Editing Texaco Star Theater

{{Short description|American broadcast comedy-variety show}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:38-10-12 texaco star theatre ad.jpg|thumb|An October 12, 1938, advertisement for Texaco Star Theatre]]
'''''Texaco Star Theater''''' is an American comedy-variety show, broadcast on radio from 1938 to 1949 and telecast from 1948 to 1956. It was one of the first successful examples of American [[television broadcasting]], remembered as the show that gave [[Milton Berle]] the nickname "Mr. Television".

The classic 1940–1944 version of the program, hosted by radio's [[Fred Allen]], was followed by a radio series on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] (the former [[NBC Blue Network|NBC Blue]]) in the spring of 1948. When [[Texaco]] (now [[Chevron Corporation]]) first took it to television on [[NBC]] on June 8, 1948, the show had a huge cultural impact. Once Texaco ended its sponsorship in 1953, the show became known as '''''The Buick-Berle Show''''' under new sponsor [[Buick]], changing to '''''The Milton Berle Show''''' for its final season.

==Radio==
The roots of ''Texaco Star Theater'' were in a 1930s radio hit, ''[[Ed Wynn]], the Fire Chief'', featuring the manic "Perfect Fool" in a half-hour of [[vaudevillian]] routines interspersed with music. Wynn's ratings began to slide and the comedian lapsed amidst personal and professional crises, and the show ended in June 1935. Texaco sponsored ''[[The Jumbo Fire Chief Program]]'' in 1935–36 and ''The Fire Chief Concert'' in 1936.

Comedian [[Eddie Cantor]] was the star of a show called "Texaco Town" from 1936 to 1938. The show's cast featured young singers [[Bobby Breen]] and [[Deanna Durbin]], announcer [[Jimmy Wallington]], who read the commercials for Fire Chief gasoline, [[Harry Park]], and bandleader [[Jacques Renard]]. The show was a combination of comedy and music. Cantor frequently sang a tune about the "mayor of Texaco Town".

''Texaco Star Theater'' (spelled Theatre for most of the radio show's run) was first broadcast on October 5, 1938, and it continued on the air until June 26, 1940. Initial host [[Adolphe Menjou]] was succeeded by [[John Barrymore]], who was replaced by [[Ken Murray (entertainer)|Ken Murray]]. During the almost two-year span, [[Una Merkel]], Irene Noblette, [[Charlie Ruggles]], and [[Ned Sparks]] appeared as comedians. [[Kenny Baker (American performer)|Kenny Baker]], [[Jane Froman]], and [[Frances Langford]] sang, with David Broekman leading the orchestra. [[Jimmy Wallington]] was the announcer.<ref name="ota">{{cite book |last1=Dunning |first1=John |title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-507678-3 |page=658 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwtRbXNca0oC&dq=%22The+Texaco+Star+Theater+a%22+%22announcer+Jimmy%22&pg=PA658 |access-date=June 19, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The show began as a variety show with dramatizations and songs by guest stars. In 1940, the show became a star vehicle for Allen, with the show re-titled ''[[Texaco Star Theater with Fred Allen]]'' and the program airing on October 2, 1940.
[[File:Fred Allen Texaco Star Theater 1940.JPG|thumb|170px|Photo of [[Fred Allen]] for the show's premiere, 1940.]]
Allen's previous sponsor, [[Bristol-Myers]]' [[Ipana]] toothpaste and [[Sal Hepatica]] laxative, decided to cease their tandem sponsorship of Allen's successful hour, first known as ''[[Town Hall Tonight]]'' and then, for its final season, ''[[The Fred Allen Show]]''. He presided over ''Texaco Star Theater'' from 1940 to 1942 as an hour-long show on Wednesday and then Sunday nights, and from 1942 to 1944 as a half-hour show, until he withdrew from work for over a year on his doctor's advice. It was during the half-hour version of the show that the more cerebral (if barbed) Allen premiered the continuing comic sketch for which many remember him best: the ensemble, topical takeoffs of "Allen's Alley". Guests included some of the best comedic actors of the time, including [[Sam Levene]], the legendary Broadway actor and Hollywood film character actor.

Though some believe the title ''[[Texaco]] Star Theater'' was retired temporarily, in favor of ''Texaco Time'', after Allen scaled the show back to a half-hour, the show retained the ''Texaco Star Theater'' title officially, the confusion likely stemming from the announcers' first words of introduction: "It's Texaco time starring Fred Allen." They customarily continued the introduction, as the opening music continued, by referring to ''Texaco Star Theater''. Jimmy Wallington became the show's announcer for most of its life with Allen as the feature (he succeeded [[George Burns]] and [[Gracie Allen]] sidekick [[Harry Von Zell]]), though for a brief spell during its third season the announcer was budding radio personality and future television legend [[Arthur Godfrey]]. Kenny Baker also remained for the first two seasons, his previous role with Allen's "rival" Jack Benny serving for a number of situations, although his role was greatly reduced by 1942, partly because Baker had become difficult to manage, particularly after a controversial performance of "Ave Maria" sung in German weeks after the United States officially entered World War II.

Allen was forced to leave the show in 1944 due to [[hypertension]]; he returned with a different sponsor on [[NBC]], while staying with and further refining his half-hour format a year later. ''Texaco Star Theater'''s next hosts included [[James Melton]] (1944–1947), [[Tony Martin (entertainer)|Tony Martin]] (1947–1948), [[Gordon MacRae]] (1948), [[Jack Carter (comedian)|Jack Carter]] (1948), and [[Milton Berle]] (1948–1949). In 1945 [[Annamary Dickey]] was signed to a three-year contract co-hosting the radio program with James Melton through 1947.<ref>{{cite news|title=Radio: NEW TEXACO FORMAT UPS NUT TO $11,500|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|volume=160|issue=2|date=September 19, 1945|page=26}}</ref>

==Television==
On television, continuing a practice long established in radio, Texaco included its brand name in the show title. When the television version launched on June 8, 1948,<ref> "Boston TV Fans to Get Vaudeville," ''Boston Globe'', June 6, 1948, p. B-11. </ref> Texaco also made sure its employees were featured prominently throughout the hour, usually appearing as smiling "[[guardian angel]]s" performing good deeds of one or another kind, and a quartet of Texaco singers opened each week's show with the theme song.

They did not settle on Berle—who hosted a freshly revived radio version in spring 1948—as the permanent host right away; he hosted the first television ''Texaco Star Theater'' in June 1948<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1633218/m1/#track/4|title = Pop Chronicles 1940s Program #13}}</ref> but was originally part of a rotation of hosts<ref name="mr">{{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=David C. |title=Martha Raye: Film and Television Clown |date=2016 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2427-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2e_DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Texaco+Star+Theater%22&pg=PA140 |page=140 |access-date=June 19, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> (Berle himself had only a four-week contract). Comedian [[Jack Carter (comedian)|Jack Carter]] was host for August. Berle was named the permanent host that fall.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Mary |title=A Century of American Icons: 100 Products and Slogans from the 20th-Century Consumer Culture |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313314810  |access-date=4 September 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofamerica00cros/page/109/ |pages=109–110}}</ref>

He was a smash once the new full season began, ''Texaco Star Theater'' hitting ratings as high as 80 and owning Tuesday night for [[NBC]] from 8 to 9&nbsp;p.m. [[North American Eastern Time Zone|ET]].{{Citation needed |date=June 2020}} And, as the show landed a pair of [[Emmy Awards]] in that first year (the show itself, for Best Kinescope Show;<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards Search |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Texaco+Star&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year%5Bmin%5D=&field_nominations_year%5Bmax%5D=&field_nominations_year_op=%3E%3D&field_nominations_year%5Bvalue%5D=1949-01-01&field_nominations_year_1%5Bmin%5D=&field_nominations_year_1%5Bmax%5D=&field_nominations_year_1_op=%3C%3D&field_nominations_year_1%5Bvalue%5D=2020-01-01&field_award_category=All |website=Emmy Awards |publisher=Television Academy |access-date=June 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619021000/https://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Texaco+Star&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year%5Bmin%5D=&field_nominations_year%5Bmax%5D=&field_nominations_year_op=%3E%3D&field_nominations_year%5Bvalue%5D=1949-01-01&field_nominations_year_1%5Bmin%5D=&field_nominations_year_1%5Bmax%5D=&field_nominations_year_1_op=%3C%3D&field_nominations_year_1%5Bvalue%5D=2020-01-01&field_award_category=All |archive-date=June 19, 2020}}</ref> and, Berle as Most Outstanding Kinescoped Personality), Uncle Miltie (he first called himself by that name [[ad-libbing]] at the end of a 1949 broadcast) joked, preened, pratfell, danced, costumed, and clowned his way to stardom, with Americans discovering television as a technological marvel and entertainment medium seeming to bring the country to a dead stop every Tuesday night, just to see what the madcap Berle might pull next.

With Berle at the helm, ''Texaco Star Theater'' was largely credited with driving American television set sales heavily; the number of TV sets sold during Berle's run on the show was said to have grown from 500,000, his first year on the tube, to over 30&nbsp;million when the show ended in 1956. ''Texaco Star Theater'' was also the highest rated television show of the 1950–1951 television season, the first season in which the [[Nielsen ratings]] were used.

Uncle Miltie was far from alone in keeping the show alive and kicking. His support players included Fatso Marco (1948–1952), [[Ruth Gilbert (actress)|Ruth Gilbert]] as "Maxine", Milton's love-starved secretary (1952–1955), Bobby Sherwood (1952–1953), [[Arnold Stang]] (1953–1955), Jack Collins (1953–1955), and Milton Frome (1953–1955). The show's music was provided by Alan Roth (1948–1955) and Victor Young (1955–1956).

As phenomenally popular as ''Texaco Star Theater'' was, it was hardly an undisturbed appeal. "Berle presented himself as one part [[buffoon]] and one part consummate, professional entertainer—a kind of veteran of the [[Borscht Belt]] trenches," the Museum of Broadcast Communications would observe decades after the show left the air. "Yet even within his shows' sanctioned [[exhibitionism]], some of Berle's behavior could cross the line from affability to effrontery. At its worst, the underlying tone of the Berle programs can appear to be one of contempt should the audience not respond approvingly. In some cases, this led to a surprising degree of self-consciousness about TV itself—Texaco's original commercial spokesman, Sid Stone, would sometimes hawk his products until driven from the stage by a cop. But the uneven balance of excess and decorum proved wildly successful."

Based on episodes that appear on the Internet Archive, it appears the series typically ran 48–50 minutes excluding commercials.

==Title changes==
Texaco dropped its sponsorship of the show and [[Buick]] became the new sponsor in 1953, prompting the show's name change to ''The Buick-Berle Show''.<ref name="mr" /> Two years later, it became, simply, ''The Milton Berle Show'', its title until its run ended at last in June 1956. By then, Berle and his audience had probably burned out on each other, and Buick had even dropped sponsorship of the show at the beginning of the 1955–1956 season (opting to sponsor [[Jackie Gleason]]'s half-hour filmed edition of ''[[The Honeymooners]]''), after ratings fell dramatically during the 1954–1955 as well (the higher ratings of his 1955–56 competition, ''[[The Phil Silvers Show]]'' on CBS, did not help Berle either);<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/B/htmlB/berlemilton/berlemilton.htm|title=Milton Berle: U.S. Comedian/Actor|publisher=museum.tv|access-date=June 22, 2010}}</ref> though Berle would remain one of the nation's beloved entertainers, overall, the show that made him a superstar was clearly spent for steam and fresh ideas, and two subsequent attempts at television comebacks hosting his own show lasted barely a year each. (Berle did, however, contribute his part to the making of a [[rock and roll]] legend: in his final season, he opened his stage to [[Elvis Presley]] amid the beginning of the hip-swiveling singer's  international popularity.)

Part of the problem was variety shows becoming costlier to produce, compared to the Texaco days when, among other factors, name guest stars did not mind the low appearance fees they got for appearing, because they could bank the exposure they got from even one appearance on the Berle show; or with Fred Allen and Ed Wynn in its earlier radio incarnations.

But part of the problem was Berle himself: with competition ([[Jack Benny]], [[George Burns]], [[Bob Hope]], [[Perry Como]], etc.) crowding him more and more as the years went on, as more television performers and creators found their on-camera legs, and brought new or at least more polished ideas to the air, Berle tried refining his camera persona and evolving from the freewheeling, manic style he cultivated so successfully in the Texaco years. The net result: the balance between excess and decorum now weighted more toward decorum, which wasn't exactly what Berle represented at the height of his popularity. He began losing many of his former fans, who preferred when he kept things more unpredictable, and it would be years before his kind of manic balance would find a television home again.



==Broadcast history==
NOTE: The most frequent time slot for the series is in '''bold text'''.
*'''Tuesday at 8:00–9:00&nbsp;pm on NBC: June 1948 – June 1956'''
*Wednesday at 9:00–9:30&nbsp;pm on NBC: October 1958 – May 1959

==U.S. television ratings==
''Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May [[sweeps]].''

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|- style="background-color:#E0E0E0"
! | Season
! | Ranking
! | Ratings
|- style="background-color:#E0E0E0"
| 1950–1951
! style="text-align:center" | No. 1
! style="text-align:center" | 61.6
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
| 1951–1952
! style="text-align:center" | No. 2
! style="text-align:center" | 53.8
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
| 1952–1953
! style="text-align:center" rowspan="2" | No. 5
! style="text-align:center" | 46.7
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
| 1953–1954
! style="text-align:center" | 40.2
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
| 1954–1955
! style="text-align:center" | No. 11
! style="text-align:center" | 34.6
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|-
| 1955–1956
! style="text-align:center" colspan="2" | N/A
|}

In the 1954–1955 season, the half-hour ''Texaco Star Theater'' offered in alternation ''The Jimmy Durante Show'' and ''[[The Donald O'Connor Show]]'' on the NBC Saturday evening schedule.

As a Top 30 program, ''Texaco Star Theater'' has an average rating of 47.3.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819042843/http://www.freeotrshows.com/otr/b/Milton_Berle_Show.html ''Milton Berle Show'' radio shows]
*{{IMDb title|id=0040041}}
*[https://archive.org/details/TexacoStarTheater22March1949 Public domain 1949 episode of ''Texaco Star Theater'' at the Internet Archive]

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2012}}
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[[Category:1938 radio programme debuts]]
[[Category:1949 radio programme endings]]
[[Category:1948 American television series debuts]]
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[[Category:1930s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1940s American radio programs]]
[[Category:1940s American variety television series]]
[[Category:1950s American variety television series]]
[[Category:American variety radio programs]]
[[Category:Black-and-white American television shows]]
[[Category:American English-language television shows]]
[[Category:NBC original programming]]
[[Category:Nielsen ratings winners]]
[[Category:Television series based on radio series]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in New York (state)]]
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