Editing Thai lunar calendar

{{Short description|Religious calendar in Thailand}}
[[File:Fortune-Telling Manual (Phrommachat) (CBL Thi 1302).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Fortune-Telling Manual (Phrommachat) with the twelve animals of the Thai zodiac and their associated attributes, avatars and plants. Thailand, c. 1845. [[Chester Beatty Library]]]]
The '''Thai lunar calendar''' ({{langx|th|ปฏิทินจันทรคติ}}, {{RTGS|''patithin chanthrakhati''}}, {{IPA|th|pà.tì.tʰīn t͡ɕān.tʰrá(ʔ).kʰā.tìʔ|pron}}, literally, ''Specific days according to lunar norms''), or '''[[Tai peoples|Tai]] calendar''', is a [[lunisolar calendar|lunisolar]] [[Buddhist calendar]]. It is used for calculating lunar-regulated holy days. Based on the '''''SuriyaYatra''''',{{clarification needed|reason=What is the SuriyaYatra?|date=October 2021}} with likely influence from the traditional Hindu ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'', it has its own unique structure that does not require the Surya Siddhanta to calculate. Lunisolar calendars combine [[lunar calendar|lunar]] and [[solar calendar]]s for a nominal [[year]] of 12 [[month]]s. An extra day or an extra 30-day month is [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|intercalated]] at irregular intervals.

==Legal versus religious calendar==
The [[Thai solar calendar]] ({{langx|th|ปฏิทินสุริยคติ}}, {{RTGS|patithin suriyakhati}}, {{IPA|th|pà.tì.tʰin sù.rí.já.kʰàʔ.tìʔ|}}), Thailand's version of the [[Gregorian calendar]], replaced the ''patithin chanthrakhati'' in [[calendar era#Dionysian "Common Era"|AD]] 1888 / 2431 [[Buddhist Era|BE]] for [[Civil law (legal system)|legal]] and [[Commerce|commercial]] purposes. In both calendars, the four principal [[lunar phase]]s determine [[Buddhist]] [[Uposatha]]s, obligatory holy days for observant Buddhists. Significant days also include feast days.

Note that the Thai and the Chinese lunar calendars do not directly correspond. [[Thai Chinese]] likewise observe their Uposatha and [[traditional Chinese holidays]] according to [[solar terms]], two of which correspond to one lunar phase. These also move with respect to the solar calendar, and so it is common for Thai calendars to incorporate both Thai and [[Chinese calendar|Chinese lunar calendar]]-based events.

[[Mundane astrology]] also figures prominently in [[Thai culture]], so modern Thai birth certificates include lunar calendar dates and the appropriate Thai Zodiacal animal year-name for Thai [[Hora (astrology)|Hora]] ({{langx|th|โหราศาสตร์}}, {{RTGS|horasat}}). The Thai Zodiac is similar to the Chinese, though the [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] is replaced by the Naga (งูใหญ่), and in Northern Thailand the [[Pig (zodiac)|Pig]] is occasionally replaced with an Elephant.

[[File:Thai-Birth-Certificate-Solar-Lunar-Zodiac.png|thumb|Thai-Birth-Certificate-Solar-Lunar-Zodiac]]

==Years==
{{further|Chula Sakarat|Lunar phase|Solar term}}

To keep the years in sync with the seasons, Thai lunar years may add a day to the 7th month or repeat the 8th month. Therefore, years may have one of three lengths – 354, 355 or 384 days – yet retain a [[Real versus nominal value|nominal]] length of twelve months.

*The 354-day-long years consist of 12 "normal months", and such a year is called a "normal-month year" ({{langx|th|(ปี) ปกติมาส}}, {{RTGS|(pi) pakatimat}}, {{IPA|th|(pī) pà.kà.ti.mâːt|}}).
*The 355-day-long years [[Intercalation (timekeeping)|add]] an extra day to the normally 29-day-long 7th month; such a year is called an "extra-day year" ({{langx|th|(ปี) อธิกวาร}}, {{RTGS|(pi) athikawan}}, {{IPA|th|(pīː) ʔà.tʰí.kà.waːn}}).

[[File:August2004rs.png|right|thumb|175px|AD 2004/2547BE Extra lunar month ended August 15]]
*The 384-day-long years repeat the 30-day-long 8th month, thus keeping the month count at 12. Nevertheless, a year of 384 days is called an "extra-month year" ({{langx|th|(ปี) อธิกมาส}}, {{RTGS|(pi) athikamat}}, {{IPA|th|(pīː) ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt|}}).

===New year===
The Thai lunar calendar does not mark the beginning of a new year when it starts a new 1-to-12 count, which occurs most frequently in December.

[[Image:August2004 1-2.jpg|right|thumb|August 1 and 2, 2004. Sunday, a holiday, on the left, and Monday, observed as the compensatory day, on the right]]
The Thai solar calendar determines a [[person]]'s [[Age of majority|legal age]] and the dates of [[Secularity|secular]] [[holiday]]s, including the civil [[new year]] and the three days of the [[Songkran (Thailand)|traditional Thai New Year]], which begin the next Twelve-year animal cycle. Should the holidays fall on a [[Workweek|weekend]], it also accommodates these as well as some of the principal lunar festivals with a compensatory day off ({{langx|th|วันชดเชย}}, {{RTGS|wan chotchoei}}).

=== Twelve-year animal cycle ===
{{Further|Chinese zodiac}}
<!-- Thai solar calendar#New Year links here -->

[[13 April]] of the solar calendar occasions the beginning of the traditional [[Thai New Year]] (Songkran) and is the day that a year assumes the name of the next animal in the twelve-year animal cycle;<ref>{{cite book|title=The calendrical systems of mainland southeast asia|author=J.C. Eade|year=1995 |isbn=90-04-10437-2|publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden|page=22}} According to some scholars including [[George Coedes]], the change originally occurred at the beginning of the 5th lunar month, a few days before Songkhran.</ref> Thai Chinese communities may observe the name-change earlier in accordance with the [[Chinese New Year]].

The Thai names of the months were borrowed from Khmer, which were in turn borrowed from Archaic Vietnamese.<ref>Michel Ferlus. [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00922842/document The sexagesimal cycle, from China to Southeast Asia]. 23rd Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. <halshs-00922842v2></ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
! Gregorian year
! Thai zodiac
! Animal
! Khmer name
! Vietnamese root
|-
| 2025 || Maseng (มะเส็ง) || 蛇 [[Snake (zodiac)|Snake]] || Msáñ
(ម្សាញ់)
| Rắn 
|-
| 2026 || Mamia (มะเมีย) || 馬 [[Horse (zodiac)|Horse]] || Mâmi
(មមី)
| Mã?
|-
| 2027 || Mamae (มะแม) || 羊 [[Goat (zodiac)|Goat]] || Mâmê
(មមែ)
| Mùi?
|-
| 2028 || Wok (วอก) || 猴 [[Monkey (zodiac)|Monkey]] || Vok
(វក)
| Vọc 
|-
| 2029 || Raka (ระกา) || 雞 [[Rooster (zodiac)|Rooster]] || Râka
(រកា)
| Gà (Kê) 
|-
| 2030 || Cho (จอ) || 狗 [[Dog (zodiac)|Dog]] || Câ
(ច)
| Chó 
|-
| 2031 || Kun (กุน) || 豬 [[Pig (zodiac)|Pig]] || Kŏr
(កុរ)
| Cúi 
|-
| 2032 || Chuat (ชวด) ||鼠 [[Rat (zodiac)|Rat]] || Jut
(ជូត)
| Chuột
|-
| 2033 || Chalu (ฉลู) || 牛 [[Ox (zodiac)|Ox]] || Chlov
(ឆ្លូវ)
| Trâu 
|-
| 2034 || Khan (ขาล) || 虎 [[Tiger (zodiac)|Tiger]] || Khal
(ខាល)
| Cọp (Khái) 
|-
| 2035 || Tho (เถาะ) || 兔 [[Rabbit (zodiac)|Rabbit]] || Thaôh
(ថោះ)
| Thỏ 
|-
| 2036 || Marong (มะโรง) || 龍 [[Dragon (zodiac)|Dragon]] || Roŭng
(រោង)
| Rồng 
|}

== Months ==
In the modern Thai calendar, months ({{langx|th|เดือน}}, {{RTGS|duean}}, {{IPA|th|dɯ̄ːan|}}, meaning "month" or "[[Lunation]]") are defined by lunar cycles. Successive months (or lunations) are numbered from 1 to 12 within the Thai year. As in other [[Buddhist calendar]]s, these months have names that derive from [[Buddhist calendar#Names of the months|Sanskrit]], but for the most part are only known by Thai astrologers.<ref name=Diller>{{cite web
|url= http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020110010101/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html|title= Thai Time |access-date= 2008-05-08 |last= Diller |first= Anthony |author2=Preecha Juntanamalaga  |year= 2000 |publisher= Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University |page= 25 |archive-date= 2002-01-10 |url-status= dead |quote= (5.1) ...names would be known only by Thai astrologers (Prasert Na Nagara 1998:524).}}</ref>

Two successive lunations take slightly more than 59 days. The Thai lunar calendar approximates this interval with "normal-month" pairs ({{lang|th|ปกติมาส}}, {{RTGS|pakatimat}}) that are alternately 29 and 30 days long. 29-day "[[Month#Calendrical consequences|hollow month]]s" ({{lang|th|เดือนขาด}}, {{RTGS|duean khat}}, {{IPA|th|dɯ̄ːan kʰàːt|}}) are odd-numbered ({{lang|th|เดือนคี่}}, {{RTGS|duean khi}}, {{IPA|th|dɯːan.kʰî|}}); 30-day "full months" ({{lang|th|เดือนถ้วน}}, {{RTGS|duean thuan}}, {{IPA|th|dɯ̄ːan tʰûan|}}) are even-numbered ({{lang|th|เดือนคู่}}, {{RTGS|duean khu}}, {{IPA|th|dɯ̄ːan kʰûː|}}).

To keep the beginning of the month in sync with the new moon, from time to time either the normally "hollow" Month 7 takes an extra day, or an extra "full" Month 8 follows a normal "full" Month 8.

Months 1 and 2 are named in [[Archaism|archaic]] [[Thai numerals#Alternate numbers|alternate numbers]], with the remainder being named in modern numbers.<ref name="Diller quote">{{cite web |url= http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020110010101/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html|title= Thai Time |access-date= 2008-05-08 |last= Diller |first= Anthony |author2=Preecha Juntanamalaga  |year= 2000 |publisher= Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University |page= 25 |archive-date= 2002-01-10
|url-status= dead |quote= (5.1) ...the common Thai practice is simply to refer to lunar months by number, ''e.g.'' [du’an s:am], ‘third lunar month’. For the first and second lunar months, the older Thai counting forms [a:y] and [yi:] are used. Thus the first lunar month is commonly [du’an a:y], equivalent in more obscure astrological parlance to [maru’khasira-ma:t].}}</ref>

=== Months 1 &ndash; 6 ===
Month 1,  "duean ai" ({{lang|th|เดือนอ้าย}}, {{IPA|th|dɯ̄ːan ʔâːj|}}), begins the cycle of counting the months anew, most frequently in December, but does not signify the beginning of a new year.<ref name="Diller quote 2">{{cite web
|url= http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html
|archive-url=   https://web.archive.org/web/20020110010101/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html
|title= Thai Time
|access-date= 2008-05-08
|last= Diller
|first= Anthony
|author2=Preecha Juntanamalaga
 |year= 2000
|publisher= Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University
|page= 25
|archive-date= 2002-01-10
|url-status= dead
|quote= (5.1) [Month 1] refers to a full moon occurring near the designated part of Orion, which most frequently happens in December.
}}</ref> ''Ai'', an [[Archaism|archaic]] word in Thai but not in other dialects, means ''first''.<ref name=ORID>[http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp On-line Royal Institute Dictionary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000030/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp |date=2009-03-03 }} (ORID - 1999).
</ref> An odd-numbered hollow month, it is 29 days long.

Month 2, "duean yi", ({{lang|th|เดือนยี่}}, {{IPA|th|dɯ̄an jîː|}}, from archaic ญี่ meaning ''2'')<ref name="ORID"/> is an even-numbered full month.

Months 3–6, "duean 3–6", use the modern reading of [[Thai numerals]], as do all remaining months. Months 3–6, alternate between 29-day hollow months and 30-day full months.

=== Month 7 and athikawan ===
Month 7, "duean 7", a hollow month is normally 29 days long in years of 354 days, but adds an extra day ({{lang|th|อธิกวาร}} {{RTGS|athikawan}}) when required for 355-day-long years ({{lang|th|ปีอธิกวาร}}, {{RTGS|pi athikawan}}).

===Month 8 ===
The eighth month, "duean 8", is a 30-day full month.

=== Month 8/8 "athikamat" ===
[[Image:July 14 2007.jpg|150px|right]]
[[Image:July 15 2007.jpg|150px|right]]
Athikamat ({{lang|th|อธิกมาส}}, {{IPA|th|ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt}})) is the extra month needed for a 384-day-long ''pi athikamat'' (extra-month year; {{lang|th|ปีอธิกมาส}}, {{IPA|th|pī.ʔà.tʰí.kà.mâːt}}). Month 8 repeats as เดือน ๘/๘ or Month 8/8, variously read as "duean paet thab paet" ({{lang|th|เดือนแปดทับแปด}}) or "duean paet lang" ({{lang|th|เดือนแปดหลัง}})

===Months 9 &ndash; 12 ===
Months 9–12, "duean 9–12", complete the lunar cycle.

===Month divisions===
Months divide into two periods designated by whether they are [[Lunar phase#Names of lunar phases|waxing or waning]]:
*Waxing : ''khang khuen'' ({{lang|th|ข้างขึ้น}}), the period from new moon to full moon, is always 15 days long.
*Waning : ''khang raem'' ({{lang|th|ข้างแรม}}), the period from full moon to new moon, which is 14 days long in hollow months, except when Month 7 adds an extra day, and 15 days long in full months.

== Weeks ==
<!-- สัปดาห์, สัปดาหะ [สับดา, สับปะดา, สับดาหะ] น. รอบ ๗ วัน เริ่มตั้งแต่วันอาทิตย์ถึง
วันเสาร์, ระยะ ๗ วัน เช่น สัปดาห์แห่งการส่งเสริมพระพุทธศาสนา. สัปดาห์แห่งการเขียนจดหมาย. (ส. สปฺตาห). สัปดาห์, สัปดาหะ ดู สัปด. สัปด	[สับดะ] ว. เจ็ด. (ส. สปฺต; ป. สตฺต). ORID -->
A [[week]] is called ''Sapda/Sappada'' ({{langx|th|สัปดาห์}}, {{IPA|th|sàp.dāː, sàp.pà.dāː|}}). The term is defined by the [[Royal Institute of Thailand#The Royal Institute Dictionary|Royal Institute Dictionary]] (RID) as a 7-day period beginning on Sunday and ending Saturday.<ref>[http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp RID on-line] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000030/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp |date=2009-03-03 }}</ref> When referring to lunations, however, it is the 7-, 8- or (rarely) 9-day interval between [[quartile]] [[lunar phase]]s; that is, from one ''wan phra'' ({{lang|th|วันพระ}}) to the next.

==Days==
While [[Thai solar calendar#Weekdays|solar-calendar weekdays]] have names, lunar-calendar days number sequentially from 1 to 14 or 15 in two segments depending on whether the moon is waxing or waning. For example, "raem 15 kham duean 12 {{lang|th|แรม ๑๕ ค่ำ เดือน ๑๒}}" means "Waning of the 15th Night of the 12th Lunar Month".

''Kham {{lang|th|ค่ำ}} '', evening, is considered to be the evening of the common day that begins and ends at midnight, rather than of a day that begins and ends at dusk. Past practice may have been different.

==Named lunar days==
*''Wan Phra''  {{lang|th|วันพระ}}, Buddhist holy days
**''Wan Thamma Sawana''  {{lang|th|วันธรรมสวนะ}} Buddhist [[Uposatha]] regularly fall on:
***''Khuen 8''  {{lang|th|ขึ้น ๘}} first-quarter moon
***''Khuen 15''  {{lang|th|ขึ้น ๑๕}} full moon; also called ''wan phen'' {{lang|th|วันเพ็ญ}} day  [of] full [moon]. However, ''Wan Deuan Phen'' {{lang|th|วันเดือนเพ็ญ}}, the actual day of the [[Full moon#Characteristics|full moon]] and khuen 15 kham do not always fall on the same day.
***''Raem 8''  {{lang|th|แรม ๘}} third-quarter moon
***''Raem 14 (15)''  {{lang|th|แรม ๑๔ (๑๕)}}  the last day of the lunar month; also called ''wan dap'' {{lang|th|วันดับ}} day [moon is] quenched, [or goes] out.
*''Wan wai phra chan'' {{lang|th|วันไหว้พระจันทร์}}, called "Day [of] Respect [for] the Holy Moon", is the actual day the [[Harvest moon]] becomes full. It occurs on ''khuen 14 (15) kham duean 10'' {{lang|th|ขึ้น ๑๔ (๑๕) ค่ำ เดือน ๑๐}} (Waxing 14 (15) Evening, Month 10.)

==Holidays regulated by the moon==
{{Main|Public holidays in Thailand}}
[[Uposatha]], colloquially called {{lang|th|วันพระ}}, are the New, First-quarter, Full, and Third-quarter Moon-days. These are not normally days off ({{lang|th|วันหยุด}}), except for [[butcher]], [[barber]], and [[beautician]] shops that observe the [[Eight Precepts]]. Annual holidays and seasonal festivals collectively are called {{lang|th|วันนักขัตฤกษ์}}.

Festivals or [[fair]]s are called {{lang|th|เทศกาล}}; these may be further styled as  {{lang|th|ประเพณี}} "[[tradition]]al" and as  {{langx|th|พิธี}}, "[[Ritual|rite]]" or "[[ceremony]]". The table shows the [[Uposatha#Special uposatha|principal]] ones governed by the moon in yellow.

Work holidays prescribed by the government are called {{langx|th|วันหยุดราชการ}}; those regulated by the moon are red.

Weekends are normally days off; if a holiday normally observed by a day off falls on a weekend, the following Monday is a compensatory day off {{langx|th|วันชดเชย}}.

{|
| style="background:pink; color:black" | Work holidays
| and
| bgcolor="lightyellow" | <span style="color:green;"> festivals </span>
| regulated by the moon: x = wa'''x'''ing moon; n = wa'''n'''ing
|}
{|- style="background:lightyellow; color:green"
|-
! Mo.
! Day
! Event
! ไทย
! Comment
|-
| 3†
| 1x
| [[Chinese New Year]]
| {{lang|th|ตรุษจีน}}
| ''Most shops owned by Chinese-Thai close''
|-
|- style="background:pink; color:black"
| 3
| 15x
| [[Magha Puja]]
| {{lang|th|วันมาฆบูชา}}
| ''Makha Bucha''
|-
|- style="background:pink; color:black"
| 6
| 15x
| [[Vesak]]
| {{lang|th|วิสาขบูชา}}
| ''Wisakha Bucha''
|-
|- style="background:pink; color:black"
| 8‡
| 15x
| [[Asalha Puja]]
| {{lang|th|อาสาฬหบูชา}}
| ''Asanha Bucha''
|-
|- style="background:pink; color:black"
| 8‡
| 1n
| [[Vassa|Wan Khao Phansa]]
| {{lang|th|วันเข้าพรรษา}}
| Begin ''Rains Retreat'', or "Buddhist [[Vassa|Lent]]"
|-
| 10
| 15n
| Thetsakan Sat
| {{lang|th|เทศกาลสารท}}
| The ''[[Vegetarian Festival]] ({{lang|th|เทศกาลวันสารท}})<ref>[http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp สารท ๑] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000030/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp |date=2009-03-03 }}</ref> now appears on calendars as ''thetsakan kin che kao wan'' ({{lang|th|เทศกาลกินเจเก้าวัน}}), ''(begin) Nine-day Vegetarian Festival''. ''Kin Jae'' <ref>[http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp กินเจ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303000030/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/dictionary.asp |date=2009-03-03 }}</ref> means (to vow) in the manner of Vietnamese or Chinese Buddhists to eat a strict vegetarian diet. ({{lang|th|เทศกาลกินเจ}})
|-
| 11
| 15x
| [[Wan Ok Phansa]]
| {{lang|th|วันออกพรรษา}}
| End ''Rains Retreat'', or "Buddhist Lent"
|-
| 11
| 1n
| [[Kathina|Thot Kathin]]
| {{lang|th|ทอดกฐิน}}
| ''Presentation of Monk's Robes after Rains Retreat''
|-
| 12
| 15x
| [[Loi Krathong]]
| {{lang|th|ลอยกระทง}}
|  Note that Loi Krathong dates are based on the Lanna (Northern Thailand) Lunar Calendar which is two months later than the Thai Lunar Calendar. Loy Krathong is actually on the second month of the Lanna calendar which is the 12th month of the central Thai calendar.
|}
Notes:
: † The Chinese New Year uses different methods of determining intercalary months, so this festival sometimes occurs a month earlier or later.
: ‡ Month 8/8 in years with the extra month.

==Thai year vocabulary==
Thai orthography spells most native words phonetically, though there is no definitive system for
[[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|transcription]] into Roman letters. Here, native Thai words are immediately followed by a vocabulary entry in this pattern:
:''Phonetic'' Thai (Thai phonetic respelling, if different) [Comment] definition; variant definitions.
Example:
:''Thai''  ไทย (ไท)  [Archaic] free, frank; Thai race, language, [[Thai alphabet|alphabet]]; [[thaification|citizen of Thailand]].

[[Sanskrit]] loan words follow different rules [the way English grammatical rules vary for words of Greek and Latin origin  ('ph-' in 'phonetic' being pronounced /f/, for example.)] Entered below in order of first appearance, these vocabulary entries are in this pattern:
;''Sanskrit''  สันสกฤต (สันสะกฺริด /san-sa-krit/)  :
Literally means "well done", "polished","cultured" or "perfected" in a modern usage (which implies the language of cultured persons); Sanskrit alphabet, [[Sanskrit language|language]], writing; [presumed] compound of
* ''san'' สัน (-/son/) derived from the prefix "saṃ" meaning "together, with, completely"
* ''skrit'' สกฤต (สะกฺริต /sa-krit/)  derived from the root "kr" meaning "do or make".
; ''Chanthrakhati'' จันทรคติ  (จันทฺระคะติ) : "Lunar norms", Lunar Calendar; compound of
* ''Chanthra-'' จันทร- (จันทฺระ) : ''Chan'' จันทร์ (จัน)  moon, lunar +
* ''Kati'' คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles, norms
; ''Patithin'' ปฏิทิน (ปะติทิน) : Calendar; compound of
*  ''Pati-'' ปฏิ- (ปะติ-) : anti-, re-, for, specific +
*  ''-thin'' (-ทิน) : [from Sanskrit ''dina''] : day.
* ''patithin'' means for days, specific days or fixed days
; ''Patitin Chanthakhati''  ปฏิทินจันทรคติ (ปะติทินจันทระคะติ) :  "Specific days according to lunar norms", Lunar Calendar
; ''Suriyakhati'' สุริยคติ (สุริยะคะติ) : ''Solar norms'', Solar Calendar; compound of
* ''Suriya'' สุริย or สุริยะ : ''Athit'' อาทิตย์, the sun, Sol  +
* ''Khati'' คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles, norms
; ''Prokkatimat'' ปรกติมาส  (ปฺรกกะติมาด) : normal month; compound of
* ''Prokkati'' ปรกติ (ปฺรกกะติ) : ''pakati'' ปกติ (ปะกะติ) ordinary, usual, normal +
* ''Mat'' มาส  (มาด) : ''duean'' (เดือน) month.
; ''Athikamat'' อธิกมาส (อะทิกะมาด) : month added in leap-month lunar years
; ''Athikawan'' อธิกวาร (อะทิกะวาน) : day added in leap-day lunar years; compound of
* ''Athika'' (Sanskrit: ''adhika'') : additional +
* ''-wan'' วาร (Sanskrit: ''vāra'') :  ''wan'' วัน day.
;''Athikasurathin'' อธิกสุรทิน (อะทิกะสุระทิน) : day added to February in a solar leap year.

==See also==
{{wikisource|Proclamation on Observance of New Year's Day on 1 January, dated 24 December 1940}}
* [[Public holidays in Thailand]]
* [[The Royal Institute of Thailand]]
* [[Thai solar calendar]]
* [[Thai six-hour clock|Thai 6-hour clock]]
* [[Time in Thailand]]
* [[Traditional Burmese calendar]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web
|url= http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html
|archive-url=   https://web.archive.org/web/20021210010101/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html
|title= Thai Time
|access-date= 22 June 2008
|last= Diller
|first= Anthony
|author2=Preecha Juntanamalaga
 |date= December 1995
|work= International Conference on Tai Languages and Cultures, Thammasat University
|publisher= Australian National University
|archive-date= 2002-12-10
|url-status= dead
}}
* Eade, J.C. ''The calendrical systems of mainland south-east Asia''. {{ISBN|90-04-10437-2}} (Cited by Diller & Preecha)
* Sethaputra, So. ''New Model English - Thai Dictionary'', {{ISBN|974-08-3253-9}}

==External links==
* [http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html Thai Time by Anthony Diller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820012233/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41890/3/thai_time.html |date=2008-08-20 }} – last changed 10 January 2002.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071221061549/http://www.rorymo.co.uk/ThaiAlbumPage/fstissue/chulasakarat.html How Chula Sakarat Dates Work]}} in Thailand: article for stamp collectors recovered 20 December 2007.
* [http://www.myhora.com/ปฏิทิน/ Thai Lunar Calendar (BE.2300-2584)]  (Thai Language)

{{calendars}}
{{Thailand topics}}

[[Category:Time in Thailand|Lunar calendar]]
[[Category:Lunisolar calendars]]
[[Category:Specific calendars]]
[[Category:Culture of Thailand|Calendars]]
[[Category:Observances set by the Thai lunar calendar| ]]