Editing The Boys from Brazil (film)

{{short description|1978 film Franklin J. Schaffner}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = The Boys from Brazil
| image          = boys from brazil.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Franklin J. Schaffner]]
| producer       = [[Martin Richards (producer)|Martin Richards]]<br />[[Stanley O'Toole]]
| screenplay     = [[Heywood Gould]]
| based_on       = ''[[The Boys from Brazil (novel)|The Boys from Brazil]]'' <br /> by [[Ira Levin]]
| starring       = [[Gregory Peck]]<br />[[Laurence Olivier]]<br />[[James Mason]]
| music          = [[Jerry Goldsmith]]
| cinematography = [[Henri Decaë]]
| editing        = [[Robert Swink]]
| studio         = [[ITC Films]]<br />Producer Circle
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[20th Century Studios|20th Century-Fox]]<br>(North America)
* [[ITC Film Distributors]] (United Kingdom)
}}
| released       = {{Film date|1978|10|6|United States|1979|3|15|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{AFI film|56215}}</ref>
| runtime        = 125 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 124:46--><ref>{{cite web|title=''THE BOYS FROM BRAZIL'' (X)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/boys-brazil-1970-0|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=1978-12-10|access-date=2013-05-21|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402200503/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/boys-brazil-1970-0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country        = United Kingdom<br />United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $12 million<ref>Aubrey Solomon, ''Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History'', Scarecrow Press, 1989 p258</ref><ref>Portugal --the new locale for moviemaking: Cooperation praised Peck as a villain
By Helen Gibson. The Christian Science Monitor 16 Dec 1977: 22.</ref>
| gross          = $19,000,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1978/0BYFB.php |publisher=The Numbers |title=The Boys from Brazil, Box Office Information |access-date=January 27, 2012 |archive-date=September 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917204721/http://the-numbers.com/movies/1978/0BYFB.php |url-status=live }}</ref><br>$7,600,000 (rentals)
}}

'''''The Boys from Brazil''''' is a 1978 [[thriller film]] directed by [[Franklin J. Schaffner]]. It stars [[Gregory Peck]] and [[Laurence Olivier]], and features [[James Mason]], [[Lilli Palmer]], [[Uta Hagen]], [[Anne Meara]], [[Denholm Elliott]], and [[Steve Guttenberg]] in supporting roles. The film is a British-American co-production, based on the [[The Boys from Brazil (novel)|1976 novel of the same title]] by [[Ira Levin]]. It was nominated for three [[Academy Awards]].

==Plot==
Barry Kohler, a young amateur [[Nazi hunter]], spies on a meeting of the fugitive Nazi organisation ''[[ODESSA|Kameraden]]'' in [[Paraguay]]. At this meeting [[Josef Mengele]], the infamous [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] doctor, issues instructions for the assassinations of 94 [[civil servant]]s in [[Northern Europe]] and [[North America]], all of them low-ranking and aged around 65, on particular dates over the next two years. Kohler telephones Ezra Lieberman, a famous (but penniless and cynical) Nazi hunter living in [[Vienna]], to inform him of his discovery. However, while still on the phone, he is surprised by the ''Kameraden'' and killed.

With the help of his sister Esther, British journalist Sidney Beynon and [[Jewish-American]] [[vigilante]] leader David Bennett, Lieberman begins investigating the deaths of civil servants fitting the profile who die suddenly over the next few months. He is struck by the fact that all of the dead men have sons aged 13 who look exactly alike, with pale skin, dark hair and blue eyes. He discovers that all of the boys were [[adoption fraud|illegally adopted]], and that some of the adoptions were facilitated by ''Kameraden'' member Frieda Maloney, who has since been jailed. Lieberman interviews Maloney, who tells him that the boys were provided by an intermediary in [[Brazil]]. She mentions that one of the adoptive fathers she dealt with, American Henry Wheelock, gave her a newborn [[puppy]] in exchange for his baby.

Seeking an explanation for the boys' identical appearance, Lieberman consults the biologist Dr Bruckner, who explains the principles of [[cloning]]. Lieberman deduces that the boys are clones of [[Adolf Hitler]], all created from a single [[DNA]] sample by Mengele, who has also been seeking to ensure that their childhoods imitate that of the original Hitler by having them adopted by parents who resemble Hitler's own abusive father [[Alois Hitler|Alois]] (a civil servant in the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]) and doting mother [[Klara Hitler|Klara]], in the hope that their later lives will also follow the same course and that as adults they will establish [[Neo-Nazism|new Nazi regimes]] in their respective countries. The murders of the fathers are part of this plan, designed to reflect the death of Alois when Hitler was 13. Based on this revelation, and the age of Maloney's dog, Lieberman realises that Henry Wheelock is due to be murdered in just four days' time.

Alarmed by the progress of Lieberman's investigation, and by Mengele's increasingly erratic behaviour (he almost beats one of his men to death for killing his target on the wrong date), the ''Kameraden'' leadership attempts to shut down the project, but Mengele escapes.

Lieberman travels to rural [[Pennsylvania]] to warn Henry Wheelock, but, by the time that he arrives, Wheelock has already been murdered by Mengele, who pretended to be Lieberman. The doctor also shoots Lieberman, badly wounding him, but is then attacked and cornered by the family's vicious [[Doberman Pinscher]]s (Mengele fears dogs). When Wheelock's son Bobby arrives home from school, Mengele attempts to tell him about his real origins. He makes no attempt to deny killing Wheelock, telling Bobby that he must rise above his worthless adoptive family and embrace his destiny. This enrages the boy, who orders the dogs to kill Mengele. Lieberman recovers a list from Mengele's pocket detailing the identities of all 94 clones, but then collapses from blood loss.

As Lieberman recuperates in hospital, he is visited by Bennett, who asks him to hand over the list so that his vigilante group can eliminate the clones. Lieberman refuses and instead burns the list, declaring that they are innocent children who may yet grow up to be harmless. However, the final scene shows Bobby Wheelock gazing in fascination at photographs he took of Mengele's mauled corpse.

==Cast==
{{Div col}}
* [[Gregory Peck]] as Dr. [[Josef Mengele]]
* [[Laurence Olivier]] as Ezra Lieberman
* [[James Mason]] as Col. Eduard Seibert
* [[Lilli Palmer]] as Esther Lieberman
* [[Uta Hagen]] as Frieda Maloney
* [[Steve Guttenberg]] as Barry Kohler
* [[Denholm Elliott]] as Sidney Beynon
* [[Rosemary Harris]] as Frau Doring
* [[John Dehner]] as Henry Wheelock
* [[John Rubinstein]] as David Bennett
* [[Anne Meara]] as Mrs Curry
* Jeremy Black as Jack Curry, Jr. / Simon Harrington / Erich Doring / Bobby Wheelock
* [[Bruno Ganz]] as Dr. Bruckner
* [[Walter Gotell]] as  Capt. Gerhardt Mundt
* [[David Hurst]] as Strasser
* [[Wolfgang Preiss]] as Lofquist
* [[Michael Gough]] as Mr Harrington
* [[Joachim Hansen (actor)|Joachim Hansen]] as Fassler
* [[Sky du Mont]] as Friedrich Hessen
* [[Carl Duering]] as Maj. Ludwig Trausteiner
* [[Linda Hayden (actress)|Linda Hayden]] as Nancy
* [[Richard Marner]] as Emil Doring
* [[Georg Marischka]] as Gunther
* [[Günter Meisner]] as Farnbach
* [[Prunella Scales]] as Mrs Harrington
* Raúl Faustino Saldanha as Ismael
* [[Wolf Kahler]] as Otto Schwimmer
{{div col end}}

==Production==
===Development===
The book came out in 1976 and was a best seller.<ref>Best Seller List: Fiction General Book Ends New York Times ]21 Mar 1976: 220.</ref> In August 1976 it was announced the Producers Group (Robert Fryer, Martin Richards, Mary Lee Johnson and James Cresson) had optioned the film rights to the novel and would make the movie in association with [[Lew Grade]].<ref>book notes: Getty's version of fact, fable
Lochte, Dick. Los Angeles Times 1 Aug 1976: j2.</ref> Fryer had just made ''Voyage of the Damned'' for Grade.<ref>Robert Fryer--Clout Plus Taste: ROBERT FRYER
Glover, William. Los Angeles Times 22 Dec 1976: e10.</ref> According to producer [[Martin Richards (producer)|Martin Richards]], [[Robert Mulligan]] was the original director.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40UTI-uUHpwC&q=george+c+scott+the+boys+from+brazil&pg=PA36|last=Priggé|first=Steven|title=Movie Moguls Speak: Interviews with Top Film Producers|year=2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786419296|access-date=2020-11-03}}page 36</ref>

In May 1977, it was announced [[Laurence Olivier]] would star.<ref>At the Movies
Flatley, Guy. New York Times 6 May 1977: 54.</ref> By this stage Franklin Schaffner was attached to direct.<ref>CRITIC AT LARGE: In Search of World Viewers
Champlin, Charles. Los Angeles Times 27 May 1977: g</ref> Gregory Peck joined the film in July.<ref>Mike's honeymoon: tea for 3
Daly, Maggie. Chicago Tribune 15 July 1977: b4.</ref> Olivier had recently been ill and was taking as many well-paying movie jobs as he could get in order to provide for his wife and children after his death.<ref>Movies: Laurence Olivier 'Getting On With It' The Indestructible Laurence Olivier
Lewin, David. Los Angeles Times ]26 Feb 1978: n33.</ref> Peck agreed to portray Mengele only because he wanted to work with Olivier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gregory Peck: Elder statesman of the screen who stood for nobility, honour and decency |date=14 June 2003 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/gregory-peck-36623.html |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003305/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/gregory-peck-36623.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mason initially expressed interest in playing either Mengele or Lieberman.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 October 1978 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=JAMES MASON: "THE BOYS FROM BRAZIL" |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=http://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/james-mason-the-boys-from-brazil |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905070639/http://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/james-mason-the-boys-from-brazil |url-status=live }}</ref> Lilli Palmer also accepted a small role just to work with Olivier.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 1978 |title=Lilli Palmer Joins Cast Of 'Boys From Brazil' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/08/archives/lilli-palmer-joins-cast-of-boys-from-brazil.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |page=C20 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605170359/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/08/archives/lilli-palmer-joins-cast-of-boys-from-brazil.html |url-status=live }}</ref> To prepare for the roles of the European clones, Jeremy Black was sent to a speech studio in New York City by 20th Century Fox to learn how to speak with both an English and a German accent.<ref name="black" />

"The emphasis of the film is not on Nazis," said producer Fryer. "It is really about cloning, a logical extension of existing facts. And it's about the hatred that two men have for each other."<ref name="clip"/>

=== Filming ===
Although the bulk of the film is set in South America, Fryer says actually filming on that continent was "logistically impossible" so the decision was made to shoot it in Lisbon, Portugal.<ref name="clip">FILM CLIPS: Once Around Producer Circle
Kilday, Gregg. Los Angeles Times 19 Nov 1977: b9.</ref> Filming started in Portugal in October 1977, with additional filming in London, Vienna, the [[Kölnbrein Dam]] in Austria, and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The scenes that were set in Massachusetts were shot in London.<ref name=black>{{cite news|last=MacKenzie|first=Chris|title=A Clone No More, Jeremy Black Is Back|date=13 March 1978|newspaper=[[The Hour (newspaper)|The Hour]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19780313&id=du8pAAAAIBAJ&pg=1045,2131456&hl=en|access-date=27 September 2015|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530231716/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19780313&id=du8pAAAAIBAJ&pg=1045,2131456&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>FILM CLIPS: Lew Grade's $97 Million Projects
Kilday, Gregg. Los Angeles Times 15 Oct 1977: b9.</ref>

The altercation between Lieberman and Mengele took about three or four days to film due to Olivier's ailing health at the time. Peck recalled that he and Olivier "were lying around on the floor" laughing at the absurdity of having to film such a fight scene at their advanced ages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJId3XPaeR0C&q=gregory+peck+lying+on+the+floor+laughing&pg=PA300|last=Fishgall|first=Gary|title=Gregory Peck: A Biography|year=2002|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780684852904|access-date=2020-11-03}}page 300</ref>

===Extended ending===
A brief end segment with Bobby Wheelock in a darkroom was restored to some versions in later years. In this alternative ending, after Lieberman burns the list in his hospital bed, the scene transitions to Bobby in a darkroom developing photographs of Lieberman and Mengele, with a piercing glare coming from his steely-blue eyes as he focuses on Mengele's jaguar claw bracelet before fading to the end credits.

==Release==
The film had 25 minutes cut when released in West Germany, theatrical as well as all subsequent TV, video and some DVD releases. In 1999, by [[Artisan Entertainment]], and 2009 by [[Lionsgate Home Entertainment]], the film was released uncut on DVD in the U.S. and uncut in Germany on its DVDs.

[[Lew Grade]], who partly financed the film, was not happy with the final result, feeling that the ending was too gory. He says he protested but Franklin J. Schaffner, who had final cut rights, overruled him.<ref name="grade">Lew Grade, ''Still Dancing: My Story'', William Collins & Sons 1987 p 248</ref>

In 2015, [[Shout! Factory]] released the film on Blu-ray.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fangoria.com/new/82226/ |title="THE BOYS FROM BRAZIL" (Blu-ray Review) |access-date=2014-12-23 |archive-date=2014-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228162239/http://www.fangoria.com/new/82226/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 70% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus states: "Its story takes some dubious turns, but a high-caliber cast and a gripping pace fashion ''The Boys from Brazil'' into an effective thriller."<ref>{{cite web |title= The Boys from Brazil (1978) |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1002993_boys_from_brazil |website= [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date= 26 May 2024 |archive-date= 30 May 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240530231846/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1002993-boys_from_brazil |url-status= live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 40 out of 100 based on reviews from 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Boys from Brazil |url= https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-boys-from-brazil |website= [[Metacritic]] |access-date= 2020-02-29 |archive-date= 2020-11-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015955/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-boys-from-brazil |url-status= live }}</ref>

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote "With two excellent antagonists in Gregory Peck and Lord Laurence Olivier, ''The Boys from Brazil'' presents a gripping, suspenseful drama for nearly all of its two hours — then lets go at the end and falls into a heap."<ref>{{cite magazine |date=September 27, 1978 |author1=Variety Staff |title=Film Reviews: The Boys From Brazil |url=https://variety.com/1977/film/reviews/the-boys-from-brazil-1200424156/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |page=20 |access-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605150444/https://variety.com/1977/film/reviews/the-boys-from-brazil-1200424156/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars and called it "old-fashioned filmmaking at its worst," with "one of the phoniest stories you can imagine."<ref name="Siskel">{{cite news |last1=Siskel |first1=Gene |author1-link=Gene Siskel |title='Boys' doesn't make the Grade |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/80403155/ |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=10 October 1978 |page=II-2 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726111333/https://www.newspapers.com/article/80403155/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Charles Champlin]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote "It is penny-dreadful stuff, sumptuously executed but still as shallow as a Saturday serial. One exasperation of ''The Boys From Brazil'' is that, even accepting the biological possibility of the premise, the script by Heywood Gould never confronts any of the interesting questions raised."<ref>Champlin, Charles (October 5, 1978). "Clone Caper in 'Brazil'". ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. Part IV, p. 1.</ref> Gary Arnold of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called it "admirably crafted and surprisingly effective," and "a snazzy pop entertainment synthesis of accumulating suspense, detective work, pseudoscientific speculation and historical wish fulfillment."<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 1978 |last1=Arnold |first1=Gary |author1-link=Gary Arnold |title=The Crafty Chill of 'Boys From Brazil' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/05/the-crafty-chill-of-boys-from-brazil/0f5fcb88-3527-4507-8210-22b8a60da376/ |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |pages=B1, B13 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204021033/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/10/05/the-crafty-chill-of-boys-from-brazil/0f5fcb88-3527-4507-8210-22b8a60da376/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pauline Kael]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' wrote "If the film wants to be taken as a cautionary fable—another one!—about the ever-present dangers of Nazism, then it should leave viewers with a sense of menace that Mengele's 'boys from Brazil' constitute. Instead, we get Lieberman's fuddy-duddy humanism and vague assurances that the boys are not really dangerous. And this is supposed to be a movie."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kael |first=Pauline |date=October 9, 1978 |title=The Current Cinema |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |page=168 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1978/10/09/the-current-cinema-68 |access-date=2022-05-04 |archive-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605150444/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1978/10/09/the-current-cinema-68 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jack Kroll]] of ''[[Newsweek]]'' wrote that "the thoughts aren't quite deep enough even for a thriller...Heywood Gould's reasonably suspenseful screenplay blows it by suddenly turning Lieberman into a kindly old Jewish uncle instead of a man who is willing to face the tough paradoxes of good and evil."<ref>Kroll, Jack (October 9, 1978). "Little Hitlers". ''[[Newsweek]]''. p. 92.</ref>

Scholars have used the film's idea of controlling an individual's genetics and upbringing to illustrate the difficulties of reconciling traditional views of free will with modern neuroscience.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zeki|first1=S.|last2=Goodenough|first2=O. R.|last3=Greene|first3=Joshua|last4=Cohen|first4=Jonathan|date=2004-11-29|title=For the law, neuroscience changes nothing and everything|journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=359|issue=1451|pages=1775–1785|doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1546|pmc=1693457|pmid=15590618}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{{Anchor|Awards|Accolades}}
* [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] – Laurence Olivier (nominated)
* [[Academy Award for Film Editing]] – Robert Swink (nominated)
* [[Academy Award for Original Score]] – Jerry Goldsmith (nominated)
* [[Golden Globe|Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor – Drama]] – Gregory Peck
[[Saturn Award]] Nominations
* Best Science Fiction Film
* Best Actor – Laurence Olivier
* Best Director – Franklin J. Schaffner
* Best Music – Jerry Goldsmith
* Best Supporting Actress – Uta Hagen
* Best Writing – Heywood Gould

;Other honors
The film is recognized by [[American Film Institute]] in these lists:
* 2001: [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills]] – Nominated<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/thrills400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees |access-date=2016-08-20 |archive-date=2011-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706070532/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/thrills400.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2003: [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains]]:
** [[Josef Mengele|Dr. Josef Mengele]] – Nominated Villain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/handv400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains Nominees |access-date=2016-08-20 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104022712/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/handv400.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*''[[Marathon Man (film)|Marathon Man]]'' – a similar 1976 film, where [[Laurence Olivier]] plays a [[Nazism|Nazi]], a total contrast to his role of playing a [[Nazi hunter]] in ''The Boys from Brazil''.
* ''[[Murderers Among Us: The Simon Wiesenthal Story]]'' (1989)
* ''[[They Saved Hitler's Brain]]''
* ''[[River of Death (film)|River of Death]]''
* "[[Anschluss '77]]" (episode of ''[[Wonder Woman (TV series)|Wonder Woman]]'')
* [[List of cult films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{AFI film|56215}}
* {{IMDb title|0077269|The Boys from Brazil}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|2=The Boys from Brazil}}
* {{TCMDb title|69532|The Boys from Brazil}}
* {{mojo title|boysfrombrazil|The Boys from Brazil}}

{{Franklin Schaffner}}
{{Heywood Gould}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boys From Brazil (film), The}}
[[Category:1970s American films]]
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[[Category:1970s English-language films]]
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