints the experienced Merrin—who has recently returned to the United States—to perform the exorcism, although he does allow the doubt-ridden Karras to assist him. The lengthy exorcism tests the priests both physically and spiritually. When Merrin, who had previously suffered [[cardiac arrhythmia]], dies during the process, completion of the exorcism ultimately falls upon Father Karras. When he demands that the demonic spirit inhabit him instead of the innocent Regan, the demon seizes the opportunity to possess the priest. Karras heroically surrenders his own life in exchange for Regan's by [[Suicide by jumping from height#Jumping out of a window|jumping out of her bedroom window]] and dies, regaining his faith in God as his [[last rites]] are read.

==Writing==

Blatty had considered writing a novel based on the Doe exorcism since he had written about it as a college student, even as he became successful as a comic novelist and screenwriter in the early 1960s, but his agent talked him out of doing so when he raised the subject. But after seeing [[Rosemary's Baby (film)|the film version]] of [[Ira Levin]]'s ''[[Rosemary's Baby (novel)|Rosemary's Baby]]'' in 1968, Blatty told his wife that he wanted to write a story like that. He liked the way director [[Roman Polanski]] had kept the audience unsure whether the title character's concerns for her unborn child were genuine or not, but felt the ending was "schlocky", reducing the Devil to a joke.<ref name="Zinoman book">{{Cite book |last=Zinoman |first=Jason |title=Shock Value: How a Few Eccentric Outsiders Gave Us Nightmares, Conquered Hollywood, and Invented Modern Horror |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9781101516966 |chapter=Chapter Five: 'Shock or Awe' |author-link=Jason Zinoman |access-date=March 3, 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKMQiZOQc04C&pg=PT51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101507/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Shock_Value/xKMQiZOQc04C?hl=en&gbpv=1&d&pg=PT51&printsec=frontcover |pages=90–92|archive-date=March 8, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Blatty believed he could improve on the ending of ''Rosemary's Baby'', making the spiritual struggle a more central theme of the story. After he pitched the story to an editor at [[Bantam Books]] at a cocktail party, he received a $25,000 advance (${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|25000|1968|r=-3}}}} in {{inflation-year|US}}{{inflation-fn|US}}) and began writing at his home in [[Encino, California]], taking stimulants to write for 16 hours a day and finish the novel in the expected 10 months. As he wrote, the story, which Blatty originally envisioned taking place largely in a courtroom, instead moved to the locations of the events recounted and become darker, with the possessed Regan masturbating with a crucifix and screaming obscene words at the priests trying to cast the demon out, all to make the evil more uniformly repulsive to readers.<ref name="Zinoman book" />

==Inspirations==
Aspects of the Father Merrin character were based on the British archaeologist [[Gerald Lankester Harding]], who had excavated the caves where the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] had been found and whom Blatty had met in Beirut. Blatty has stated that Harding "was the physical model in my mind when I created the character [of Merrin], whose first name, please note, is Lankester".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theninthconfiguration.com/2009/ |title=A website dedicated to William Peter Blatty, The Ninth Configuration & Legion |publisher=TheNinthConfiguration.com |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-date=August 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830072847/https://www.theninthconfiguration.com/2009/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another inspiration was the Jesuit theologian [[Pierre Teilhard de Chardin]], a trained archeologist who worked on several notable digs.<ref name="Friedkin THR memoir excerpt">{{Cite news |last=Friedkin |first=William |author-link=William Friedkin |date=April 26, 2013 |title='Exorcist' Director William Friedkin Reveals the Struggle to Make the Classic Film |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/exorcist-director-william-friedkin-reveals-444127/ |access-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002172033/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/exorcist-director-william-friedkin-reveals-444127/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aspects of the novel were inspired by an exorcism performed by the Jesuit priest, Fr. [[William S. Bowdern]], who formerly taught at both St. Louis University and [[St. Louis University High School]]. Recent investigative research by freelance journalist Mark Opsasnick indicates that this was the real 1949 exorcism of a young boy from [[Cottage City, Maryland]], whom Opsasnick refers to using the pseudonyms [[Robbie Mannheim]] and Roland Doe. The boy was sent to his relative's home on Roanoke Drive in St. Louis where most of the exorcism took place.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html |title=Part I – The Haunted Boy: the Inspiration for the Exorcist |publisher=Strangemag.com |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003052203/http://www.strangemag.com/exorcistpage1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, according to the journalist: "There is simply too much evidence that indicates that as a boy he [Roland Doe] had serious emotional problems stemming from his home life. There is not one shred of hard evidence to support the notion of demonic possession".

Blatty refers to the [[Loudun possessions]] and the [[Louviers possessions]] throughout the story, mostly when Fr. Karras is researching possession and exorcism to present the case to his superiors.<ref>Pages 245–250 in the 40th Anniversary edition.</ref> He also has one of his characters tell a brief story about an unnamed fraudulent [[Mediumship|medium]] who had studied to be a Jesuit priest. This story can be found in ''Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research'', Vol. 114. 1930, in an article about fraudulent practices by [[Daniel Dunglas Home]].<ref>Count Petrovsky-Petrovo-Solovo. "Some Thoughts on D.D. Home". In ''Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research'', Vol. 114. 1930. Quoted in John Casey (2009), ''After Lives: A Guide to Heaven, Hell and Purgatory''. Oxford. pp. 373–374.</ref>

It has been speculated that [[Shirley McLaine]], a former neighbor of the Blattys in California, may have been the basis for the Chris MacNeil character. The last name is similar; "Neil" may be an anagram of "Laine."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laycock |first=Joseph |date=2009 |title=The Folk Piety of William Peter Blatty: ''The Exorcist'' in the Context of Secularization |url=https://www.religjournal.com/pdf/ijrr05006.pdf |journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion |volume=5 |page=13 |issn=1556-3723 |access-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012191717/https://www.religjournal.com/pdf/ijrr05006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Another correspondence between life and art: at the time Blatty knew MacLaine, she, like Chris MacNeil, had a married European couple as household staff. In addition, Blatty incorporated quotes from McLaine into the novel's dialogue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCabe| first=Bob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iK1VyIuJp4AC&pg=PA138 |title=The Exorcist |publisher=Omnibus |year=1999|page=23|isbn=0-7119-7509-4 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428033826/https://books.google.com/books?id=iK1VyIuJp4AC&pg=PA138 |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=October 5, 2020}}</ref>

==Achievements==
According to research from the Spanish Book Institute, the Spanish-translated version was the eighth-most popular book sold in Spain in 1975.<ref>[[Folha de S.Paulo]], [http://acervo.folha.com.br/fsp/1976/01/28/21/4278148 Ilustrada, p.5, January 28, 1976 (in Portuguese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105175745/http://acervo.folha.com.br/fsp/1976/01/28/21/4278148 |date=November 5, 2015 }} – Retrieved December 29, 2011.</ref>

==Editions==
[[Cemetery Dance Publications|Cemetery Dance]] published a special omnibus edition of ''The Exorcist'' and its sequel ''[[Legion (Blatty novel)|Legion]]'' in October 2010, signed by Blatty ({{ISBN|978-1587672118}}). A limited edition of 750 copies (with an additional 52 leatherbound copies), it is now [[out of print]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cemeterydance.com/page/CDP/PROD/blatty02 |title=Cemetery Dance Publications: The Exorcist and Legion (Special Edition) |publisher=Cemeterydance.com |date=December 22, 2010 |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-date=July 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706201510/http://www.cemeterydance.com/page/CDP/PROD/blatty02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2011, ''The Exorcist'' was re-released as a 40th Anniversary Edition in paperback, hardcover and audiobook editions with differing cover artwork. This new, updated edition featured and revised material, as Blatty writes: "The 40th Anniversary Edition of ''The Exorcist'' will have a touch of new material in it as part of an all-around polish of the dialogue and prose. It also features all new cover artwork and interiors by the artist [[Jeremy Caniglia]]. First time around I never had the time (meaning the funds) to do a second draft, and this, finally, is it. With forty years to think about it, a few little changes were inevitable&nbsp;— plus one new character in a totally new, very spooky scene. This is the version I would like to be remembered for".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theninthconfiguration.com/#aug32011 |title=TheNinthConfiguration.com – Further 40th Details |access-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803055442/https://www.theninthconfiguration.com/#aug32011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Translations===
The novel was translated into many languages including Spanish and Bengali. The Bengali translation was done by the late popular Bangladeshi novelist and screenwriter [[Humayun Ahmed]].

==Adaptations==
{{Main|The Exorcist|The Exorcist (play)}}
===Feature film===
In 1973, the novel was adapted by Blatty for [[The Exorcist|the film of the same name]] and directed by [[William Friedkin]] with [[Ellen Burstyn]], [[Max von Sydow]], [[Lee J. Cobb]], [[Jack MacGowran]], [[Jason Miller (playwright)|Jason Miller]] and [[Linda Blair]]. The screenplay for the film won Blatty an [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay]]. In 1974 famed Japanese horror author [[Kazuo Umezu]] also created a short comic adaptation of this film.

===Radio===
In February 2014, [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast a two-part adaptation of the novel by Robert Forrest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03w71wx |title=BBC Radio 4 – The Exorcist |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=February 21, 2014 |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-date=March 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303214245/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03w71wx |url-status=live }}</ref> produced and directed by [[Gaynor MacFarlane]] and
starring [[Robert Glenister]] as Father Karras, [[Lydia Wilson]] as Regan, [[Teresa Gallagher]] as Chris MacNeil, [[Karl Johnson (actor)|Karl Johnson]] as Detective Kinderman, [[Bryan Dick]] as Father Dyer, Alexandra Mathie as The Demon and [[Ian McDiarmid]] as Father Merrin.

===Theatre===
A [[The Exorcist (play)|stage adaptation]] of the novel was written by [[John Pielmeier]] and premiered at [[Geffen Playhouse]] in Los Angeles in July 2012. It was directed by [[John Doyle (director)|John Doyle]] and starred [[Brooke Shields]], David Wilson Barnes, Richard Chamberlain, Emily Yetter, [[Harry Groener]], Roslyn Ruff, [[Manoel Felciano]], Tom Nelis, and [[Stephen Bogardus]]. The play made its [[Theatre of the United Kingdom|UK]] premiere at the [[Birmingham Repertory Theatre]] in October 2016, co-produced by [[Bill Kenwright]]. The new production was directed by [[Sean Mathias]], designed by [[Anna Fleischle]] and starred [[Jenny Seagrove]] as Chris, [[Peter Bowles]] as Merrin and [[Adam Garcia]] as Damien.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birmingham-rep.co.uk/news/news/full-cast-and-creative-team-announced-for-the-most/|title=Full Cast & Creative Team Announced For The Most Terrifying Show This Year at Birmingham Repertory Theatre|last=Ltd|first=Made Media|website=www.birmingham-rep.co.uk|access-date=September 24, 2016|archive-date=September 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924112400/http://www.birmingham-rep.co.uk/news/news/full-cast-and-creative-team-announced-for-the-most/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Edward Hughes (exorcist)|Edward Hughes]]
* [[Robbie Mannheim]]
* [[Walter Halloran]] (Fr. Walter Halloran)
* [[William S. Bowdern]] (Fr. William Bowdern)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{The Exorcist}}
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[[Category:1971 American novels]]
[[Category:1970s horror novels]]
[[Category:American horror novels]]
[[Category:Novels based on actual events]]
[[Category:Novels about demons]]
[[Category:Novels about exorcism]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Horror novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:The Exorcist|Novel]]
[[Category:Novels by William Peter Blatty]]
[[Category:Harper & Row books]]