Editing Terni

{{Short description|City in Umbria, Italy}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Terni
| official_name = Comune di Terni
| native_name = 
| image_skyline = [[File:Terni Collage.png|frameless|center|upright=1.35]]
| imagesize = 
| image_alt = 
| image_flag = Flag of Terni (City).svg
| image_caption = '''From top left, anti-clockwise''': view of Terni; City Council Hall; Terni Cathedral; Relics of Saint Valentine; Piazza Tacito; and Marmore Waterfalls. In the middle: Anfiteatro Fausto.
| image_shield = Terni-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt = 
| image_map = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| coordinates = {{coord|42|33|43|N|12|38|29|E|type:city_region:IT-TR|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region = [[Umbria]]
| province = [[Province of Terni|Terni]] (TR)
| frazioni = Acquapalombo, Appecano, Battiferro, Cecalocco, Cesi, Collegiacone, Collescipoli, Collestatte, Giuncano Alto, Giuncano Scalo, Marmore, Miranda, Papigno, Piediluco, Poggio Lavarino, Polenaco, Porzano, Pracchia, Rocca San Zenone, San Carlo, San Liberatore, Titurano, Torreorsina
| mayor_party = 
| mayor = [[Stefano Bandecchi]]
| area_footnotes = 
| area_total_km2 = 211.9
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 106065
| population_as_of = 31 July 2023
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym = Ternani
| telephone = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 130
| twin1 = 
| twin1_country = 
| postalcode = 
| istat = 
| saint = [[Saint Valentine]]
| day = [[Saint Valentine's Day|February 14]]
| postal_code = 05100
| area_code = 0744
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.terni.it}}
| footnotes = 
}}

'''Terni''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛər|n|i}} {{respell|TAIR|nee}}; {{IPA|it|ˈtɛrni|lang|It-Terni.ogg}}; {{langx|la|Interamna (Nahars)}}) is a city in the southern portion of the region of [[Umbria]], in [[Central Italy]]. It is near the border with [[Lazio]]. The city is the capital of the [[province of Terni]], located in the plain of the [[Nera (Tiber)|River Nera]]. It is {{convert|104|km|0|abbr=off}} northeast of [[Rome]] and 81&nbsp;km south of the regional capital, [[Perugia]].

The Latin name means "between-two-rivers", in reference to its location on the confluence of the Nera river ([[Umbrian language|Ancient Umbrian]] ''Nahar'', {{langx|la|Nār, Nahar}}) and the Serra stream. When disambiguation was needed, it was referred to as ''Interamna Nahars''.<ref>CIL XI 4213</ref> Its inhabitants were known in Latin as ''Interamnātēs Na(ha)rtēs''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Uggeri|first1=Giovanni (Florence)|last2=Buonocore|first2=Marco (Rome)|date=2006-10-01|title=Interamna|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/interamna-e525250|journal=Brill's New Pauly|language=en}}</ref>

Interamna was founded as an Ancient Roman town, albeit settlements in the Terni area well precede this occurrence. During the 19th century, steel mills were introduced and led the city to have a role in the [[Second Industrial Revolution]] in Italy. Because of its industrial importance, the city was heavily bombed during [[World War II]] by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. It remains an industrial hub and has been nicknamed "The Steel City".

Terni is also known as the "City of Lovers", as its patron saint, [[Saint Valentine]], was born and became a bishop here, and the remains are preserved in the basilica-sanctuary in his honour.

==History==
{{Main articles|History of Terni, Umbria}}
The city was founded around the 7th century BC by the [[Umbrians]] ''Nahartes'', in a territory inhabited (as testified by archaeological excavations) as early as the [[Bronze Age]]. The [[Iguvine Tablets]] describe these ''Nahartes'' as a strong, numerous people and as the most important enemy of the Umbrian people of [[Gubbio]] (Iguvium). In the 3rd century BC, Terni was conquered by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and soon became an important ''municipium'' lying on the [[Via Flaminia]] and known under the name ''Interamna'', meaning "between-two-rivers".

In 271 BC the Roman consul [[Manius Curius Dentatus]] ordered the construction of a canal (the Curiano Trench) to divert the water from the marshes in the [[Rieti Valley]] and from Lake Velino over the natural cliff at [[Cascata delle Marmore|Marmore]], creating the waterfall. This caused flooding in the valley around Terni below. For a long time this became the cause of interminable quarrels between the cities of [[Rieti]] and Terni. The issue was so contentious between the two cities that the Roman Senate was forced to address it in 54 BC. [[Aulus Pompeius]] represented Terni, and [[Cicero]] represented Rieti. The [[Roman Senate|Senate]] did nothing about the problem, and the problem remained the same for centuries.

After the [[Lombards|Lombard]] conquest in 755, Terni lost prominence when it was reduced to a secondary town in the [[Duchy of Spoleto]]. In 1174, it was sacked by [[Frederick Barbarossa]]'s general, Archbishop [[Christian I (archbishop of Mainz)|Christian of Mainz]]. In the following century, Terni was one of the sites visited frequently by [[Francis of Assisi|St. Francis]] to give sermons.

In the 14th century Terni issued its own constitution, and from 1353 the walls were enlarged, and new channels were opened. As with many of the Italian communes of the Late Middle Ages, it was beset by civil unrest between the partisans of the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]], and later between the ''Nobili'' and ''Banderari'' (Terni's bourgeoisie). It later joined the [[Papal States]]. In 1580, an [[ironwork]], the Ferriera, was introduced to work the iron ore mined in [[Monteleone di Spoleto]], starting the traditional industrial connotation of the city. In the 17th century, however, the population of Terni declined further due to plagues and famines.

In the 19th century, Terni took advantage of the [[Industrial Revolution]] and of plentiful water sources in the area. New industries included a steelworks, a [[foundry]], as well as weapons, [[jute]] and wool factories. In 1927, Terni became capital of the province.

{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}The presence of important industries made the city a favorite target for the Allied bombardments in [[World War II]]. On August 11, 1943, a raid by 44 [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] bombers, which dropped 213 tons of bombs, devastated the city, killing 564 people. It was the first of the 57 airstrikes that destroyed or damaged 40% of Terni's buildings and killed 1,018 civilians. Despite this, industrial environment increased quickly after the war.<ref>{{Cite web |title=11 agosto 1943, alle 10.29 il primo bombardamento a Terni: il racconto di un tragico evento |trans-title=11 August 1943, at 10.29 the first bombing of Terni: the story of a tragic event |url=https://www.ternitoday.it/attualita/11-agosto-1943-racconto-tragico-evento-bombardamento-terni-2019.html |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=TerniToday |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gioannini |first1=Marco |last2=Massobrio |first2=Giulio |year=2007 |title=Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940-45 |url=http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213215/http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=[[Rizzoli Libri]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-11 |title=11 agosto 1943, Terni non dimentica |trans-title=August 11, 1943, Terni does not forget |url=https://www.umbriaon.it/11-agosto-1943-terni-non-dimentica/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=umbriaON |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TERNI in "Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere e Arti" |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/terni_res-fd12fcf9-87e6-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana) |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=[[Treccani]] |language=it-IT}}</ref>

==Climate==

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Terni (1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 11.4
|Feb high C = 13.1
|Mar high C = 16.7
|Apr high C = 19.9
|May high C = 25.3
|Jun high C = 29.7
|Jul high C = 33.4
|Aug high C = 33.2
|Sep high C = 28.1
|Oct high C = 22.8
|Nov high C = 16.0
|Dec high C = 12.0
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 6.9
|Feb mean C = 8.1
|Mar mean C = 11.2
|Apr mean C = 14.3
|May mean C = 19.2
|Jun mean C = 23.3
|Jul mean C = 26.4
|Aug mean C = 26.4
|Sep mean C = 22.1
|Oct mean C = 17.5
|Nov mean C = 11.6
|Dec mean C = 8.0
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 2.5
|Feb low C = 3.1
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 8.8
|May low C = 13.1
|Jun low C = 16.8
|Jul low C = 19.5
|Aug low C = 19.5
|Sep low C = 16.1
|Oct low C = 12.3
|Nov low C = 7.2
|Dec low C = 4.0
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 56
|Feb precipitation mm = 64
|Mar precipitation mm = 59
|Apr precipitation mm = 87
|May precipitation mm = 74
|Jun precipitation mm = 59
|Jul precipitation mm = 31
|Aug precipitation mm = 52
|Sep precipitation mm = 91
|Oct precipitation mm = 95
|Nov precipitation mm = 116
|Dec precipitation mm = 82
| source 1 = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (precipitation 1971–2000)<ref name=ISPRA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/pubblicazioni/SA_55_14_Valori_climatici_normali.pdf
| title = Valori climatici normali di temperatura e precipitazione in Italia
| publisher= Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale
| access-date = 28 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1861|20956|1871|22780|1881|23976|1901|41543|1911|45941|1921|50811|1931|57356|1936|64513|1951|84403|1961|95072|1971|106927|1981|111564|1991|108248|2001|105018|2011|109193|2021|107165|footnote=Source: [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]|cols=2|align=none}}

==Economy==
The city has three important industrial hubs: the first one is the [[Stainless steel|Stainless Steel]] Area, called AST (part of the group [[ThyssenKrupp]]) and is a wide area located in the east part of Terni. West of the town, there is a second industrial hub, known as "Area Polymer", with four different chemical multinational industries. The third industrial hub is Italeaf, which controls TerniEnergia, a company listed on STAR segment of [[Borsa Italiana]], that is active in the renewable energy sector, and promotes and develops technological start-ups in the [[Clean technology|cleantech]] sector.

==Transport==
Terni is connected with the [[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|A1 motorway]], the [[European route E45]] and [[Via Flaminia|National Road Flaminia]] by the ''RATO'', a motorway junction.

[[Terni railway station]] is part of the [[Ancona–Orte railway]], and is also a [[junction (rail)|junction station]] for two secondary lines, the [[Terni–Sulmona railway]] (which links Terni with [[L'Aquila railway station|L'Aquila]]) and the [[Terni–Sansepolcro railway]] (''FCU'') (which serves [[Perugia railway station|Perugia]]). One of the most important national freight stations is located nearby.
The local urban and suburban transport service, ATC, runs 90 bus lines. In the north of the city (Colleluna zone), there are works in progress on the line from Perugia to enable it to be used as a [[Light rail]] line.

{{Commons category|Terni}}

==Government==
{{See also|List of mayors of Terni}}

==Monuments and sites of interest==
=== Religious architecture or sites ===
[[File:Duomo di Terni, S. Maria Assunta.jpg|thumb|[[Terni Cathedral]]]]
* [[Terni Cathedral]] (''Duomo'', ''Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta'') (17th century). Built over one of the most ancient Christian edifices of the city, it has today [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] lines. In the interior is one organ designed by [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]. The belfry is from the 18th century. The façade has two mediaeval gates: one of them has the profile of a sabot once used to measure the citizen's shoes in order to ensure that they did not exceed a fixed limit of decency.
* [[San Cristoforo, Terni|San Cristoforo]]: 12th-century church
* ''[[San Francesco, Terni|San Francesco]]:'' 13th-century church
* ''San Valentino'': Basilica church
* ''[[Sant'Alò, Terni|Sant'Alò]]'': (11th century) Romanesque church
* ''San Martino'':  Romanesque church
* ''[[San Salvatore, Terni|San Salvatore]]'': Romanesque church
[[File:Terni - Palazzo Spada.jpg|thumb|[[Palazzo Spada (Terni)|Palazzo Spada]]]]

=== Secular and civic architecture or sites ===
[[File:Cascata di Terni (durante l'orario odierno di chiusura serale).jpg|thumb|[[Cascata delle Marmore]]]]
* A [[Roman amphitheatre|Roman amphitheater]], once capable of 10,000 spectators, built in 32 BC.
*''Porta Sant'Angelo'', one of the four Ancient Roman Gates to the city, much restored.
*''Palazzo Mazzancolli'' is one of the few remains of the Middle Ages past of the city.
*''Palazzo Gazzoli'' (18th century), housing the city's Gallery with works by Pierfrancesco d'Amelia, [[Benozzo Gozzoli]], [[Girolamo Troppa]] and [[Orneore Metelli]].
*''[[Palazzo Spada (Terni)|Palazzo Spada]]'' (16th century), designed by [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]]. It is the current Town Hall.
*''Santa Maria del Carmine, Terni: deconsecrated church
*''Lancia di Luce'' ("Lance of Light"), by the [[Sculpture|sculptor]] [[Arnaldo Pomodoro]].
*''[[Cascata delle Marmore]]'': a {{convert|165|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=mid|-high}} Roman-era waterfall nearby, at the confluence of the [[Velino]] and [[Nera (Tiber)|Nera]] Rivers; it is the tallest man-made waterfall in the world.

==Sport==
[[Ternana Calcio]] is the main football club in the city. The club has twice played in Italy's first division [[Serie A]] (seasons [[Serie A 1972–73|1972–1973]] and [[Serie A 1974–75|1974–1975]]). Ternana is currently playing in [[Serie B]] ([[2021–22 Serie B|season 2021–2022]]). The club plays at the 22,000-seat [[Stadio Libero Liberati]], named after Italian motorcycle racer [[Libero Liberati]], who was born in Terni, won the [[List of Grand Prix motorcycle racing World champions|500cc World Championship]] in 1957, and died while he was training with his Gilera Saturno along the Valnerina road near Terni.

==Notable people==
===Historical===
* House of '''Castelli''': first important family native of Terni of Germanic lineage. In the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque and 18th century was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Spada''': Central Italy's very important family, native of Terni. In middle age, Renaissance, Baroque and 18th century was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Camporeali''': Terni's very important family. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Cittadini''': Central Italy's very important family, native of Terni, of Germanic lineage. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Manassei''': Central Italy's very important family, native of Terni, of Germanic lineage. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Mazzancolli''': Terni's very important family. In the Renaissance, Baroque and 18th century was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Tomassoni''': Terni's very important family. In the Renaissance, Baroque and 18th century was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Ciancherotti''': Terni's very important family. In the Renaissance, Baroque and 18th century was an active family both in their city than in others.
* House of '''Nicoletti''': Terni's very important family. In the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque and 18th century was an active family both in their city than in others.
* '''Andrea Castelli da Terni''' (14th-15th century): ''[[Condottiero|condottiere]]'' and hero of the city-state of Terni. He was also a ''[[podestà]]'' and a politician.
* '''Alessandro and Lucantonio Tomassoni da Terni''' (16th century): ''condottiere'' brothers
* '''Anastasio and Stefano Ciancherotti da Terni''' (16th-17th century): ''condottiere'' brothers
* '''Blessed brother Barnaba Manassei''' (15th century): his greater fame's title is to have set up the order of Monti di Pietà to remedy the disastrous wear that impoverished families and city-states.
* '''Aminale Lodovico''': a militar and adventurer who fought with other twelve Italian knights in the [[Challenge of Barletta]] (1503) against the French
* '''Sir Cittadini''' (the Dragon Slayer): legendary hero of the city of Terni. He is the one who will free his city from the slavery of a dragon of the swamps.
* [[Saint Valentine]], bishop and martyred saint
* [[:it:Berardo, Ottone, Pietro, Accursio e Adiuto|Saints Berardo, Ottone, Pietro, Accursio and Adiuto]], 13th century Franciscan [[List of protomartyrs|protomartyrs]]

===Notable===
<!--- start alpha sequence ---> 
* [[Francesco Angeloni]] (1559–1652), historian, art collector and writer of ''Historia di Terni''
* [[Baconin Borzacchini]] (1898–1933), Grand Prix motor racing driver
* [[Giulio Briccialdi]] (1818–1881), composer and flautist
* [[Alessandro Casagrande]] (1922–1964), composer and pianist
* [[Aurelio De Felice]], sculptor
* [[Alessio Foconi]], fencer
* [[Alvaro Leonardi]] (1895–1955), military aviator, highly decorated with the [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] and with a [[War Merit Cross]]. Ace fighter, is credited with eight knockdowns during the First World War.
* [[Libero Liberati]], 500 cc motorcycle racer, nicknamed "The Steel Knight" (''Il Cavaliere d'Acciaio''), 1957 500 cc Grand Prix World Champion
* [[Fabio Lucioni]] (born 1987), football player
* [[Alessandro Manni]], retired football player
* Stefano Micheli, musician ([[My Mine]])
* [[:it:Elia Rossi Passavanti|Elia Rossi Passavanti]] political and military, then mayor of the city of Terni, and local historian, one of only two Italians to be decorated with the [[Medal of Military Valor]] in both the First and Second World Wars
* Ettore Patrizi, publisher, ''L'Italia''
* [[Danilo Petrucci]], Moto GP racer
* [[Claudio Petruccioli]], politician and journalist
* [[Oreste Scalzone]], political activist, founder of [[Potere Operaio]]
* [[Davide Scaramuzza]], professor
* [[Tacitus|Gaius Cornelius Tacitus]], Roman historian
* [[Tacitus (emperor)|Marcus Claudius Tacitus]], Roman emperor
* [[Paolo Tagliavento]], international football referee
* [[Sara Tommasi]], actress
* [[Riccardo Zampagna]], football player
* [[Lorela Cubaj]], [[Women's National Basketball Association|WNBA]] player

==International relations==

===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Terni is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Vieni a Trovarci|url=https://www.amarantoidea.com/contatti/|website=amarantoidea.com|publisher=Amaranto Idea|language=it|access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]], Spain
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Dunaújváros]], Hungary
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine]], France

== See also ==
{{Portal|Italy|European Union|Cities}}
* [[History of Terni, Umbria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.comune.terni.it/ Official website]
* [http://www.terninrete.it/ Terni city portal]
* [http://www.ternioggi.it/ Terni Oggi]

{{Province of Terni}}
{{Cities in Italy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terni| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Roman sites of Umbria]]
[[Category:Baroque architecture in Umbria]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Umbria]]