Editing The Beggar's Opera

{{short description|1728 ballad opera by John Gay}}
{{about|the ballad opera|the Scottish rock band|Beggars Opera (band)|the film|The Beggar's Opera (film){{!}}''The Beggar's Opera'' (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
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{{Infobox opera
| name = The Beggar's Opera
| type = [[satire|Satirical]] [[ballad opera]]
| composer = {{nowrap|[[Johann Christoph Pepusch]]}}
| image = William Hogarth 016.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption = Painting based on scene 11, act 3 by [[William Hogarth]], c. 1728, in the [[Tate Britain]]
| librettist = [[John Gay]]
| based_on = 
| premiere_date = {{start date|1728|01|29|df=y}}
| premiere_location = [[Lisle's Tennis Court|Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre]], London
}}

'''''The Beggar's Opera'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/2/1088/frameset.html|title=Bibliomania: Free Online Literature and Study Guides|work=bibliomania.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221095607/http://www.bibliomania.com/0/6/2/1088/frameset.html|archive-date=21 December 2010}}</ref> is a [[ballad opera]] in three acts written in 1728 by [[John Gay]] with music arranged by [[Johann Christoph Pepusch]]. It is one of the watershed plays in [[Augustan drama]] and is the only example of the once thriving genre of [[satire|satirical]] ballad opera to remain popular today. Ballad operas were satiric musical plays that used some of the conventions of opera, but without [[recitative]]. The lyrics of the airs in the piece are set to popular [[broadside ballad]]s, opera arias, church hymns and folk tunes of the time.

''The Beggar's Opera'' premiered at the [[Lisle's Tennis Court|Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre]] on 29 January 1728<ref>{{cite book |title=Penguin Pocket On This Day |publisher=Penguin Reference Library |year=2006 |isbn=0-14-102715-0}}</ref> and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the second-longest run in theatre history up to that time (after 146 performances of [[Robert Cambert]]'s ''[[Pomone (opera)|Pomone]]'' in Paris in 1671).<ref>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Victoria|year=2008|title=Backstage at the Revolution: How the Royal Paris Opera Survived the End of the Old Regime|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226401959}}</ref> The work became Gay's greatest success and has been played ever since; it has been called "the most popular play of the eighteenth century".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Marvin |title=A Fresh Look at Hogarth's 'Beggar's Opera' |date=1975 |journal=[[Educational Theatre Journal]] |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=31–39 |jstor=3206338 |doi=10.2307/3206338}}</ref> In 1920, ''The Beggar's Opera'' began a revival run of 1,463 performances at the [[Lyric Theatre (Hammersmith)|Lyric Theatre]] in [[Hammersmith]], London, which was one of the longest runs in history for any piece of musical theatre at that time.<ref>Although when ''The Beggar's Opera'' opened in 1920, ''[[Chu Chin Chow]]'' had been running since 1916, receiving 2,238 performances up to 1921. Source: {{cite web|url=http://world-theatres.com/long-runs-in-london/|title=Long runs in London|work=World Theatres|access-date=19 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623020041/http://world-theatres.com/long-runs-in-london/|archive-date=23 June 2016}}</ref>

The piece satirised [[Italian opera]], which had become popular in London. According to ''[[The New York Times]]'': "Gay wrote the work more as an anti-opera than an opera, one of its attractions to its 18th-century London public being its lampooning of the Italian opera style and the English public's fascination with it."<ref name=Dobin /><ref>[[Allan Kozinn|Kozinn, Allan]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/10/arts/review-music-the-beggar-s-opera-an-18th-century-satire.html "''The Beggar's Opera'', An 18th-Century Satire"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726101133/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/10/arts/review-music-the-beggar-s-opera-an-18th-century-satire.html |date=26 July 2016}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', 10 May 1990, accessed 6 November 2009</ref> Instead of the grand music and themes of opera, the work uses familiar tunes and characters that were ordinary people. Some of the songs were by opera composers like [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]], but only the most popular of these were used. The audience could hum along with the music and identify with the characters. The story satirised politics, poverty and injustice, focusing on the theme of corruption at all levels of society. [[Lavinia Fenton]], the first Polly Peachum, became an overnight success. Her pictures were in great demand, verses were written to her and books published about her. After appearing in several comedies, and then in numerous repetitions of ''The Beggar's Opera'', she ran away with her married lover, [[Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton]].

[[Bertolt Brecht]] (working from a translation into German by [[Elisabeth Hauptmann]]) adapted the work into ''Die Dreigroschenoper'' (''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'') in 1928, sticking closely to the original plot and characters but with a new libretto, and mostly new music by [[Kurt Weill]].

== Origin and analysis ==
The original idea of the opera came from [[Jonathan Swift]], who wrote to [[Alexander Pope]] on 30 August 1716 asking "...what think you, of a [[Newgate]] [[pastoral]] among the thieves and whores there?" Their friend, Gay, decided that it would be a [[satire]] rather than a pastoral opera. For his original production in 1728, Gay intended all the songs to be sung without any accompaniment, adding to the shocking and gritty atmosphere of his conception.<ref>[[Richard Traubner|Traubner, Richard]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cyC-YCK7FigC&dq=john+gay+intended+the+songs+to+be+sung+without+accompaniment&pg=PA11 ''Operetta: A Theatrical History''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629233810/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyC-YCK7FigC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=john+gay+intended+the+songs+to+be+sung+without+accompaniment&source=web&ots=MQN-gtd5yo&sig=_X0knUaTeH3QoqsDVlnp0QIkhYo |date=29 June 2014}}, p. 11</ref> However, a week or so before the opening night, [[John Rich (producer)|John Rich]], the theatre director, insisted on having [[Johann Christoph Pepusch]], a composer associated with his theatre, write a formal [[French overture]] (based on two of the songs in the opera, including a [[fugue]] based on Lucy's 3rd act song "I'm Like A Skiff on the Ocean Toss'd") and also to arrange the 69 songs. Although there is no external evidence of who the arranger was, inspection of the original 1729 score, formally published by [[Dover Books]], demonstrates that Pepusch was the arranger.<ref>[http://www.baroqueartists.org/composers.asp#pepusch "Baroque Composers"], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430021630/http://www.baroqueartists.org/composers.asp#pepusch |date=30 April 2009 }} ''Baroque Arts''</ref>

The work took satiric aim at the passionate interest of the upper classes in Italian opera, and simultaneously set out to lampoon the notable [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]] statesman [[Robert Walpole]], and politicians in general, as well as such notorious criminals as [[Jonathan Wild]], the thief-taker, [[Claude Duval]], the highwayman, and [[Jack Sheppard]], the prison-breaker. It also deals with social inequity on a broad scale, primarily through the comparison of low-class thieves and whores with their aristocratic and bourgeois "betters."

The airs of ''The Beggar's Opera'' in part allude to well-known popular ballads, and Gay's lyrics sometimes play with their wording in order to amuse and entertain the audience.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beyer |first1=Stefan |title=John Gay – Satiriker ohne Zielscheibe|language=de|date=2012 |location=Saarbrücken|publisher=AV Akademikerverlag|isbn=978-3639390919 |page=66}}</ref> Gay used [[Scottish folk melodies]] mostly taken from the poet [[Allan Ramsay (poet)|Allan Ramsay]]'s hugely popular collection ''[[The Gentle Shepherd]]'' (1725) plus two French tunes (including the carol "[[Quelle est cette odeur agréable?]]" for his song "Fill Every Glass"),<ref>{{cite book|author1=[[John Gay]]|author2=[[Johann Christoph Pepusch]]|others=arranged for voice and pianoforte by [[Frederic Austin]]|title=The Beggar's Opera as Performed at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith|chapter=18. A Tavern near Newgate; 20. Fill every glass|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beggarsoperaasit00austi/page/36/mode/2up pp. 36–42]|year=1920|publisher=Boosey & Co|url=https://archive.org/details/beggarsoperaasit00austi/page/n5/mode/2up|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> to serve his hilariously pointed and irreverent texts. Macheath's satire on modern society ("The modes of the court so common are grown") is also sung to Henry Purcell's [[Lillibullero]]. Pepusch composed an overture and arranged all the tunes shortly before the opening night at Lincoln's Inn Fields on 28 January 1728. However, all that remains of Pepusch's score are the overture (with complete instrumentation) and the melodies of the songs without [[figured bass]]es. Various reconstructions have been attempted, and a 1990 reconstruction of the score by American composer Jonathan Dobin has been used in a number of modern productions.<ref name=Dobin>Dobin, Jonathan. [http://www.beggarsopera.org/ Jonathan Dobin's ''The Beggar's Opera'' website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331110844/http://www.beggarsopera.org/ |date=31 March 2016 }}, accessed 6 November 2009</ref>

Gay uses the operatic norm of three acts (as opposed to the standard in spoken drama of the time of five acts), and tightly controls the dialogue and plot so that there are surprises in each of the forty-five fast-paced scenes and 68 short songs. The success of the opera was accompanied by a public desire for keepsakes and mementos, ranging from images of Polly on fans and clothing, playing cards and fire-screens, broadsides featuring all the characters, and the rapidly published musical score of the opera.

The play is sometimes seen to be a reactionary call for [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] values in response to the growing power of the Whig party.<ref name=JR /> It may also have been influenced by the then-popular ideology of [[John Locke]] that men should be allowed their natural liberties; these democratic strains of thought influenced the populist movements of the time, of which ''The Beggar's Opera'' was a part.<ref name=JR>{{cite journal|last=Richardson|first=John|title=John Gay, ''The Beggar's Opera'', and Forms of Resistance|journal=Eighteenth-Century Life|volume=24|number=3|date=Fall 2000|pages=19–30|doi=10.1215/00982601-24-3-19|s2cid=145487729}}</ref>

The character of [[Captain Macheath|Macheath]] has been considered by critics as both a hero and an anti-hero. Harold Gene Moss, arguing that Macheath is a noble character, has written, "[one] whose drives are toward love and the vital passions, Macheath becomes an almost Christ-like victim of the decadence surrounding him." Contrarily, John Richardson in the peer-reviewed journal ''Eighteenth-Century Life'' has argued that Macheath is powerful as a literary figure precisely because he stands against any interpretation, "against expectation and illusion."<ref name=JR /> He is now thought to have been modeled on the gentleman highwayman, Claude Duval,<ref>Mackie, Erin. ''Rakes, Highwaymen, and Pirates. The Making of the Modern Gentleman in the Eighteenth Century'' Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-1385-3}}</ref><ref>Sugden, John and [[Philip Sugden|Philip]]. ''The Thief of Hearts: Claude Duval and the Gentleman Highwayman in Fact and Fiction''. Arnside, Cumbria: Forty Steps, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-9934183-0-3}}.</ref> although interest in criminals had recently been raised by Jack Sheppard's escapes from [[Newgate Prison|Newgate]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moore|first=Lucy|author-link=Lucy Moore (historian)|title=The Thieves' Opera|date=1997|page=227|publisher=Viking |isbn=0-670-87215-6}}</ref>

''The Beggar's Opera'' has had an influence on all later British stage comedies, especially on nineteenth century British [[comic opera]] and the modern musical.

==Roles==
{| style="border-collapse: collapse"
|colspan="2"|Mr Peachum – powerful leader of criminals who betrays or discards his thieves, highwaymen, and prostitutes when they are no longer useful to him
|-
|colspan="2"|Lockit – jail keeper
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Captain Macheath|Macheath]] – captain of gang of robbers; a womanizer who professes to love both Polly and Lucy
|-
|colspan="2"|Filch – the Peachums' loyal but squeamish servant
|-
|style="width: 260pt;"|Jemmy Twitcher||rowspan="8" style="padding-left: 0.5em; border-left: thin solid black; width: 350pt;"|Macheath's Gang
|-
|Crook-Finger'd Jack
|-
|Wat Dreary
|-
|Robin of Bagshot
|-
|Nimming Ned – ([[wikt:nim|"Nimming" meaning thieving]])
|-
|Harry Padington
|-
|Finger Dan
|-
|Matt of the Mint
|-
|colspan="2"|Ben Budge
|-
|colspan="2"|Beggar (serves as Narrator)
|-
|colspan="2"|Player
|-
|colspan="2"|Mrs Peachum
|-
|colspan="2"|Polly Peachum
|-
|colspan="2"|Lucy Lockit
|-
|colspan="2"|Mrs Diana Trapes
|-
|Mrs Coaxer||rowspan="8" style="padding-left: 0.5em; border-left: thin solid black;"|Women of the Town
|-
|Dolly Trull – ([[wikt:trull|"Trull" meaning prostitute]])
|-
|Mrs Vixen
|-
|Betty Doxy – ([[wikt:doxy|"Doxy" meaning slut]])
|-
|[[Jenny Diver]]
|-
|Mrs Slammekin – ([[wikt:slamkin|"Slammerkin" meaning slut]])
|-
|Suky Tawdry
|-
|Molly Brazen
|-
|colspan="2"|Jailor
|-
|colspan="2"|Drawer
|-
|colspan="2"|Constables
|}

==Synopsis==

===Act 1===

Peachum, a [[Fence (criminal)|fence]] and thief-catcher, justifies his actions.<ref>His dark song of self-justification is the only song that appears in both ''The Beggar's Opera'' and ''[[The Threepenny Opera]]'' (as "Morgenchoral des Peachum"). The lyrics in the latter version are very different, but the melody and the position of the song in the libretto are retained.</ref> Mrs Peachum, overhearing her husband's blacklisting of unproductive thieves, protests regarding one of them: Bob Booty (the nickname of [[Robert Walpole]]). The Peachums discover that Polly, their daughter, has secretly married Macheath, the famous [[highwayman]], who is Peachum's principal client. Upset to learn they will no longer be able to use Polly in their business, Peachum and his wife ask how Polly will support such a husband "in Gaming, Drinking and Whoring." Nevertheless, they conclude that the match may be more profitable to the Peachums if the husband can be killed for his money. They leave to carry out this errand. However, Polly has hidden Macheath.

===Act 2===

Macheath goes to a tavern where he is surrounded by women of dubious virtue who, despite their class, compete in displaying perfect drawing-room manners, although the subject of their conversation is their success in picking pockets and shoplifting. Macheath discovers, too late, that two of them (Jenny Diver, Suky Tawdry) have contracted with Peachum to capture him, and he becomes a prisoner in Newgate prison. The prison is run by Peachum's associate, the corrupt jailer Lockit. His daughter, Lucy Lockit, has the opportunity to scold Macheath for having agreed to marry her and then broken this promise. She tells him that to see him tortured would give her pleasure. Macheath pacifies her, but Polly arrives and claims him as her husband. Macheath tells Lucy that Polly is crazy. Lucy helps Macheath to escape by stealing her father's keys. Her father learns of Macheath's promise to marry her and worries that if Macheath is recaptured and hanged, his fortune might be subject to Peachum's claims. Lockit and Peachum discover Macheath's hiding place. They decide to split his fortune.

===Act 3===

Meanwhile, Polly visits Lucy to try to reach an agreement, but Lucy tries to poison her. Polly narrowly avoids the poisoned drink, and the two girls find out that Macheath has been recaptured owing to the inebriated Mrs Diana Trapes. They plead with their fathers for Macheath's life. However, Macheath now finds that four more pregnant women each claim him as their husband. He declares that he is ready to be hanged. The narrator (the Beggar), notes that although in a properly moral ending Macheath and the other villains would be hanged, the audience demands a happy ending, and so Macheath is reprieved, and all are invited to a dance of celebration, to celebrate his wedding to Polly.

==Selected musical numbers==
* Can Love be control'd by Advice? (Polly, act 1)<!-- All spelling according to the libretto -->
* Let us take the Road (Chorus of Highwaymen, act 2)<!--
* When Gold is at hand (Jenny Diver){{Citation needed|date=April 2017|reason=Is there a libretto whith this song?}} -->
* At the Tree I shall suffer (Macheath, act 2)
* How cruel are the Traitors (Lucy, act 2)
* How happy could I be with either (Macheath, act 2)
* In the Days of my Youth (Mrs Diana Trapes, act 3)
* The Charge is prepar'd (Macheath, act 3)
* The Modes of the Court so Common are Grown (Macheath, act 3)

== Reaction ==
''The Beggar's Opera'' was met with widely varying reactions. Its popularity was documented in ''The Craftsman'' with the following entries:

"This Week a Dramatick Entertainment has been exhibited at the Theatre in Lincoln's-Inn-Fields, entitled The Beggar's Opera, which has met with a general Applause, insomuch that the Waggs say it has made Rich very Gay, and probably will make Gay very Rich." (3 February 1728)

"We hear that the British Opera, commonly called ''The Beggar's Opera'', continues to be acted, at the Theatre in Lincoln's-Inn Fields with general Applause, to the great Mortification of the Performers and Admirers of the Outlandish Opera in the Haymarket." (17 February 1728)<ref name="UMichigan">[http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/beggars_opera/ "The first production." The Beggar's Opera.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084938/http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/beggars_opera/ |date=4 March 2016 }} Accessed 10 August 2011.</ref>

Two weeks after opening night, an article appeared in ''The Craftsman'', the leading opposition newspaper, ostensibly protesting at Gay's work as libellous and ironically assisting him in satirising the Walpole establishment by taking the government's side:
<blockquote>
It will, I know, be said, by these libertine Stage-Players, that the Satire is general; and that it discovers a Consciousness of Guilt for any particular Man to apply it to Himself. But they seem to forget that there are such things as [[Innuendo]]'s (a never-failing Method of explaining Libels)… Nay the very Title of this Piece and the principal Character, which is that of a Highwayman, sufficiently discover the mischievous Design of it; since by this Character every Body will understand One, who makes it his Business arbitrarily to levy and collect Money on the People for his own Use, and of which he always dreads to give an Account – Is not this squinting with a vengeance, and wounding Persons in Authority through the Sides of a common Malefactor?{{sfn|Guerinot|Jilg|1976|pp=87–88}}</blockquote>

The commentator notes the Beggar's last remark: "That the lower People have their Vices in a Degree as well as the Rich, and are punished for them," implying that rich People are not so punished.{{sfn|Guerinot|Jilg|1976|p=89}}

Criticism of Gay's opera continued long after its publication. In 1776, John Hawkins wrote in his History of Music that due to the opera's popularity, "Rapine and violence have been gradually increasing" solely because the rising generation of young men desired to imitate the character Macheath. Hawkins blamed Gay for tempting these men with "the charms of idleness and criminal pleasure," which Hawkins saw Macheath as representing and glorifying.<ref>[[Frank Kidson|Kidson, Frank]]. "The ''Beggar's Opera''" ''[[The Musical Times]]'' 1 January 1921: 18–19.</ref>

==Legacy ==
=== Sequel ===
In 1729, Gay wrote a sequel, ''[[Polly (opera)|Polly]]'', set in the [[West Indies]]: Macheath, sentenced to transportation, has escaped and become a pirate, while Mrs Trapes has set up in white-slaving and shanghais Polly to sell her to the wealthy planter Mr Ducat. Polly escapes dressed as a boy, and after many adventures marries the son of a [[Island Caribs|Carib]] chief.

The political satire, however, was even more pointed in ''Polly'' than in ''The Beggar's Opera'', with the result that Prime Minister Robert Walpole leaned on the [[Lord Chamberlain]] to have it banned, and it was not performed until fifty years later.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Shaughnessy|first=Toni-Lynn|jstor=2739105|title=A Single Capacity in ''The Beggar's Opera''|journal=[[Eighteenth-Century Studies]]|volume=21|number=2|date=Winter 1987–1988|pages=212–227|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|doi=10.2307/2739105}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>

=== Adaptations ===
[[File:Beggar's Opera.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|[[Frederic Austin]]'s 1920s version]]
As was typical practice of the time in London, a commemorative "score" of the entire opera was assembled and published quickly. As was common, this consisted of the fully arranged overture followed by the melodies of the 69 songs, supported by only the simplest bass accompaniments. There are no indications of dance music, accompanying instrumental figures or the like, except in three instances: Lucy's "Is Then His Fate Decree'd Sir" – one measure of descending scale marked "Viol." –; Trape's "In the Days of My Youth", in which the "fa la la chorus is written as "viol."; and the final reprieve dance, Macheath's "Thus I Stand Like A Turk", which includes two sections of 16 measures of "dance" marked "viol." (See the 1729 score, formerly published by Dover).

The absence of the original performing parts has allowed producers and arrangers free rein. The tradition of personalised arrangements, dating back at least as far as [[Thomas Arne]]'s later 18th century arrangements, continues today, running the gamut of musical styles from Romantic to Baroque: Austin, [[Benjamin Britten|Britten]], [[Malcolm Sargent|Sargent]], [[Richard Bonynge|Bonynge]], Dobin and other conductors have each imbued the songs with a personal stamp, highlighting different aspects of characterisation. The hornpipe tune to which [[Nancy Dawson]] danced between acts in ''The Beggar's Opera'' in the mid-1700s is now used for "[[Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush]]".<ref>{{cite book |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660–1800 |date=1975 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |page=239}}</ref> Following is a list of some of the most highly regarded 20th-century arrangements and settings of the opera.
* In 1920, the baritone [[Frederic Austin]] newly arranged the music (and also sang the role of Peachum) for the long-running production (1,463 performances) at the Lyric Theatre, [[Hammersmith]]. The Irish baritone [[Frederick Ranalow]] sang the role of Captain Macheath in every performance. In 1955 this version was recorded by conductor Sir [[Malcolm Sargent]] with [[John Cameron (singer)|John Cameron]] as Macheath and [[Monica Sinclair]] as Lucy.
* In 1928, on the 200th anniversary of the original production, [[Bertolt Brecht]] (words) and [[Kurt Weill]] (music) created a popular new musical adaptation of the work in Germany entitled ''Die Dreigroschenoper'' (''[[The Threepenny Opera]]''). In this work, the original plot is followed fairly closely (although the time is brought forward over a hundred years) but the music is almost all new.
* In 1946, [[John La Touche (lyricist)|John La Touche]] (book and lyrics) and [[Duke Ellington]] (music) created another musical adaptation of the work for [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] entitled ''[[Beggar's Holiday]]''. An updated rendition of the story focused on a corrupt world inhabited by rakish [[Mobster]]s, raffish [[Procuring (prostitution)|Madam]]s and their dissolute [[whores]], [[panhandlers]] and [[street people]].
* In 1948, [[Benjamin Britten]] created an adaptation with new harmonisations and arrangements of pre-existing tunes. Additional dialogue was written by the producer, [[Tyrone Guthrie]]. [[Peter Pears]] was the first singer of Macheath.<ref>[http://www.guidetomusicaltheatre.com/shows_b/beggars_opera_britten.htm 1948 Benjamin Britten version of ''The Beggar's Opera''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114737/http://www.guidetomusicaltheatre.com/shows_b/beggars_opera_britten.htm |date=4 March 2016 }} at the Guide to Musical Theatre</ref> It was dedicated to James Haldane Lawrie,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brittenproject.org/works/BTC1020|title=Britten Thematic Catalogue – BTC1020 – ''The Baggar's Opera''|website=brittenproject.org|date=May 1948|access-date=2016-03-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403215345/http://www.brittenproject.org/works/BTC1020|archive-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> who would go on to chair the English Opera Group.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMyKjyzEW_kC|title=Letters from a Life: 1952–1957|last1=Britten|first1=Benjamin|author1-link=Benjamin Britten|last2=Mitchell|first2=Donald|author2-link=Donald Mitchell (writer)|last3=Reed|first3=Philip|last4=Cooke|first4=Mervyn|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=978-1-84383-382-6}}</ref>
* The opera was made into a [[The Beggar's Opera (film)|film version in 1953]], and starred [[Laurence Olivier]] as Captain Macheath.
* In 1975, [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] playwright (and future president) [[Václav Havel]] created a non-musical adaptation.
* In 1977, the Nigerian Nobel Prize-winning playwright and dramatist [[Wole Soyinka]] wrote, produced and directed ''Opera Wonyosi'' (published 1981), an adaptation of both John Gay's ''The Beggar's Opera'' and Bertolt Brecht's ''The Threepenny Opera''; most of his characters as well as some of the arias are from the two earlier plays.
* In 1978, the Brazilian singer-songwriter [[Chico Buarque]] wrote ''[[Ópera do Malandro]]'' (1978), an adaptation of both John Gay's ''The Beggar's Opera'' and Bertolt Brecht's ''The Threepenny Opera,'' with new songs and set in 1940s [[Rio de Janeiro]], which was later adapted as a film by director [[Ruy Guerra]].
* In 1981 [[Richard Bonynge]] and [[Douglas Gamley]] arranged a new edition for The Australian Opera (now [[Opera Australia]]). It was recorded the same year with [[Joan Sutherland]], [[Kiri Te Kanawa]], [[James Morris (bass-baritone)|James Morris]] and [[Angela Lansbury]].
* The opera was adapted for BBC television in 1983. This production was directed by [[Jonathan Miller]] and starred [[Roger Daltrey]] in the role of Macheath, [[Stratford Johns]] as Peachum, [[Gary Tibbs]] as Filch, and [[Bob Hoskins]] as the Beggar. The "happy" ending was changed so that Macheath is hanged instead of being reprieved.
* In 1984 in the play (and later film) ''[[A Chorus of Disapproval (play)|A Chorus of Disapproval]]'' by [[Alan Ayckbourn]], an amateur production of ''The Beggar's Opera'' is a major plot driver and excerpts are performed.
* In 1990 Jonathan Dobin created his period-styled performing edition for the Ten Ten Players (now Theatre 2020) and it has since been performed at venues throughout the United States. This edition is based on the 1728 printed edition and includes the full overture as detailed by Pepusch and fleshes out all of the remaining 69 airs and dances of the original 18th century production.<ref name=Dobin />
* In 1998, the all female Japanese troupe, [[Takarazuka Revue]], produced an adaptation titled ''Speakeasy''.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090626122055/http://www.takarazuka-revue.net/takawiki/tiki-index.php?page=Speakeasy+%2F+Sniper+%28Flower%2C+1998 Takarazuka Revue]}}</ref> The play was [[Maya Miki]]'s retirement play.
* In 2008 the [[Sydney Theatre Company]] of Australia and [[Out of Joint Theatre Company]] co-produced a version entitled ''The Convict's Opera'' written by [[Stephen Jeffreys]] and directed by [[Max Stafford-Clark]]. This version is set aboard a convict ship bound for [[New South Wales]], where convicts are putting on a version of ''The Beggar's Opera''. The lives of the convicts partly mirror their characters in ''The Beggars' Opera'', and modern popular songs are performed throughout the piece. ''The Convict's Opera'' began touring the UK in early 2009.<ref>[http://www.australianstage.com.au/reviews/sydney/the-convicts-opera--stc--out-of-joint-1944.html "''The Convict's Opera'' – STC & Out of Joint"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322122746/http://www.australianstage.com.au/reviews/sydney/the-convicts-opera--stc--out-of-joint-1944.html |date=22 March 2016 }} by Jack Teiwes, ''Australian Stage'', 8 October 2008</ref>
* The theatre company [[Vanishing Point (theatre company)|Vanishing Point]] created a modern production of ''The Beggar's Opera'' in 2009 for The [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]] and [[Belgrade Theatre]], Coventry, set in a near-future apocalypse world. It features music from [[A Band Called Quinn]].<ref>[http://www.vanishing-point.org/our-work/the-beggars-opera/ "''The Beggars Opera''"], production details, [[Vanishing Point (theatre company)|Vanishing Point]], 2009</ref>
* The original opera was performed in an 18th-century setting at the [[Regent's Park Open Air Theatre]] in summer 2011 in a production directed by [[Lucy Bailey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/29/beggars-opera-review|title=Review – ''The Beggar's Opera''|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=30 June 2011|author=Michael Billington|author-link=Michael Billington (critic)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101232433/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/29/beggars-opera-review|archive-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>
* In 2019, [[Kneehigh Theatre|Kneehigh Theatre Company]] in association with [[Everyman Theatre, Liverpool|Liverpool Everyman & Playhouse]] created and toured a reinvention of ''The Beggar's Opera'', called ''Dead Dog in a Suitcase (and other love songs)''.<ref>[https://www.kneehigh.co.uk/shows/dead-dog-in-a-suitcase/ "''Dead Dog in a Suitcase (and other love songs)'' – A new Baggar's Opera"], [[Kneehigh Theatre]]</ref>
*In 2021, French mezzo-soprano and composer Hélène Ducos created ''Minuit Montmartre'', a four-act opera inspired by ''The Beggar's Opera''. The first performance took place in Paris on 10 July.<ref>[https://www.helloasso.com/associations/des-voix-sur-les-planches/evenements/minuit-montmartre-1 "''Minuit Montmartre'' par Des Voix Sur Les Planches], July 2021, helloasso.com (in French)</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite journal|last1=Guerinot|first1=J. V.|last2=Jilg|first2=Rodney D.|journal=Contexts 1|title=The Beggar's Opera|editor=Maynard Mack|editor-link=Maynard Mack|location=Hamden, Connecticut|publisher=Archon|year=1976}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource|The Beggar's Opera|''The Beggar's Opera''}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecco;cc=ecco;rgn=main;view=text;idno=004782096.0001.000 Full text] as held by the [[University of Michigan Library]]
* [https://archive.org/details/beggarsoperaasit00austi Vocal score used in 1920 Lyric Hammersmith revival]
*[http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12024/3257 Libretto], University of Oxford Text Archive
* {{IBDB show|1916}}
* {{IMDb title|0045547|The Beggar's Opera|(1952)}}
* {{IMDb title|0126812|The Beggar's Opera|(1983)}}
*{{librivox book | title=The Beggar's Opera | author=John Gay}}

{{John Gay}}
{{The Threepenny Opera}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beggars Opera, The}}
[[Category:Works by John Gay]]
[[Category:Operas by Johann Christoph Pepusch]]
[[Category:English-language operas|English-language operas]]
[[Category:Ballad operas]]
[[Category:1728 operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:Operas adapted into films]]
[[Category:Operas set in London]]
[[Category:Robert Walpole]]
[[Category:Folk operas]]
[[Category:Works about highwaymen]]
[[Category:Satirical operas]]