Editing The Cathedral and the Bazaar

{{short description|Book by Eric S. Raymond}}
{{Infobox book
| name          = The Cathedral and the Bazaar
| author        = [[Eric S. Raymond]]
| image         = Cathedral-and-the-Bazaar-book-cover.jpg
| caption = Cover of the paperback compendium edition
| publisher     = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| pub_date      = 1999
| isbn          = 1-565-92724-9
| dewey         = 005.4/32 21
| congress      = QA76.76.O63 R396 1999
| oclc          = 42420737
| pages         = 241
| website       = {{URL|http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/}}
}}
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'''''The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary''''' (abbreviated '''''CatB''''') is an essay, and later a book, by [[Eric S. Raymond]] on [[software engineering]] methods, based on his observations of the [[Linux kernel]] development process and his experiences managing an [[Open-source model|open source]] project, [[fetchmail]]. It examines the struggle between [[top-down and bottom-up design]]. The essay was first presented by Raymond at the [[Linux Kongress]] on May 27, 1997, in [[Würzburg, Germany]], and was published as the second chapter of the same{{nbhyph}}titled book in 1999.

The illustration on the cover of the book is a 1913 painting by [[Lyubov Popova#Development of style: Cubo-Futurism|Lyubov Popova]] titled ''Composition with Figures'' and belongs to the collection of the [[State Tretyakov Gallery]].<ref name="o'reilly website listing">{{cite web|title=Colophon|url=http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596001087.do|work=The Cathedral & the Bazaar|publisher=O'Reily Media|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref> The book was released under the [[Open Publication License]] v2.0 in 1999.<ref name="opl">{{Cite web|title=The Cathedral and the Bazaar|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/|access-date=2023-05-17|website=www.catb.org}}</ref>

==Central thesis==
The software essay contrasts two different [[free software]] development models:

* The ''[[cathedral]]'' model, in which [[source code]] is available with each software release, but code developed between releases is restricted to an exclusive group of [[software developer]]s. [[GNU Emacs]] and [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] were presented as examples.
* The ''[[bazaar]]'' model, in which the code is developed over the [[Internet]] in view of the public. Raymond credits [[Linus Torvalds]], leader of the Linux kernel project, as the inventor of this process. Raymond also provides anecdotal accounts of his own implementation of this model for the [[Fetchmail]] project.

The essay's central thesis is Raymond's proposition that "given enough eyeballs, all [[computer bug|bugs]] are shallow" (which he terms [[Linus's law]]): [[Marketplace of ideas|the more widely available]] the source code is for public testing, scrutiny, and experimentation, the more rapidly all forms of bugs will be discovered. In contrast, Raymond claims that an inordinate amount of time and energy must be spent hunting for bugs in the Cathedral model, since the working version of the code is available only to a few developers.

==Lessons for creating good open source software==

Raymond points to 19 "lessons" learned from various software development efforts, each describing attributes associated with good practice in open source software development:<ref>{{cite web|last=Raymond|first=Eric Steven|title=The Cathedral and the Bazaar|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.html|access-date=18 April 2012}}</ref>
#Every good work of software starts by scratching a developer's personal itch.
#Good programmers know what to write. Great ones know what to rewrite (and reuse).
#Plan to throw one [version] away; you will, anyhow (copied from Frederick Brooks's ''[[The Mythical Man-Month]]'').
#If you have the right attitude, interesting problems will find you.
#When you lose interest in a program, your last duty to it is to hand it off to a competent successor.
#Treating your users as co-developers is your least-hassle route to rapid code improvement and effective debugging.
#[[Release early, release often|Release early. Release often.]] And listen to your customers.
#Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base, almost every problem will be characterized quickly and the fix obvious to someone.
#Smart data structures and dumb code works a lot better than the other way around.
#If you treat your beta-testers as if they're your most valuable resource, they will respond by becoming your most valuable resource.
#The next best thing to having good ideas is recognizing good ideas from your users. Sometimes the latter is better.
#Often, the most striking and innovative solutions come from realizing that your concept of the problem was wrong.
#Perfection (in design) is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but rather when there is nothing more to take away. (Attributed to [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]])
#Any tool should be useful in the expected way, but a truly great tool lends itself to uses you never expected.
#When writing gateway software of any kind, take pains to disturb the data stream as little as possible—and never throw away information unless the recipient forces you to!
#When your [configuration] language is nowhere near [[Turing completeness|Turing-complete]], [[syntactic sugar]] can be your friend.
#A security system is only as secure as its secret. Beware of pseudo-secrets.
#To solve an interesting problem, start by finding a problem that is interesting to you.
#Provided the development coordinator has a communications medium at least as good as the Internet, and knows how to lead without coercion, many heads are inevitably better than one.

==Legacy and reception==
In 1998, the essay helped the final push for [[Netscape Communications Corporation]] to release the [[source code]] for [[Netscape Communicator]] and start the [[Mozilla]] project; it was cited by Frank Hecker and other employees as an outside independent validation of his arguments.<ref>{{cite web | title = Epilog: Netscape Embraces the Bazaar | url = http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ar01s13.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution |chapter= Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla |author= Jim Hamerly and Tom Paquin with Susan Walton |edition= 1st |date= January 1999 |isbn= 1-56592-582-3 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823 |quote= Frank had done his homework, citing Eric Raymond's paper, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar," and talking to people in departments throughout the organization--from engineering to marketing to management. |url-access= registration }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title= Interview: Frank Hecker |author= Louis Suárez-Potts |date= 1 May 2001 |publisher= openoffice.org |url= http://www.openoffice.org/editorial/ec1May.html |quote= (Since it always gets mentioned in relation to Netscape's Mozilla decision, I should also note that Eric Raymond's paper "The Cathedral and the Bazaar" was referenced by me and others who were lobbying Netscape's management. In my opinion the paper's importance in the context of Netscape's decision was mainly that it provided some independent validation of ideas that were already being actively discussed and promoted within Netscape. If you've ever tried to promote a proposal within your organization, then you may have discovered that it's somewhat easier to do this if you can point to someone outside the organization who's saying the same thing.)}}</ref> Netscape's public recognition of this influence brought Raymond renown in hacker culture.<ref name="Williams2011">{{cite book|author=Sam Williams|title=Free as in Freedom &#91;Paperback&#93;: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BB68Ql7ZY_AC&pg=PA161|date=30 November 2011|publisher="O'Reilly Media, Inc."|isbn=978-1-4493-2464-3|pages=161|quote=When Netscape CEO Jim Barksdale cited Raymond's 'Cathedral and the Bazaar' essay as a major influence upon the company's decision, the company instantly elevated Raymond to the level of hacker celebrity. Determined not to squander the opportunity, Raymond traveled west to deliver interviews, advise Netscape executives, and take part in the eventual party celebrating the publication of Netscape Navigator's source code.}}</ref>

When [[O'Reilly Media]] published the book in 1999 it became one of the first complete, commercially distributed books published under the [[Open Publication License]].<ref name="opl"/>

[[Marshall Poe]], in his essay "The Hive", likens [[Wikipedia]] to the bazaar model that Raymond defines.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Hive |magazine=The Atlantic |first=Marshall |last=Poe |date=September 2006 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/|access-date=2012-07-05}}</ref> [[Jimmy Wales]] himself was inspired by the work (as well as arguments put forward in pre-Internet works, such as [[Friedrich Hayek]]'s article "[[The Use of Knowledge in Society]]"), arguing that "It opened my eyes to the possibility of mass collaboration".<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Schiff|first1=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff |title=Annals of Information|url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/31/060731fa_fact|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

In 1999 [[Nikolai Bezroukov]] published two critical essays on [[Eric S. Raymond|Eric Raymond's]] views of open source software, the second one called "A second look at ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''".<ref name="Kurbel2008">{{cite book|author=Karl Eugen Kurbel |title=The Making of Information Systems: Software Engineering and Management in a Globalized World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggVaezlfOCcC&pg=PA222|access-date=15 October 2012|date=23 June 2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-79260-4 |pages=222–}}</ref><ref>Bezroukov, [https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/696/606 Open source software development as a special type of academic research: Critique of vulgar Raymondism]" Accessed 23 May 2019.</ref><ref>Bezroukov, [https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/708/618 A second look at ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar''] Accessed 23 May 2019.</ref><ref name="BergstraBurgess2007">{{cite book|author1=Jan Bergstra |author2=Mark Burgess |title=Handbook of Network and System Administration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUoZ7fKOITQC&pg=PA202 |access-date=15 October 2012 |date=19 December 2007 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-52198-9 |pages=202–}}</ref> They produced a sharp response from Eric Raymond.<ref>Eric S. Raymond, "[http://catb.org/~esr/writings/response-to-bezroukov.html Response to Nikolai Bezroukov]"</ref>

[[Curtis Yarvin]]'s essay "The Cathedral or the Bizarre", which argues for the end of [[American democracy]], is named after the Raymond essay.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yarvin |first1=Curtis |title=The Cathedral or the Bizarre |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-cathedral-or-the-bizarre |website=Tablet |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> 

==See also==
* [[GNU Bazaar]], a distributed version control system named to highlight its relation with the "bazaar" model
* "[[Homesteading the Noosphere]]"

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
 | isbn         = 1-56592-724-9
 | title        = The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
 | last1        =  Raymond
 | first1       =  Eric S.
 | author-link1  = Eric S. Raymond
 | year         =  1999 
 | publisher    = O'Reilly Media
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/}}
* {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=Eric Raymond on Hacking, Open Source, and ''The Cathedral and the Bazaar'' |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/eric_raymond/ |work=[[EconTalk]] |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |author-link=Russ Roberts |date=January 19, 2009}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cathedral And The Bazaar, The}}
[[Category:1997 essays]]
[[Category:1999 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:American essays]]
[[Category:Computer science books]]
[[Category:Books about free software]]
[[Category:O'Reilly Media books]]
[[Category:Software development philosophies]]
[[Category:Software development books]]
[[Category:Software engineering papers]]
[[Category:Open Publication License-licensed works]]
[[Category:Essays by Eric S. Raymond]]
[[Category:Books by Eric S. Raymond]]
[[Category:Scientific essays]]
[[Category:Linus Torvalds]]