Editing The Black Cat (short story)

{{short description|Short story by Edgar Allan Poe}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox short story | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->
| name          = The Black Cat
| image         = [[file:poe black cat byam shaw.JPG|200px]]
| caption       = Early 20th-century illustration by [[Byam Shaw]]
| title_orig    =
| translator    =
| author        = [[Edgar Allan Poe]]
| country       = United States
| language      = English
| series        =
| genre         = [[Horror fiction]], [[Gothic fiction|Gothic literature]]
| published_in  =
| publisher     = ''United States Saturday Post''<ref>{{cite book |first=Nina |last=Baym |title=The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 8th Edition, Volume B: 1820–1865 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company|Norton]] |location=New York City |year=2012 |page=695}}</ref>
| media_type    = Print ([[periodical]])

| preceded_by   =
| followed_by   =
| wikisource = The Black Cat (Poe)
}}

"'''The Black Cat'''" is a [[short story]] by the American writer [[Edgar Allan Poe]]. It was first published in the August 19, 1843, edition of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''. In the story, an unnamed narrator, who suffers with alcoholism, has a strong affection for pets, until he perversely turns to abusing them. His favorite, a pet black cat, bites him one night and the narrator punishes it by cutting its eye out. The narrator then becomes conflicted when the black cat fears him. In a drunken rage, he then hangs it from a tree. His house later burns down, but one remaining wall shows a burned outline of a cat hanging from a noose. He soon finds another black cat, similar to the first except for a white mark on its chest. But he develops a hatred for it as well, for it resembles the cat he killed in his drunken rage. He attempts to kill the cat with an axe but his wife stops him; instead, the narrator murders his wife. He conceals the body behind a brick wall in his basement. The police soon come and, after the narrator's tapping on the wall is met with a shrieking sound, they find not only the wife's corpse but also the black cat that had been accidentally walled in with the body and alerted them with its cry.

The story is a study of the psychology of [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]],  often paired in analysis with Poe's "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Jeffrey |last=Meyers |title=Edgar Allan Poe: his life and legacy |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]] |location=New York City |year=1992 |page=137 |isbn=978-0-8154-1038-6 |oclc=44413785}}</ref> In both, a murderer carefully conceals his crime and believes himself unassailable, but eventually breaks down and reveals himself, impelled by a nagging reminder of his guilt. "The Black Cat", which also features questions of sanity versus insanity, is Poe's strongest warning against the dangers of [[alcoholism]].

== Plot ==
The story is presented as a [[first-person narrative]], using an [[Anonymity|unnamed]] [[unreliable narrator]] who is awaiting execution.<ref>Hart, James D. "[http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t53.e262 The Black Cat]". ''The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature''. Oxford UP, 1986. ''Oxford Reference Online''. Accessed October 22, 2011.</ref> He describes his lifelong love of animals, along with the many pets that he and his wife have taken in, including a large black cat named Pluto. The narrator and Pluto become particularly fond of each other, but after several years the narrator becomes an alcoholic and begins to mistreat his pets. After a night of heavy drinking, he believes that Pluto is avoiding him and seizes the cat, only to suffer a bite on his hand. Enraged, he gouges out one of the cat's eyes.

From that moment on, Pluto flees in terror at the narrator's approach. The narrator feels remorse for his cruelty at first, but soon becomes increasingly irritated at the cat's behavior. In a sudden fit of rage, he ties a noose around Pluto's neck and hangs him from a tree, where the cat dies. The narrator's house mysteriously burns down that night. He, his wife, and their servant escape unharmed, but lose all of their possessions. The house collapses, except for one wall that displays the indented image of a gigantic cat with a noose around its neck. The narrator is initially disturbed by this phenomenon but soon constructs a plausible explanation, thinking that someone may have cut the cat's corpse down from the tree and thrown it into the bedroom to wake him during the fire, where it struck a patch of fresh plaster.

Feeling guilty for his actions, the narrator subsequently finds another black cat at a tavern and adopts it. This cat is roughly the same size as Pluto and also missing one eye, but has a large patch of white fur on its chest that Pluto lacked. Over time, the narrator begins to fear and loathe the cat, as it reminds him of his cruelty toward Pluto, and sees to his horror that the white patch is slowly taking the shape of a [[gallows]]. He tries to kill the cat with an axe, but his wife stops him. Infuriated at his wife's interference, he kills her instead and hides the corpse in a cellar wall. Upon finishing his work, he finds that the cat has disappeared and is now able to sleep freely at night.

Four days later, the police search the house but can find no trace of the narrator's missing wife. He accompanies them into the cellar, boasting of the sturdiness of its walls and striking the one he has built to conceal his wife's corpse. An unearthly howl issues from behind it, shattering the narrator's mental state completely. The police tear down the wall and find the corpse, with the cat alive and sitting atop his wife's head, having been walled in with her.

== Publication history ==
[[File:PoeBlackCat1843.jpg|thumb|First appearance in the ''United States Saturday Post'', August 19, 1843, front page, Philadelphia]]
"The Black Cat" was first published in the August 19, 1843, issue of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]''. At the time, the publication was using the temporary title ''United States Saturday Post''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Arthur Hobson |last=Quinn |title=Edgar Allan Poe: a critical biography |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=[[Baltimore]] |year=1998 |page=394 |isbn=978-0-8018-5730-0 |oclc=37300554}}</ref> The story was reprinted in ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]'' and ''The Pensacola Gazette'' that same year.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.eapoe.org/works/info/pt044.htm#workssw| title = Edgar Allan Poe – "The Black Cat". The Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore|website=Eapoe.org|access-date=2020-11-23}}</ref> Readers immediately responded favorably to the story, spawning parodies including [[Thomas Dunn English]]'s "The Ghost of the Grey Tadpole".<ref name=Sova28>{{cite book |first=Dawn B. |last=Sova |title=Edgar Allan Poe, A to Z: the essential reference to his life and work |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York City |year=2001 |page=[https://archive.org/details/edgarallanpoetoz0000sova/page/28 28] |isbn=978-0-8160-4161-9 |oclc=44885229}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
Like the narrator in Poe's "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]", the narrator of "The Black Cat" is of questionable sanity. In the beginning of the tale, the narrator says that he would be "mad indeed" should he expect a reader to believe the story, implying that he has already been accused of madness.<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Cleman |chapter=Irresistible Impulses: Edgar Allan Poe and the Insanity Defense |editor=Harold Bloom |editor-link=Harold Bloom |title=Edgar Allan Poe |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |location=New York City |year=2002 |page=73 |isbn=978-0-7910-6173-2 |oclc=48176842}}</ref>

The extent to which the narrator claims to have loved his animals suggests mental instability in the form of having “too much of a good thing”. His partiality for animals substitutes “the paltry friendship and gossamer fidelity of mere Man”. Since the narrator's wife shares his love of animals, he likely thinks of her as another pet, seeing as he distrusts and dislikes humans. Additionally, his failure to understand his excessive love of animals foreshadows his inability to explain his [[motivation|motives]] for his actions.<ref name=Gargano>Gargano, James W. "The Black Cat": Perverseness Reconsidered". ''Texas Studies in Literature and Language'' 2.2 (1960): 172–178.</ref>

One of Poe's darkest tales, "The Black Cat" includes his strongest denunciation of alcohol. The narrator's perverse actions are brought on by his [[alcoholism]], a "disease" and "fiend" which also destroys his personality.<ref>{{cite journal |first=L. Moffitt |last=Cecil |url=http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/ps1970/p1972204.htm |title=Poe's Wine List |journal=Poe Studies |volume=V |issue=2 |date=December 1972 |page=42}}</ref> The use of the [[black cat]] evokes various [[superstition]]s, including the idea voiced by the narrator's wife that they are all [[witch]]es in disguise. Poe owned a black cat. In his "Instinct vs Reason – A Black Cat" he stated: "The writer of this article is the owner of one of the most remarkable black cats in the world – and this is saying much; for it will be remembered that black cats are all of them witches."<ref>{{cite book|last=Barger|first=Andrew|title=Edgar Allan Poe Annotated and Illustrated Entire Stories and Poems|year=2008|publisher=Bottletree Books LLC|location=US|isbn=978-1-933747-10-1|page=58}}</ref>  In Scottish and Irish mythology, the [[Cat-sìth]] is described as being a black cat with a white spot on its chest, not unlike the cat the narrator finds in the tavern. The eponymous cat is named Pluto after the [[Pluto (mythology)|Roman god]] of the [[Underworld]].

Although Pluto is a neutral character at the beginning of the story, he becomes [[antagonist]]ic in the narrator's eyes once the narrator becomes an alcoholic. The alcohol pushes the narrator into fits of intemperance and violence, to the point at which everything angers him – Pluto in particular, who is always by his side, becomes the malevolent witch who haunts him even while avoiding his presence. When the narrator cuts Pluto's eye from its socket, this can be seen as symbolic of self-inflicted partial blindness to his own vision of [[good and evil|moral goodness]].<ref name=Gargano/>

The fire that destroys the narrator's house symbolizes the narrator's "almost complete moral disintegration".<ref name=Gargano/> The only remainder is the impression of Pluto upon the wall, which represents his unforgivable and incorrigible sin.<ref name=Gargano/>

From a rhetorician's standpoint, an effective scheme of omission that Poe employs is [[Zeugma and syllepsis|diazeugma]], or using many verbs for one subject; it omits pronouns. Diazeugma emphasizes actions and makes the narrative swift and brief.<ref>Zimmerman, Brett. ''Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style''. Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 2005.</ref>

== Adaptations ==
[[File:Aubrey Beardsley - Edgar Poe 2.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration for "The Black Cat" by [[Aubrey Beardsley]] (1894–1895)]]

*In 1910–11, Futurist artist [[Gino Severini]] painted "The Black Cat" in direct reference to Poe's short story.

* ''[[Unheimliche Geschichten (1932 film)|Unheimliche Geschichten]]'' (a.k.a. ''Uncanny Stories'', ''The Living Dead'') is a 1932 German horror film which merges three Poe short stories and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[The Suicide Club (Stevenson)|The Suicide Club]]''.

* Universal Pictures made two films titled ''The Black Cat'', one in [[The Black Cat (1934 film)|1934]], starring [[Bela Lugosi]] and [[Boris Karloff]], and another in [[The Black Cat (1941 film)|1941]], starring Lugosi and [[Basil Rathbone]]. Both films claimed to have been "suggested by" Poe's story, but neither bears any resemblance to the tale, aside from the presence of a black cat.<ref name=Sova28/> Elements of Poe's story were, however, used in the 1934 film ''[[Maniac (1934 film)|Maniac]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=J. Stuart Blackton |url=http://www.allmovie.com/work/maniac-31313 |title=Maniac – Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards |publisher=Allmovie.com |access-date=2014-04-28}}</ref>

*"The Black Cat" was adapted into a seven-page comic strip in ''[[Yellowjacket Comics]]'' #1 (1944).
*Sept. 18, 1947, ''Mystery in the Air'' radio program with Peter Lorre as the protagonist in "The Black Cat". Note: the cat's eye is not gouged out. Instead, the cat's ear is torn.
*The middle segment of director [[Roger Corman]]'s 1962 anthology film ''[[Tales of Terror]]'' combines the story of "The Black Cat" with that of another Poe tale, "[[The Cask of Amontillado]]."<ref name=Sova28/> This version stars [[Peter Lorre]] as the main character (given the name Montresor Herringbone) and [[Vincent Price]] as Fortunato Luchresi. The amalgamation of the two stories provides a motive for the murderer: Fortunato has an affair with Montresor's wife.
*In 1966, ''The Black Cat'', a version directed by Harold Hoffman and loosely based on Poe's story, was released starring Robert Frost, Robyn Baker and Sadie French.
*In 1970, [[Czechs|Czech]] writer [[Ludvík Vaculík]] made many references to "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]", as well as "The Black Cat", in his novel ''{{ill|The Guinea Pigs|cs|Morčata (román)}}''.
*In 1972, Poe's story was adapted in the Italian horror-giallo film ''[[Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key]]'', directed by Sergio Martino and starring Edwige Fenech, Anita Strindberg and Luigi Pistilli. 
*In 1973, [[James Stewart]] recorded a reading of "The Black Cat" for BBC Radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jimmystewartontheair.com/james-stewart-reads-edgar-allan-poe-on-the-bbc/|title=James Stewart Reads Edgar Allan Poe on the BBC &#124; Jimmy Stewart on the Air|website=Jimmystewartontheair.com|date=December 31, 2015 |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>
*Writer/director [[Lucio Fulci]]'s 1981 film ''[[The Black Cat (1981 film)|The Black Cat]]'' is loosely based on Poe's tale.
*The 1990 film ''[[Two Evil Eyes]]'' presents two Poe tales, "[[The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar]]" and "The Black Cat." The former was written and directed by [[George A. Romero]], while the latter was written and directed by [[Dario Argento]]. This version stars [[Harvey Keitel]] in the lead role.
*In 1997, a compilation of Poe's work was released on a double CD entitled ''[[Closed on Account of Rabies]]'', with various celebrities lending their voices to the tales. "The Black Cat" was read by [[avant-garde]] performer [[Diamanda Galás]].
*"The Black Cat" was adapted and performed with "The Cask of Amontillado" as ''Poe, Times Two: Twin tales of mystery, murder...and mortar''—a double-bill of short, one-man plays written and performed by Greg Oliver Bodine. First produced in NYC at Manhattan Theatre Source in 2007, and again at WorkShop Theater Company in 2011. Part of the 2012 season at [[Cape May Stage]] in Cape May, NJ.
*"[[The Black Cat (Masters Of Horror)|The Black Cat]]" is the 11th episode of the second season (2007) of the television series ''[[Masters of Horror]]''. It was directed by [[Stuart Gordon]], and features [[Jeffrey Combs]] as Poe. The plot essentially retells the short story in a semi-autobiographical manner, with Poe himself undergoing a series of events involving a black cat which he used to inspire the story of the same name.
*In 2012, Big Fish Games released a point and click mystery game loosely based on the story called ''Edgar Allan Poe's The Black Cat: Dark Tales''<ref>[https://www.bigfishgames.com/games/5998/dark-tales-edgar-allan-poes-the-black-cat/ Edgar Allan Poe's The Black Cat: Dark Tales], Big Fish Games</ref>
*In 2011, Hyper Aware Theater Company produced "The Black Cat", one of several Poe stage adaptations written by [[Lance Tait]], as part of its “Gutterdrunk: The Poe Revisions” in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/theater/gutterdrunk-the-poe-revisions|title=Gutterdrunk: The Poe Revisions|website=Timeout.com|date=March 15, 2012 |access-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref> Ava Caridad has written that in this stage adaptation the “unreliable narrator [has been changed] from male to female”... and this narrator has been split “into two separate characters representing one person.”<ref>Ava Caridad. “The Black Cat and Other Plays: Adapted from Stories by Edgar Allan Poe by Lance Tait”.The Edgar Allan Poe Review. Penn State University Press. 17 (1 (Spring 2016)): p. 67. {{JSTOR|10.5325/edgallpoerev.17.1.issue-1}}</ref>
* The 2020 [[Ahoy Comics]] comic book ''Edgar Allan Poe's Snifter of Blood'' #1 includes a pastiche of the story by [[Paul Cornell]] and [[Russell Braun (comics)|Russell Braun]] under the title "The Black <s>Cat</s> Dog". As the title suggests, the cat is replaced by a dog, who also narrates the story. However, he refuses to see his master in a bad light and is utterly unaware of the man's hatred or guilt.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://womenwriteaboutcomics.com/2020/10/raising-a-glass-to-tom-peyer-and-edgar-allan-poes-snifter-of-blood-1|title=Raising a Glass to Tom Peyer and Edgar Allan Poe's Snifter of Blood #1|date=October 5, 2020|publisher=Women Writing About Comics}}</ref>
* The fourth episode of the 2023 series ''[[The Fall of the House of Usher (miniseries)|The Fall of the House of Usher]]'' titled "The Black Cat" is loosely based on the story.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|The Black Cat (Poe)}}
{{Commons category|The Black Cat (short story)}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2148 Project Gutenberg: The Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Volume 2]
* [http://www.eapoe.org/works/tales/blcatd.htm Complete Text at E. A. Poe Society of Baltimore]
* [http://poestories.com/text.php?file=blackcat Full text on PoeStories.com] with hyperlinked vocabulary words
* [http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/blackcat The Poe Decoder: The Black Cat]
* {{librivox book | title=The Black Cat | author=Edgar Allan Poe}}
* [http://cybermuse.gallery.ca/cybermuse/search/artwork_e.jsp?mkey=3924 Illustration and description of Severini's painting]
* [http://www.love-poems-queen.com/scary-poems.html The Black Cat reading by Gerry Hay]

{{Edgar Allan Poe}}
{{The Black Cat}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Cat}}
[[Category:1843 short stories]]
[[Category:Fiction about animal cruelty]]
[[Category:Fiction about uxoricide]]
[[Category:Fiction with unreliable narrators]]
[[Category:Fictional cats]]
[[Category:Horror short stories]]
[[Category:Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post]]
[[Category:Short stories about cats]]
[[Category:Short stories adapted into films]]
[[Category:Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe]]