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{{Short description|Son of Heracles in Greek mythology}} {{About|Telephus the son of Heracles| text = The name also refers to the father of [[Cyparissus]]|the Indo-Greek king|Telephos Euergetes}} [[File:Herakles and Telephos Louvre MR219.jpg|right|thumb|Heracles with the infant Telephus and deer, mid second century AD. [[Paris]], [[Louvre]] MA 75.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 865, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741ef3a10de41-0 8705 (Telephos 38)].</ref>]] In [[Greek mythology]], '''Telephus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɛ|l|ᵻ|f|ə|s}}; {{langx|grc|Τήλεφος}}, ''Tēlephos'', "far-shining")<ref>See for example, Knight, [https://books.google.com/books?id=oaVCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA433 p. 433]. According to the mythographic tradition, Telephus' name derived from his being suckled by a doe, ''e.g.'' [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1] ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 Frazer note 2 to 2.7.4]: 'Apollodorus seems to derive the name Telephus from θηλή, “a dug,” and ἔλαφος, “a doe."'). See also Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA295 p. 295 ff.]; Webster, pp. 238–239; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.11]; [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]], ''Progymnasmata'' 3.3 (= [[Euripides]], ''Auge'' test. iib, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267]): "He got his name from circumstances". According to Kerényi his name was "more accurately ... Telephanes, 'he who shines afar'" (Kerényi, p. 337). The feminine form is [[Telephassa]], of whom Kerényi writes, "She bore the lunar name Telephassa or Telephae, 'she who illuminates afar', or [[Telephassa|Argiope]] 'she of the white face'". (Kerényi, p. 27).</ref> was the son of [[Heracles]] and [[Auge]], who was the daughter of king [[Aleus]] of [[Tegea]]. He was adopted by [[Teuthras]], the king of [[Mysia]], in [[Asia Minor]], whom he succeeded as king. Telephus was wounded by [[Achilles]] when the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] came to his kingdom on their way to sack [[Troy]] and bring [[Helen of Troy|Helen]] back to [[Sparta]], and later healed by Achilles. He was the father of [[Eurypylus (son of Telephus)|Eurypylus]], who fought alongside the [[Troy|Trojans]] against the Greeks in the [[Trojan War]]. Telephus' story was popular in ancient Greek and Roman [[iconography]] and [[tragedy]]. Telephus' name and mythology were possibly derived from the [[Hittites|Hittite]] god [[Telipinu (mythology)|Telepinu]].<ref>Dignas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvC0FFuP9o0C&pg=PA124 p. 124]; Stewart p. 113.</ref> ==Birth to adulthood== [[File:Hércules e Télefo - afresco romano - Herculano.jpg|thumb|Heracles finds Telephus suckled by a deer, with Arkadia, [[Pan (god)|Pan]] and a winged Virgo looking on, first century AD. [[Naples]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]] 9008.<ref>''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73d3e8b8b91fc-d 3417 (Telephos 19)].</ref>]] ===Summary=== Telephus' mother was [[Auge]], the daughter of [[Aleus]], the king of [[Tegea]], a city in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]], in the [[Peloponnese]] of mainland Greece. His father was [[Heracles]], who had seduced or raped Auge, a priestess of Athena. When Aleus found out, he tried to dispose of mother and child, but eventually both ended up in [[Asia Minor]] at the court of [[Teuthras]], king of [[Mysia]], where Telephus was adopted as the childless king's heir. There were three versions of how Telephus, the son of an Arcadian princess, came to be the heir of a Mysian king.<ref>Gantz, p. 431. For general discussions see Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA543 543]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA544 544]; Gantz, 428–431.</ref> In the oldest extant account, Auge goes to Mysia, is raised as a daughter by Teuthras, and Telephus is born there.<ref>Hesiod (Pseudo), ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' fr. 165 (Merkelbach–West numbering) from the ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri'' XI 1359 fr. 1 (Most, pp. 184–187; Stewart, p. 110; Grenfell and Hunt, [https://archive.org/stream/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren#page/52/mode/1up pp. 52–55]); [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99, 100.</ref> In some accounts Telephus arrives in Mysia as an infant with his mother, where Teuthras marries Auge, and adopts Telephus.<ref>[[Alcidamas]], ''Odysseus'' 16 (Garagin and Woodruff, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb6JIMA1jLUC&pg=PA286 p. 286]); [[Euripides]], ''Auge'' (Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.261.xml p. 261], Webster, pp. 238—240); [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.2 12.8.2], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.4 12.8.4], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.1.69 13.1.69]; [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]], ''Progymnasmata'' 3.3 (= [[Euripides]], ''Auge'' test. iib, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267]).</ref> In others, while Auge (in various ways) is delivered to the Mysian court where she again becomes wife to the king, Telephus is instead left behind in Arcadia, having been abandoned on [[Mount Parthenion]], either by Aleus,<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1]. Compare with [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]], ''Progymnasmata'' 3.3 (= Euripides, ''Auge'' test. iib, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267]) which says that Aleus "ordered Telephus to be cast out in a deserted place".</ref> or by Auge when she gave birth while being taken to the sea by [[Nauplius (mythology)|Nauplius]] to be drowned.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.9, 11]. Compare with [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99 which has Auge abandoning Telephus on Parthenion while fleeing to Mysia. Telephus was probably also abandoned on Mount Parthenion (by either Aleus or Auge) in [[Euripides]]'s lost play ''Telephus'' (see Gantz, p. 429), since in ''Telephus'' fr. 696, Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.195.xml pp. 194, 195], Telephus says he was born on Mount Parthenion but later "came to the plain of Mysia, where I found my mother and made a home."</ref> However Telephus is suckled by a deer<ref>Almost certainly in Sophocles, ''Aleadae'' (see Gantz, p. 429; Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA293 p. 293]; Sophocles, ''Aleadae'' fr. 89 (Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA40 pp. 40, 41]), and probably also in [[Euripides]], ''Auge'' (see Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA293 p. 293]; Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.261.xml p. 261]; Webster, p. 239). See also [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.11]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Ibis (Ovid)|Ibis]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-ibis/1929/pb_LCL232.253.xml 255–256]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99, 252; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.48.7 8.48.7], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.54.6 8.54.6]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/264/mode/2up 6.139–142]; [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]], ''Progymnasmata'' 3.3 (Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267]). In the [[Telephus frieze]] from the [[Pergamon Altar]], Telephus is shown being suckled by a lioness (Heres, p. 85).</ref> found and raised by King [[Corythus]],<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.11].</ref> or his herdsmen.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1]; compare with [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99, where shepherds found Telephus along with [[Parthenopeus]] (who had been exposed by his mother [[Atalanta]]) and raised both boys.</ref> Seeking knowledge of his mother, Telephus consulted the Delphic oracle which directed him to Mysia,<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.11]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 100.</ref> where he was reunited with Auge and adopted by Teuthras.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''Telephus'' fr. 696 (Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.195.xml pp. 194, 195]; Page, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/select_papyri_poetry_tragedy_5th_4th_centuries_bc/1941/pb_LCL360.131.xml pp. 130, 131]; Webster, p. 238); [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.12]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1]. See also ''[[Palatine Anthology]]'', 3.2 (Paton, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_3/2014/pb_LCL067.151.xml pp. 150–153]).</ref> ===Sources=== A surviving fragment of the Hesiodic ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' (sixth century BC),<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA544 p. 544]; Gantz, p. 428; Hesiod (Pseudo), ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' fr. 165 (Merkelbach–West numbering) from the ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri'' XI 1359 fr. 1 (Most, pp. 184–187; Stewart, p. 110; Grenfell and Hunt, [https://archive.org/stream/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren#page/52/mode/1up pp. 52–55]).</ref> representing perhaps the oldest tradition,<ref>Stewart, p. 110.</ref> places Telephus' birth in Mysia. In this telling Telephus' mother Auge had been received at the court of Teuthras in Mysia (possibly at the command of the gods) and raised by him as a daughter.<ref>Compare with [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99, 100 which also have Auge adopted by Teuthras.</ref> And it is in Mysia that Heracles, while seeking the horses of [[Laomedon]], fathers Telephus. All other surviving sources have Telephus born in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]].<ref>Gantz, p. 428.</ref> The oldest such account (c. 490–480 BC), by the historian and geographer [[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecataeus]], says that Heracles used to have sex with Auge whenever he came to Tegea. We are told this by the second-century traveler [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], who goes on to say, perhaps drawing upon Hecataeus, that when Aleus discovered that Auge had given birth to Telephus, he had mother and child shut up in a wooden chest and cast adrift on the open sea. The chest made its way from Arcadia to the [[Bakırçay|Caicus]] river plain in Asia Minor, where the local king [[Teuthras]] married Auge.<ref>Stewart, p. 110; Gantz, p. 428; [[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecataeus]], fr. 29 Jacoby (= [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.4.9 8.4.9]). [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.1.69 13.1.69], gives a similar account, which he attributes to [[Euripides]] (see below).</ref> [[Sophocles]], in the fifth century BC, wrote a tragedy ''Aleadae'' (''The sons of Aleus''), which apparently told the circumstances of Telephus' birth.<ref>Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA32 pp. 32–41 (frs. 77–89)]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA46 Vol. 1 pp. 46 ff. (frs. 77–89)].</ref> The play is lost and only fragments now remain, but a declamation attributed to the fourth-century BC orator [[Alcidamas]] probably used Sophocles' ''Aleadae'' for one of its sources.<ref>Gantz, pp. 428–429; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA46 Vol. 1 pp. 46–47].</ref> According to Alcidamas, Auge's father Aleus had been warned by the [[Delphic oracle]] that if Auge had a son, then this grandson would kill Aleus' sons, so Aleus made Auge a priestess of [[Athena]], telling her she must remain a virgin, on pain of death.<ref>[[Alcidamas]], ''Odysseus'' 14-16 (Garagin and Woodruff, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb6JIMA1jLUC&pg=PA286 p. 286]). Alcidamas is the only source for the oracle given to Aleus (see Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA47 Vol. 1, p. 47]).</ref> But Heracles passing through Tegea, being entertained by Aleus in the temple of Athena, became enamored of Auge and, while drunk, had sex with her. Aleus discovered that Auge was pregnant and gave her to [[Nauplius (mythology)|Nauplius]] to be drowned. But, on the way to the sea, Auge gave birth to Telephus on [[Mount Parthenion]], and according to Alcidamas, Nauplius, ignoring his orders, sold mother and child to the childless Mysian king Teuthras, who married Auge and adopted Telephus, and "later gave him to Priam to be educated at Troy". Alcidamas' version of the story must have diverged from Sophocles in at least this last respect. For, rather than the infant Telephus being sold to Teuthras, as in Alcidamas, an ''Aleadae ''fragment seems to insure that in the Sophoclean play, as in many later accounts (see above), the new-born Telephus was instead abandoned (on Mount Parthenion?), where he is suckled by a deer.<ref>Gantz, p. 429; Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA293 p. 293]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA47 Vol. 1 p. 47]; Sophocles, ''Aleadae'' fr. 89 (Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA40 p. 40, 41]).</ref> [[File:0 Hercule et Télèphe - Museo Chiaramonti (Vatican).JPG|thumb|left|Marble statue of Hercules holding baby Telephus in his arms. Ancient Roman copy from a Greek original of 4th century BC. Found in the 16th century in Campo de' Fiori in Rome. Museo Chiaramonti, the Vatican]] [[Euripides]] wrote a play ''Auge'' (408 BC?) which also dealt with Telephus' birth. The play is lost, but a summary of the plot can be pieced together from various later sources, in particular a narrative summary given by the [[Armenia]]n historian [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]].<ref>Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.259.xml pp. 259–277]; Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA81 pp. 81–82]; Gantz, pp. 429–430; Webster, pp. 238–240.</ref> A drunken Heracles,<ref>[[Euripides]], ''Auge'' fr. 272b (= 265 N), Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.275.xml pp. 274, 275], has Heracles say: "As it is, wine made me lose control. I admit I wronged you, but the wrong was not intentional."</ref> during a festival of Athena, rapes "Athena's priestess Auge, daughter of Aleus, as she conducted the dances during the nocturnal rites."<ref>[[Euripides]], ''Auge'' test. iib, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267] (= [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]], ''Progymnasmata'' 3.3). [[Pompeii|Pompeian]] frescoes (which show Auge being raped while washing clothing) and [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.47.4 8.47.4], place the rape at a spring, and this version of events may reflect Euripides' ''Auge''. See Collard and Cropp 2008a. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.263.xml p. 262], [[Euripides]], ''Auge'' test. iia (Hypothesis), Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.265.xml pp. 264, 265, with n. 1]; Rosivach, p. 44 with n. 126; Kerényi, p. 338).</ref> Auge gives birth secretly in Athena's temple at Tegea, and hides the new-born Telephus there.<ref>Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.261.xml p. 260]; test. iii, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267] (= [[Tzetzes]] On Aristophanes, ''Frogs'' 1080); fr. 266, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.271.xml pp. 270, 271] (= [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata|Miscellanies]]'' 7.3.23.4). See also [[Euripides]]' ''Telephus'', fr. 696, which has Telephus say that Auge "bore me secretly" (Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.195.xml pp. 194, 195]; cf. Page, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/select_papyri_poetry_tragedy_5th_4th_centuries_bc/1941/pb_LCL360.131.xml pp. 130, 131]).</ref> The child is discovered, and Aleus orders Telephus [[Exposure (infant)|exposed]] and Auge drowned, but Heracles returns and apparently saves the pair from imminent death. The play perhaps ended with the assurance (from Athena to Heracles?) that Auge and Telephus would be wife and son to Teuthras.<ref>Collard and Cropp 2018a, p. 261; Gantz, p. 430; Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA82 p. 82]; Webster, p. 240; [[Euripides]], ''Auge'' test. iib, Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.267.xml pp. 266, 267] (= [[Movses Khorenatsi|Moses of Chorene]], ''Progymnasmata'' 3.3).</ref> [[Strabo]] gives a version of the story similar to Pausanias', saying that, after discovering "her ruin by Heracles", Aleus put Auge and Telephus into a chest and cast it into the sea, that it washed up at the mouth of the [[Caicus]], and that Teuthras married Auge, and adopted Telephus.<ref>See [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.1.69 13.1.69], which attributes this to [[Euripides]]. If so then this would have presumably been in Euripide's ''Auge'' (see Gantz, p. 429; Webster, p. 238) however Strabo's attribution may be erroneous (see Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.261.xml p. 261]); see also [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.2 12.8.2], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.4 12.8.4].</ref> Later accounts by the first-century BC Historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] and the 1st or second-century AD mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] provide additional details and variations.<ref>Gantz, p. 430.</ref> Diodorus, as in Alcidamas' account, says that Aleus gave the pregnant Auge to Nauplius to be drowned, that she gave birth to Telephus near Mount Parthenion, and that she ended up with Teuthras in Mysia. But in Diodorus' account, instead of being sold, along with his mother, to Teuthras, Telephus is abandoned by Auge "in some bushes", where he is suckled by a doe and found by herdsmen. They give him to their King [[Corythus]], who raises Telephus as his son. When Telephus grows up, wishing to find his mother, he consults the oracle at Delphi, which sends him to king Teuthras in Mysia. There he finds Auge and, as before, is adopted by the childless king and made his heir.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.7–12].</ref> Apollodorus, as in Euripides' ''Auge'', says that Auge delivered Telephus secretly in Athena's temple, and hid him there.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1].</ref> Apollodorus adds that an ensuing famine, was declared by an oracle to be the result of some impiety in the temple, and a search of the temple caused Telephus to be found.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1]. This may also have been in Euripides, ''Auge'', see fr. 267 (Collard and Cropp 2008a, pp. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.261.xml 260], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.271.xml 270, 271]): "A city that is sick is clever at seeking out errors", which may refer to a search for the cause of the famine.</ref> Aleus had Telephus exposed on Parthenion, where as in Sophocles' ''Aleadae'', he is suckled by a doe. According to Apollodorus, he was found and raised by herdsman.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1].</ref> As in Diodorus' account, Telephus consults the oracle at Delphi, is sent to Mysia, where he becomes the adopted heir of Teuthras. According to the mythographer [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] (whose account is apparently taken from an older tragic source, probably Sophocles' ''Mysians''),<ref>Gantz, p. 430; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=enUmCztpbI0C&pg=PA70 Vol. 2, pp. 70–72].</ref> after Auge abandoned Telephus on Mount Parthenion<ref>As in [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.9, 11].</ref> she fled to Mysia where, as in the ''Catalogue of Women'', she became the adopted daughter (not wife) of Teuthras.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 99.</ref> When Telephus goes to Mysia on the instruction of the oracle, Teuthras promises him his kingdom and his daughter Auge in marriage if he would defeat his enemy [[Idas]]. This Telephus did, with the help of [[Parthenopeus]], a childhood companion who had been found as a baby on Mount Parthenion at the same time as Telephus, and was raised together with him. Teuthras then gave Auge to Telephus, but Auge, still faithful to Heracles, attacked Telephus with a sword in their wedding chamber, but the gods intervened sending a serpent to separate them, causing Auge to drop her sword. Just as Telephus was about to kill Auge, she called out to Heracles for rescue and Telephus then recognized his mother.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 100. Compare with [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''On Animals'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aelian-characteristics_animals/1958/pb_LCL446.209.xml 3.47], which attributes this story of near-incest by Telephus to "the tragic dramatists and their predecessors, the inventors of fables".</ref> ==The silence of Telephus== Presumably Sophocles' ''Aleadae'' (''The Sons of Aleus'') told how Telephus, while still in Arcadia, prior to going to Mysia in search of his mother, killed Aleus' sons, thereby fulfilling the oracle. Ancient sources confirm the killing, however virtually nothing is known of how this may have come about.<ref>Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA33 p. 33]; Gantz, p. 429; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA47 Vol 1. pp. 47–48]; Frazer's note 1 to Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 244; ''Appendix Proverbiorum'', 2.85 (Leutsch and Schneidewin, [https://archive.org/stream/corpusparoemiog00unkngoog#page/n467 pp. 411–412]). Sophocles' ''Aleadae'' frs. 84, 86, and 87 (Lloyd-Jones, pp. 36–39) hint at the possibility of a scene in which the uncles impugned Telephus' illegitimate birth.</ref> The murder of his uncles would have caused Telephus to become religiously polluted, and in need of purification, and apparently, Greek religious practice required criminal homicides to remain silent until their blood-guilt could be expiated.<ref>Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.151.xml p. 150]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA216 p. 216—217]; Kerényi, p. 339; Frazer's note 2 to Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4]; Margoliouth, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E0tFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 p. 217]; [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Oresteia#The Eumenides|Eumenides]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aesch.+Eum.+448 448—450]; Compare with [[Herodotus]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.35 1.35].</ref> [[Aristotle]] in the ''[[Poetics]]'', in a reference to Telephus' appearance in some play he calls the ''Mysians'', mentions "the man who came from Tegea to Mysia without speaking".<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[Poetics]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0056%3Asection%3D1460a 1460a 30–32]. Both Aeschylus and Sophocles wrote plays about Telephus, called ''Mysians'', but since Sophocles, ''Mysians'' fr. 411 seems to imply that Telephus has spoken, that play is generally ruled out, see Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.151.xml p. 150]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA216 p. 216—217]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=enUmCztpbI0C&pg=PA70 Vol 2, p. 71]; Post, [https://books.google.com/books?id=fHjPAAAAMAAJ&dq=Telephus+silence&pg=PA16 p. 16].</ref> And indeed, the silence of Telephus was apparently "proverbial".<ref>Frazer's note 1 to Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+2.7.4 2.7.4]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA216 p. 216].</ref> The comic poet [[Alexis (poet)|Alexis]] writes about a voracious dinner guest who like "Telephus in speechless silence sits, / Making but signs to those who ask him questions", presumably too intent on eating to converse.<ref>Quoted by [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|The Deipnosophists]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/deipnosophistsor02atheuoft#page/664/mode/2up 10.18, Vol. II p. 664]</ref> And another comic poet [[Amphis]], complains about fishmongers who "mute they stand like Telephus", going on to say that the comparison of the fishmongers to Telephus is apt since "they all are homicides".<ref>Quoted by [[Athenaeus]], ''[[Deipnosophistae|The Deipnosophists]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/deipnosophistsor01atheuoft#page/356/mode/2up 6.5, Vol. I p. 356].</ref> ==King in Mysia== ===Summary=== ====Attacked by the Greeks==== [[File:Achilles fighting against Memnon Leiden Rijksmuseum voor Oudheden.jpg|thumb|left|[[Achilles]]; ancient Greek polychromatic [[Ancient Greek vase painting|pottery painting]] (dating to {{circa}} 300 BC)]] Telephus was made the heir of Teuthras' kingdom of Teuthrania in Mysia, and eventually succeeded Teuthras as its king.<ref>Hesiod (Pseudo), ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' fr. 165 (Merkelbach–West numbering) from the ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri'' XI 1359 fr. 1 (Most, pp. 184–187; Stewart, p. 110; Grenfell and Hunt, [https://archive.org/stream/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren#page/52/mode/1up pp. 52–55]); [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+12.8.4 12.8.4], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.1.69 13.1.69]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.9.1 3.9.1].</ref> During Telephus' reign, in a prelude to the [[Trojan War]], the Greeks attacked Telephus' city mistaking it for [[Troy]].<ref>For a discussion of the expedition in Mysia and the wounding and healing of Telephus, see Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA446 446]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA447 447]; Gantz, pp. 576–580. Principal texts include: Proclus, [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Summary of the ''Cypria''] = ''Cypria'' argument 7 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.73.xml pp. 72, 73]; [[Archilochus]], [http://www.papyrology.ox.ac.uk/POxy/monster/demo/Page1.html POxy LXIX 4708]; Hesiod (Pseudo), ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' fr. 165 (Merkelbach–West numbering) from the ''Oxyrhynchus Papyri'' XI 1359 fr. 1 (Most, pp. 184–187; Stewart, p. 110; Grenfell and Hunt, [https://archive.org/stream/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren#page/52/mode/1up pp. 52–55]); [[Pindar]], ''Isthmean'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=I.:poem=5&highlight=telephus 5.38–40], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=I.:poem=8&highlight=telephus 8.49–50], ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=O.:poem=9&highlight=telephus 9.72]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 101; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 E.3.17]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.4.6 1.4.6], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.5.14 9.5.14]. Although Archilochus, Proclus, Apollodorus, and Pausanias all agree that the attack was a mistake, [[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'' 23.5–9, has a character doubt that the Greeks came to Mysia "in ignorance".</ref> Telephus routed the Greeks, killing [[Thersander]], son of [[Polynices]], and forcing the Greeks back to their ships. But Telephus was tripped by a vine and wounded in the thigh by [[Achilles]]' spear. According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], and a [[scholiast]] on [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', Telephus was tripped while fleeing from Achilles' attack.<ref>Gantz, p. 579; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 E.3.17]; A scholia on ''[[Iliad]]'' 1.52 (cited by Gantz). According to [[Dictys Cretensis]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis2.html 2.3], Telephus is "doggedly pursuing" Odysseus when Achilles wounds him. In [[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'', 23.24–25, a character says that, according to the dead Trojan War hero [[Protesilaos]] (who communicates from beyond the grave), Telephus was wounded by Achilles when Telephus had lost his shield while fighting [[Protesilaos]], and so was "unprotected".</ref> The scholiast says that [[Dionysus]] caused the vine to trip Telephus because Telephus had failed to properly honor him.<ref>Platter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXnLrRQnufgC&pg=PA148 p. 148]; Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 E.3.17].</ref> Dionysus' involvement is attested by a late sixth-century or early fifth-century BC [[red-figure]] [[krater|calyx krater]].<ref>Gantz, pp. 579–580; Heres and Strauss, p, 866 ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f47cea62f4-b 8728 (Telephos 48)]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/DC1084D4-6D5C-4FD5-BB6E-6A6970E60A4C 200122]; AVI [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=7656 7395].</ref> [[Philostratus]] and [[Dictys Cretensis]] give detailed elaborations of all these events.<ref>[[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'', 23.2–30, [[Dictys Cretensis]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis2.html 2.1–6].</ref> ====Wound and healing==== The Mysians were victorious, and the Greeks returned home, but Telephus' wound would not heal. Telephus consulted the oracle of Apollo which gave the famous reply ''ὁ τρώσας ἰάσεται'' ("your assailant will heal you"). So Telephus went to [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] to seek a cure, and was healed there by Achilles.<ref>Stewart, p. 114; Proclus, [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Summary of the ''Cypria''] = ''Cypria'' argument 7 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.73.xml pp. 72, 73]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 101; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.20 E.3.20]; [[Dictys Cretensis]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis2.html 2.10]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/182/mode/2up 4.172–177]; [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/356/mode/2up 8.150–153]. For ''ὁ τρώσας ἰάσεται'', see Liddell & Scott, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=i)a/omai s.v. ἰάομαι]; [[Suetonius]], ''Divus Claudius'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:phi,1348,015:43 43].</ref> In return Telephus agreed to guide the Greeks to Troy.<ref>But compare with [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D68 1.71–72] where [[Calchas]] guides, the Greeks.</ref> Apollodorus and Hyginus tell us that rust scraped from Achilles' spear was the healing agent.<ref>See also [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL393.169.xml 25.42], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.237.xml 34.152], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.315.xml 35.71].</ref> The healing of Telephus was a frequent theme in [[Augustan literature (ancient Rome)|Augustan age]] and later Roman poetry.<ref>See for example: [[Horace]], ''[[Epodes (Horace)|Epodes]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/horace-epodes/2004/pb_LCL033.313.xml 17.8–10]; [[Propertius]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/propertius-elegies/1990/pb_LCL018.107.xml 2.1.63–64]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Epistulae ex Ponto]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-ex_ponto/1924/pb_LCL151.325.xml 2.2.26], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.189.xml 12.111–112], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-metamorphoses/1916/pb_LCL043.241.xml 13.170–172], ''[[Tristia]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-tristia/1924/pb_LCL151.9.xml 1.1.99–100], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-tristia/1924/pb_LCL151.57.xml 2.19–20], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-tristia/1924/pb_LCL151.215.xml 5.2.15–16]; [[Pentadius (poet)|Pentadius]], ''De Fortuna'' [https://archive.org/stream/minorlatinpoetsw00duffuoft#page/546/mode/2up 29-30]; [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Troades (Seneca)|Troades]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/tragedieswitheng01seneuoft#page/140 215–218]. Compare with [[William Shakespeare|Shakespear]]'s ''[[Henry VI, Part 2]]'' 5.1.100–101: "Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear/Is able with the change to kill and cure".</ref> The ''Pharmacologia'' of [[John Ayrton Paris]] identifies [[verdigris]], which has medicinal properties, as the healing rust of the spear. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Paris |first=John Ayrton |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62958 |title=Pharmacologia |publisher=W. E. Dean |year=1831 |location=New York |pages=The rust of the spear of Telephus, mentioned in Homer as a cure for the wounds which that weapon inflicted, was probably Verdegris, and led to the discovery of its use as a surgical application}}</ref> ===Sources=== There is no mention of the battle in Mysia in the ''[[Iliad]]'' or the ''[[Odyssey]]''.<ref>Gantz, p. 576.</ref> However, the ''[[Cypria]]'' (late seventh century BC?), one of the poems of the [[Epic Cycle]], told the story. According to Proclus' summary of the ''Cypria'', the Greeks mistook Mysia for Troy, Telephus killed Thersander, but was wounded by Achilles. Telephus, guided by an oracle, came to Argos, where Achilles cured him in return for Telephus guiding the Greeks to Troy.<ref>Gantz, p. 576; Proclus, [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Summary of the ''Cypria''] = ''Cypria'' argument 7 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.73.xml pp. 72, 73]. The ''[[Little Iliad]]'', another poem in the Epic Cycle, also perhaps referred to the battle, see ''[[Little Iliad]]'', fr. 4 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_little_iliad/2003/pb_LCL497.127.xml pp. 126, 127] = Scholiast on ''[[Iliad]]'' 19.326, which says that Achilles after leaving Telephus, landed at [[Scyros]].</ref> [[Pindar]] (c. 522–443 BC), knew the story of Telephus' wounding by Achilles, presumably after being tripped by a vine: "Achilles, who stained the vine-covered plain of Mysia, spattering it with the dark blood of Telephus".<ref>Gantz, p. 578; Frazer's note to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 E.3.17]; [[Pindar]], ''Isthmean'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=I.:poem=8&highlight=telephus 8.49–50]. See also ''Isthmean'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=I.:poem=5 5.38–40], and ''Olympian'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0162:book=O.:poem=9&highlight=telephus 9.69–79].</ref> [[File:Telephus with bandaged thigh Wellcome V0016507.jpg|thumb|Telephus seated on altar, with bandaged thigh, holding a spear and the infant Orestes. Detail from an Athenian red-figure [[pelike]], c. 450 BC, [[British Museum]] E 382.]] Each of the three [[tragedian]]s, [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], and [[Euripides]] wrote plays, all now lost, telling Telephus' story.<ref>Gantz, p. 578.</ref> Euripides' play ''Telephus'' (438 BC), dramatized Telephus' trip to Argos seeking a cure for his festering wound. In Euripides' account, Telephus disguised himself as a beggar dressed in rags. After his disguise was revealed, Telephus seized the Greek king [[Agamemnon]]'s infant son [[Orestes]] to use as a hostage. But it was discovered that Telephus was a Greek by birth, and Telephus agreed to guide the Greek army to Troy, in return for Achilles' healing his wound.<ref>Gantz, p. 578; Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.185.xml pp. 185–191]; Webster, pp. 43–48, 302. An important source for the plot of Euripides' ''Telephus'' is [[Aristophanes]]' parodies of the play (see below).</ref> Orestes being held hostage by Telephus was already being illustrated on [[red-figure pottery]] possibly as early as the second quarter of the fifth century,<ref>Gantz, p. 579; e.g. [[British Museum]] [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399124&partId=1&museumno=1836,0224.28&page=1 E382] (''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f5dc448592-c 8734 (Telephos 52)]; Beazley archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/5F8346E9-92BB-49B5-A59A-CD2999139EBB 207332]). A perhaps earlier (c. 470 BC) representation of the scene on an Attic [[kylix]] cup (Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73f8612be100f-9 5985 (Telephos 51)]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/3A042980-5B0B-4A98-BA58-F13B3CC0A3B5 205037]; AVI [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=2821 2674]; [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|MFA]] [https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/drinking-cup-kylix-with-telephos-at-the-palace-of-agamemnon-153686 98.931]) shows Telephus sitting alone on an altar with a bandaged thigh, which has been interpreted as evidence that the Orestes hostage taking did not occur in the ''Cypria'', see Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA96 Vol. 1 p. 96].</ref> and the scene perhaps also appeared previously in Aeschylus' presentation of the story.<ref>Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.243.xml pp. 242–243]; Gantz, pp. 578–579.</ref> An [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] mirror, from the second half of the fourth century BC ([[Berlin]], [[Antikensammlung Berlin|Antikensammlung]] Fr. 35)<ref>Heres, p. 97; Heres and Strauss, p. 868, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7421c0f914915-e 8903 (Telephos 85)].</ref> and a [[bas-relief]] (c. first century BC) from [[Herculaneum]] ([[Naples]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]] 6591)<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f1f8c5237d-5 8717 (Telephos 44)] [= Telephos 88]; Deiss, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVgQB0jDIOcC&pg=PA58 p. 58].</ref> are interpreted as depicting Achilles healing Telephus with rust from his spear. [[Pliny the Elder]] (first-century AD) describes paintings (undated) which depicted Achilles scraping rust from his spear into the wound of Telephus.<ref>Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.20 E.3.20]; [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL393.169.xml 25.42], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.237.xml 34.152], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.315.xml 35.71].</ref> One such painting was perhaps attributed by tradition to the fifth-century BC Athenian painter [[Parrhasius (painter)|Parrhasius]].<ref>Heres, pp. 96–97; Heres and Strauss, p. 868 (Telephos 84).</ref> The first literary references to the use of rust scraped from Achilles' spear as the healing agent for Telephus' wound are found in the first-century BC Roman poets [[Propertius]] and [[Ovid]].<ref>Gantz, p. 579; Frazer's note to Apollodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.20 E.3.20]; [[Propertius]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/propertius-elegies/1990/pb_LCL018.107.xml 2.1.63–64]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Epistulae ex Ponto]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-ex_ponto/1924/pb_LCL151.325.xml 2.2.26]. Gantz thinks it likely that "this folktale-laden motif goes back to the ''Kypria''."</ref> Apollodorus gives a version of the Mysian expedition, probably drawn directly from the ''Cypria''.<ref>Gantz, p. 579; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.3.17 E.3.17–20], along with Frazer's notes.</ref> Apollodorus' account agrees with Proclus' summary, but gives more of the story. Telephus killed many Greeks in addition to Thersander, but was tripped by a vine while fleeing from Achilles. Apollo told Telephus that his wound "would be cured when the one who wounded him should turn physician". So Telephus went to Argos "clad in rags" (as in Euripides' ''Telephus'') and, promising to guide the Greeks to Troy, begged Achilles to cure him, which Achilles did by using rust scraped from his spear. Telephus then showed the Greeks the way to Troy. The A scholia on ''[[Iliad]]'' 1.59, agrees with Proclus' and Apollodorus' accounts, but attributes the vine-tripping to Dionysus, angry because of unpaid honors, and adds that in addition to leading the Greeks to Troy, Telephus also agreed not to aid the Trojans in the coming war.<ref>Gantz, p. 579.</ref> Hyginus' account seems to be based, in part at least, on one or more of the tragedians' lost plays.<ref>Gantz, p. 579.</ref> Hyginus tells of the wound inflicted by Achilles' spear, the wound's festering, and Telephus' consulting of the Apollo's oracle, with the answer that "the only thing that could cure him was the very same spear by which he had been wounded."<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 101, translation by Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, pp. 131–132.</ref> So Telephus sought out Agamemnon, and on the advice of Agamemnon's wife Clytemnestra, Telephus snatched their infant son Orestes from his cradle, and threatened to kill the child unless his wound was healed. As the Greeks had also received an oracle saying that they would not be able to take Troy without Telephus' aid, they asked Achilles to heal Telephus. When Achilles protested he did not know anything about medicine, Odysseus pointed out that Apollo did not mean Achilles, but that the spear itself would be the cure. So they scraped rust from the spear into the wound, and Telephus was cured. The Greeks then asked Telephus to join them in sacking Troy, but Telephus refused because his wife [[Laodice (daughter of Priam)|Laodice]] was the daughter of [[Priam]], the king of Troy.<ref>Compare with [[Dictys Cretensis]] 2.5 (Frazer, p. 40), which says that he refused because his wife Astyoche was a daughter of Priam.</ref> However, Telephus did promise to be the Greeks' guide to Troy. ==Wives and offspring== [[File:Neoptolemos_Eurypylos_Martin-von-Wagner-Museum_L309.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|[[Neoptolemus]] killing Eurypylus [[Attica]] [[black-figure]] [[hydria]] by the [[Antimenes Painter]], 550–500 BC, [[Martin von Wagner Museum]] L 309.<ref>[[Beazley Archive]] [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/66618CAC-FB29-4BE4-B356-4D354E787365 320038]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [https://www.iconiclimc.ch/visitors/treeshow.php?source=139&image_id=25554&term=eurypylos Eurypylos I 3].</ref>]] The earliest mention of Telephus, which occurs in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' (c. eighth century BC), says that Telephus had a son [[Eurypylus (son of Telephus)|Eurypylus]], who died at [[Troy]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.486-11.537 11.519–521]. See also ''[[Little Iliad]]'' fr. 7 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_little_iliad/2003/pb_LCL497.131.xml pp. 130, 131] = [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.26.9 3.26.9]; Proclus, [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Summary of the ''Little Iliad''] = ''Little Iliad'' argument 3 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_little_iliad/2003/pb_LCL497.123.xml pp. 122, 123]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.5.12 E.5.12]. For discussions of Eurypylus, see Gantz, pp. 640–641; Hard, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA472 472]. For Telephus' genealogy see Parada, s.v. Telephus p. 172.</ref> Nothing is said there about who Eurypylus' mother was, but all ancient sources that do mention Eurypylus' mother say that she was [[Astyoche]], who was (usually) Priam's sister.<ref>Fowler 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA542 p. 542]; Gantz, p. 640; [[Acusilaus]], fr. 40 Fowler = ''FGrH'' 2F40 = Schol. ''Odyssey'' 11.520 (Fowler 2000, pp. 25–26, Dowden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_XsN0O_BQ0cC&pg=PA58 p. 58]); [[Sophocles]], ''Eurypylus'' (Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA82 pp. 82–95]), fr. 211 has Astyoche call Priam her brother (Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA92 pp. 92, 93]); [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], On [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Eclogues]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3D6%3Acommline%3D72 6.72]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/264/mode/2up 6.136]. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.12.3 3.12.3] has Astyoche as Priam's sister, but Apollodorus never names Eurypylus' mother, while [[Dictys Cretensis]] 2.5 (Frazer, p. 40) has Astyoche as Eurypylus' mother, but says that she was Priam's daughter.</ref> Eurypylus led a large force of Mysians to fight on the side of [[Troy]] during the final stages of the [[Trojan War]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.5.12 E.5.12]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/264/mode/2up 6.120].</ref> Eurypylus was a great warrior, and killed many opponents, including [[Machaon (physician)|Machaon]]<ref>''[[Little Iliad]]'' fr. 7 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_little_iliad/2003/pb_LCL497.131.xml pp. 130, 131] = [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.26.9 3.26.9]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 113; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/282/mode/2up 6.407–428]. Compare with [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.5.1 E.5.1], which has [[Penthesilea]] kill Machaon.</ref> and [[Nireus]],<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 113; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/280/mode/2up 6.368–389].</ref> but was finally killed by [[Achilles]]' son [[Neoptolemus]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.486-11.537 11.519–521]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 112; [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+13.1.7 13.1.7]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+E.5.12 E.5.12]; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/360/mode/2up 8.195–216].</ref> The irony of Achilles' son killing Telephus' son using the same spear that Achilles had used to both wound and heal Telephus, apparently figured in Sophocles' lost play ''Eurypylus''.<ref>Gantz, p. 641; [[Sophocles]], ''Eurypylus'' frs. 210.24, 26–29 (Lloyd-Jones, pp. 86, 87 with note a, 88, 89), 211.10–13 (Lloyd-Jones, pp. 94, 95). According to Proclus, [http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa%3Atext%3A2003.01.0004%3Aaccount%3D3&highlight=telephos Summary of the ''Little Iliad''] = ''Little Iliad'' argument 3 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_little_iliad/2003/pb_LCL497.123.xml pp. 122, 123], Eurypylus received his father's spear from Odysseus upon his arrival at Troy.</ref> According to [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], Eurypylus had a son, Grynus, who became king in Mysia and was known as the eponym of [[Gryneion]] and the founder of [[Pergamon]].<ref>Dignas, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvC0FFuP9o0C&pg=PA120 p. 120]; Grimal, s.v. Grynus, p. 176; [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] on [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Eclogues]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3D6%3Acommline%3D72 6.72].</ref> Another son of Telephus, according to Servius was [[Cyparissus]], who later became one of [[Apollo]]'s male lovers.<ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/cyparissus-e626340 s.v. Cyparissus]; Servius, ''Commentary on the Aeneid of [[Virgil]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D3%3Acommline%3D680 3.680].</ref> Three other wives are given for Telephus, with no mention of offspring. According to Hyginus (as mentioned above) Telephus' wife was Priam's daughter [[Laodice (daughter of Priam)|Laodice]].<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 101.</ref> According to [[Diodorus Siculus]], Telephus married [[Agriope]] a daughter of Teuthras.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#33 4.33.12].</ref> While [[Philostratus]] says that Hiera, the leader of a contingent of Mysian women cavalry, killed in battle by [[Nireus]], was the wife of Telephus.<ref>[[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'' [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/flavius-philostratus-on-heroes/#phil_her_text_263_TOP 23.26–29].</ref> The Amazon-like Hiera had already been portrayed, on horseback, leading the Mysian women into battle, on the second-century BC [[Telephus frieze]] of the [[Pergamon Altar]].<ref>Heres, pp. 86–89.</ref> Three other offspring of Telephus are given which link Telephus with Italian myths.<ref>Grimal, s.v. Telephus p. 438.</ref> In [[Lycophron]]'s ''Alexandra'', the legendary founders of the [[Etruscan civilization#Etruscan League|Etruscan Dodecapolis]], [[Tarchon]] and [[Tyrrhenus|Tyrensus]] (also spelled Tyrrhenus) are the sons of Telephus.<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/596/mode/2up 1242–1249].</ref> That Tyrrhenus was said to be the son of Telephus is also reported by [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]].<ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/1B*.html#28 1.28.1].</ref> Neither Lycophron nor Dionysius mention the name of their mother, although apparently according to some, their mother was Hiera.<ref>Grimal, s.v. Telephus p. 438; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dtelephus-bio-1 s.v. Telephus].</ref> [[Plutarch]] says that, according to one account, Telephus was the father of a daughter, Roma, from whom the city of [[Rome]] took its name.<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''Romulus'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-lives_romulus/1914/pb_LCL046.93.xml?result=57&rskey=pPm1Xy 2.1.5].</ref> ==Iconography== Over a hundred entries for Telephus are cataloged in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]'' (''LIMC'').<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 857–870, [[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' s.v. Telephos.</ref> Most representations associated with Telephus are late, with only a few earlier than the fourth century BC.<ref>Gantz, p. 451.</ref> Early examples include Attic [[red-figure]] pottery from as early as c. 510 BC, and East-Ionian [[engraved gems]] (c. 480 BC). Scenes showing Telephus suckled by a deer or holding Orestes hostage were particularly popular. Other scenes include either his wounding or his healing by Achilles. The most complete single account of the life of Telephus is depicted in the first-century BC [[Telephus frieze]].<ref>Stewart, p. 109.</ref> ===Telephus frieze=== {{main|Telephus frieze}} [[File:Pergamon Altar - Telephus frieze - panel 42.jpg|thumb|Telephus threatens the infant Orestes, at Agamemnon's altar. Telephus frieze (panel 42), second century BC. [[Berlin]], [[Antikensammlung Berlin|Antikensammlung]] T.I.71 and 72.<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 860–861, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 1 (plate 42); Schraudolph, pp. 72–73.</ref>]] The [[Telephus frieze]] (between 180 and 156 BC)<ref>Dreyfus, p. 14. Heres, p. 101, gives reasons which suggest a date "between 165 and 159 B.C., or later".</ref> formed part of the decoration of the [[Pergamon Altar]]. The frieze adorned the inside walls of the colonnade that surrounded the raised interior court containing the sacrificial altar.<ref>Kästner, p. 70.</ref> It was nearly 60 meters in length,<ref>Kästner, p. 73.</ref> and was composed of around 74 marble panels each 1.58 meters high, of which 47 panels are completely or partially preserved.<ref>Kästner, p. 74.</ref> The panels depict scenes from the life of Telephus, from events preceding his birth, to perhaps his death and heroizing.<ref>Heres, p. 83. For a detailed description of the iconography of frieze see, Heres and Strauss, pp. 857–862, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 1.</ref> Panels have been interpreted as showing Heracles' first glimpse of Auge in an oak grove (panel 3); carpenters building the vessel in which Auge will be cast into the sea (panels 5–6); Teuthras finding Auge on the shore in Mysia (panel 10); Heracles discovering the abandoned Telephus being suckled by a lioness (panel 12); Telephus receiving arms from Auge, and leaving for the war against Idas (panels 16–18); Teuthras giving Auge to Telephus in marriage (panel 20); and Auge and Telephus, being startled by a serpent, and recognizing each other on their wedding night (panel 21).<ref>Heres, pp. 84–86.</ref> The next several panels have been interpreted as depicting the battle between the Mysians and the Greeks on the [[Caicus]] plain, including Hiera, Telephus' Amazon-like wife, leading a group of Mysian women cavalry into battle (panels 22–24) and Achilles, aided by Dionysus, wounding Telephus (panels 30–31).<ref>Heres, pp. 86–89.</ref> Scenes follow which have been interpreted as showing Telephus consulting the oracle of Apollo regarding the healing of his wound (panel 1); Telephus arriving at Argos, seeking a cure for his wound (panels 34–35); his welcome there (panels 36–38); a banquet at Argos during which Telephus' identity is revealed (panels 39–40); Telephus threatening the infant Orestes at an altar (panel 42); and presumably his healing by Achilles.<ref>Heres, pp. 89–93.</ref> Two final panels perhaps depict Telephus' death and heroizing (panels 47–48).<ref>Heres, p. 94.</ref> ===Suckled by a deer === The abandoned Telephus being suckled by a deer was a frequent iconographic motif.<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 862–865, section C. ''Telephos von der Hindin gesäugt'' (Telephus suckled by the hind) ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 5–17, and section D. ''Herakles entdeckt Telephos'' (Heracles discovers Telephus) ''LIMC'' Telephos 18–42; comprising more than a third of the 101 entries for Telephus in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]''.</ref> Except for the Telephus frieze, which depicts the abandoned Telephus being suckled by a lioness, every other depiction of this event shows Telephus suckled by a deer.<ref>Heres, pp. 95–96.</ref> The earliest such representations occur on East-Ionian [[engraved gems]] (c. 480 BC), depicting the infant Telephus keeling or crawling under a standing deer, grasping the deer's teats.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' 6, 7.</ref> Nearly identical scenes appears on Tegeatic coins from about 370 BC.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' 8.</ref> Pausanias reports seeing an image of Telephus suckled by a deer on [[Mount Helicon]] in [[Boeotia]].<ref>Pausanias, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.31.2 9.31.2].</ref> Representations showing Heracles finding Telephus with a deer are also frequent from the first century AD. The scene continued to be popular through the third century AD. ===Wounded by Achilles=== A late sixth-century or early fifth-century Attic fragmentary red-figure [[calyx krater]], attributed to [[Phintias (painter)|Phintias]] (St. Petersburg, [[Hermitage Museum|State Hermitage Museum]] ST1275) apparently depicted the battle between Telephus and Achilles.<ref>Gantz, pp. 579–580; Heres and Strauss, p, 866 ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f47cea62f4-b 8728 (Telephos 48)]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/DC1084D4-6D5C-4FD5-BB6E-6A6970E60A4C 200122]; AVI [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=7656 7395].</ref> Fragments show [[Patroclus]], and a bent over [[Diomedes]] (both named), part of a thyrsos, and the inscription "Dionysos". It is presumed that Diomedes is attending to the fallen [[Thersander (Epigoni)|Thersander]], and that the central part of the vase depicted Achilles wounding Telephus, with the aid of the god [[Dionysus]]. According to Pausanias, the battle between the Telephus and Achilles at the Caicus river was also depicted on the West pediment of the [[Temple of Athena Alea]] at Tegea (finished c. 350–340 BC).<ref>Fullerton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0-XFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 p. 233]; Heres, p. 96; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.45.7 8.45.7];</ref> Only fragments remain of the West pediment, which indicate that Telephus perhaps wore the lion-skin of his father Heracles.<ref>Heres, p. 96; Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741c52344b8a9-3 8521 (Telephos 49)].</ref> Inscriptions show that Telephus and Auge were represented on the [[metope]]s of the temple,<ref>Fullerton, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0-XFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA233 pp. 233–234]; Heres and Strauss, p. 862, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://weblimc.org/page/monument/2079225 8621 (Telephos 3)]; ''IG'' V.2 [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/32088?bookid=12&location=16 79].</ref> and Pausanias also mentions seeing a portrait painting of Auge there.<ref>Bauchhenss-Thüriedl, p. 46 Auge 2; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.47.2 8.47.2].</ref> ===At Agamemnon's altar=== [[File:Casa del relieve de Télefo 09.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Achilles (right) scrapes rust from his spear on the wound of the seated Telephus, c. first century BC. Marble [[bas-relief]], from the House of the Relief of Telephus, [[Herculaneum]], [[Naples]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]] 6591.]] Telephus' taking refuge at Agamemnon's altar, usually with Orestes as hostage, was also a frequent motif.<ref>Heres and Strauss, pp. 866–868, section I. ''Telephos als ''Hiketes'' '' (Telephos as suppliant), ''LIMC'' Telephos 51–80; comprising nearly a third of the 101 entries for Telephus in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]]''.</ref> [[Attica|Attic]] vase painting depicts the scene, often with either [[Agamemnon]], or [[Clytemnestra]], also present.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' 51–53 (Agamemnon), 54 (Clytemnestra).</ref> Perhaps the earliest example, an Attic [[kylix]] cup (c. 470 BC) from Eastern [[Etruria]] ([[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|MFA]] 98.931) shows Telephus, with bandaged thigh, sitting alone on an altar holding two spears.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73f8612be100f-9 5985 (Telephos 51)]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA96 Vol. 1 p. 96]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/3A042980-5B0B-4A98-BA58-F13B3CC0A3B5 205037]; AVI [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=2821 2674]; [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|MFA]] [https://www.mfa.org/collections/object/drinking-cup-kylix-with-telephos-at-the-palace-of-agamemnon-153686 98.931].</ref> An Attic [[pelike]] (c. 450 BC), from [[Vulci]] ([[British Museum]] E 382) shows Telephus, with bandaged thigh, sitting on an altar, holding a spear in his right hand, and the infant Orestes with his left arm. From the left, Agamemnon confronts Telephus, with spear.<ref>Heres and Stauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f5dc448592-c 8734 (Telephos 52)] [= Agamemnon 11*]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/5F8346E9-92BB-49B5-A59A-CD2999139EBB 207332]; [[British Museum]] [http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399124&partId=1&museumno=1836,0224.28&page=1 1836,0224.28].</ref> Later Italic treatments of the scene usually include both Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, often with Clytemnestra or sometimes [[Odysseus]] restraining Agamemnon from attacking Telephus.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 869; with Agamemnon and Clytemnestra: ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 56, 58, 59, 64–66, 68; with Clytemnestra restraining Agamemnon: ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 59, 64; with Odysseus restraining Agamemnon: ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 56?, 68 (compare with ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' Telephos 53).</ref> ===Healed by Achilles=== The healing of Telephus was, according to tradition, depicted by the fifth-century BC Athenian painter [[Parrhasius (painter)|Parrhasius]].<ref>Heres, pp. 96–97; Heres and Strauss, p. 868 (Telephos 84); [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL393.169.xml 25.42], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.237.xml 34.152], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL394.315.xml 35.71].</ref> An engraved [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscan]] bronze mirror, from the second half of the fourth century BC ([[Berlin]], [[Antikensammlung Berlin|Antikensammlung]] Fr. 35)<ref>Heres, p. 97; Heres and Strauss, p. 868, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7421c0f914915-e 8903 (Telephos 85)].</ref> and a marble [[bas-relief]], c. first century BC, from [[Herculaneum]] ([[Naples]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|National Archaeological Museum]] 6591) <ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 866, ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741f1f8c5237d-5 8717 (Telephos 44)] [= Telephos 88]; Deiss, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVgQB0jDIOcC&pg=PA58 p. 58].</ref> show Achilles healing Telephus with rust from his spear. ==Tragic tradition== [[File:Krater with scene from Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazusae, Apulia, c. 370 BC, H 5692 - Martin von Wagner Museum - Würzburg, Germany - DSC05863.jpg|thumb|right|Scene from [[Aristophanes]]' ''[[Thesmophoriazusae|Women at the Thesmophoria]],'' (733-755), lampooning the Euripidean Telephus holding [[Orestes]] hostage. Here, a man disguised as a woman kneels on a sacrificial altar, holding a "toddler" (wineskin "clothed" with children's shoes). The "mother" holds a wine jar ready to catch the "blood" of the slaughtered child. [[Bell krater]] from [[Apulia]], c. 370 BC, [[Martin von Wagner Museum]] H 5697.<ref>Heres and Strauss, p. 868; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7421a008a1528-3 8894 (Telephos 81)].</ref>]] Telephus was a popular tragic hero, whose family history figured in several [[Greek tragedies]].<ref>Kotlinska-Toma, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30], [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA130 130].</ref> Aristotle writes that "the best tragedies are written about a few families—[[Alcmaeon (mythology)|Alcmaeon]] for instance and [[Oedipus]] and [[Orestes]] and [[Meleager]] and [[Thyestes]] and Telephus."<ref>[[Aristotle]], ''[[Poetics]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg034.perseus-eng1:1453a 1453a 19–20].</ref> All of these plays about Telephus are now lost. We know of them only through preserved fragments, and the reports of other ancient writers. Each of the three great tragedians [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]] wrote multiple plays which featured the story. Aeschylus wrote a play called ''Mysians'' which perhaps told the story of Telephus coming to Mysia and seeking purification for having killed his maternal uncles.<ref>Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.151.xml pp. 150–151].</ref> Aeschylus wrote another play ''Telephus'' thought to be a sequel to ''Mysians'', in which Telephus comes to Argos seeking the healing of his wound, and perhaps also included Telephus' seizure of Orestes as hostage.<ref>Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.243.xml pp. 242–243]; Gantz, pp. 578–579.</ref> Sophocles probably wrote at least four plays: ''Aleadae'' (''The Sons of Aleus''), ''Mysians'', ''Telephus'', and ''Eurypylus'', involving Telephus and his family.<ref>Jouanna, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ysZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA553 p. 553]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA33 p. 33].</ref> A fifth play ''The Gathering of the Achaeans'' possibly also involved Telephus.<ref>Jouanna, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ysZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA558 p. 558]; Webster, p. 43.</ref> A fourth-century BC inscription mentions a ''Telepheia'' by Sophocles, which may refer to a trilogy or tetralogy on Telephus, perhaps including one or more of these plays.<ref>Jouanna, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ysZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA553 p. 553]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA33 p. 33]; Webster, p. 43.</ref> ''The Sons of Aleus'' presumably told the story of Telephus' killing his uncles, and thus fulfilling the oracle (see above). Fragments suggest a quarrel over Telephus' illegitimate birth, which perhaps resulted in the killings.<ref>Jouanna, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ysZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 pp. 552–553]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA33 pp. 32–41]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1qaCxoc90UC&pg=PA46 Vol. 1 pp. 46 ff.].</ref> ''Mysians'' and ''Telephus'' are presumed to continue the story of Telephus, after his arrival as an adult in Mysia.<ref>Jouanna, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ysZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA583 pp. 583–584]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA216 pp. 216–217]; Jebb, Headlam and Pearson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=enUmCztpbI0C&pg=PA70 Vol 2, p. 70 ff.].</ref> Sophocles' ''Eurypylus'' apparently told the story of Tellephus' son Eurypylus, killed at Troy by Achilles son [[Neoptolemus]].<ref>According to [[Plutarch]], the duel between Eurypylus and Neoptolemus featured in some work of [[Sophocles]], and the play ''Eurypylus'' mentioned by [[Aristotle]], was probably that work, see Jouanna, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ysZaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA565 pp. 565–566]; LLoyd-Jones, [https://books.google.com/books?id=voiup-mz2CkC&pg=PA82 pp. 82–83]; Gantz, p. 641; [[Plutarch]], ''On the Control of Anger'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_control_anger/1939/pb_LCL337.127.xml 10, 458D]; [[Aristotle]], ''[[Poetics]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg034.perseus-eng1:1459b 1459b.6].</ref> The irony of Achilles' son, killing Telephus' son, using the same spear that Achilles had used to heal Telephus, apparently also figured in the tragedy.<ref>[[Sophocles]], ''Eurypylus'' frs. 210.24, 26–29 (Lloyd-Jones, pp. 86, 87 with note a, 88, 89), 211.10–13 (Lloyd-Jones, pp. 94, 95).</ref> Euripides wrote a play ''Auge'' (see above) which told the circumstances of Telephus' birth.<ref>Collard and Cropp 2008a, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL504.259.xml pp. 259–277]; Huys, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UG8DzIqIHREC&pg=PA81 pp. 81–82]; Gantz, pp. 429–430; Webster, pp. 238–240.</ref> His mother Auge, having been raped by a drunken Heracles, the infant Telephus is found in Athena's temple, ordered put to death, but saved by Heracles. Euripides, like Aeschylus and Sophocles, also wrote a play entitled ''Telephus''. Euripides' ''Telephus'' (see above) famously<ref>Wright, p. 86: "The myth of Telephus, the king of Mysia and the son of Heracles and Auge, was most famously dramatized by Euripides (whose ''Telephus'' was repeatedly quoted and paradied for decades after its first production in 438 BCE)".</ref> told the story of Telephus going to Argos disguised as a beggar where, after taking Orestes as hostage, he agreed to guide the Greeks to Troy in return for the healing of his wound.<ref>Gantz, p. 578; Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.185.xml pp. 185–191]; Webster, pp. 43–48, 302.</ref> A measure of the fame of Euripides' ''Telephus'' can be inferred from two comedies of [[Aristophanes]] (c. 446 – c. 386 BC), which extensively parodied the play.<ref>Collard and Cropp 2008b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.187.xml pp. 186–187]; Henderson, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-acharnians/1998/pb_LCL178.51.xml pp. 50–51]; Henderson 2000, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-women_thesmophoria/2000/pb_LCL179.447.xml p. 447]; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Acharnians|Acharnians]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-acharnians/1998/pb_LCL178.85.xml 204–625]; ''[[Women at the Thesmophoria]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-women_thesmophoria/2000/pb_LCL179.513.xml 466–764 with n. 466].</ref> In the ''[[The Acharnians|Acharnians]]'', the comic hero of the play, Dicaeopolis, modelled on the Euripidean Telephus, takes as hostage a charcoal basket,<ref>[[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Acharnians|Acharnians]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-acharnians/1998/pb_LCL178.99.xml 325-340].</ref> and borrows Telephus' beggar costume from Euripides (who appears as a character in the play), to wear as a disguise.<ref>[[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Acharnians|Acharnians]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-acharnians/1998/pb_LCL178.109.xml 410-490].</ref> In ''[[Women at the Thesmophoria]]'', a kinsman of Euripides (who again is a character in the play), disguises himself (as a women). When he is exposed, he grabs an infant (which turns out to be a disguised wineskin) as hostage, and takes refuge at a sacrificial altar.<ref>[[Aristophanes]], ''[[Women at the Thesmophoria]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristophanes-women_thesmophoria/2000/pb_LCL179.543.xml 688–764].</ref> Several later tragic poets apparently also wrote plays on the subject. The late fifth-century poet [[Agathon]], (probably the most well known tragedian after Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides) wrote plays with titles ''Mysians'' and ''Telephus''.<ref>Wright, pp. 58, 86.</ref> Another late fifth-century poet [[Iophon]], and the fourth-century poets [[Cleophon (poet)|Cleophon]] and [[Moschion (tragic poet)|Moschion]], each wrote plays called ''Telephus''.<ref>Wright, p. 205 (Iophon and Cleophon); Kotlinska-Toma, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30], [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 128–131] (Moschion).</ref> The fourth-century poet [[Aphareus (writer)|Aphareus]] wrote an ''Auge'',<ref>Wright, p. 203.</ref> and the [[Hellenistic]] Nicomachus of Alexandria in Troas wrote a ''Mysians''.<ref>Kotlinska-Toma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 p. 150].</ref> The [[Rome|Roman]] poets [[Ennius]] (c. 239–169 BC), and [[Lucius Accius|Accius]] (170–c. 86 BC) also wrote plays called ''Telephus''.<ref>Goldberg and Manuwald, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ennius-tragedies/2018/pb_LCL537.131.xml pp. 130–135]; Warmington, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/accius-tragedies/1936/pb_LCL314.537.xml pp. 536–543].</ref> ==Pergamon== Telephus was considered to be the mythical founder of [[Pergamon]], as well as the ancestor of the Attalids, Pergamon's ruling dynasty (from 241 BC).<ref>Heres, p. 83.</ref> As early as a [[Miletus|Milesian]] inscription (after 129 BC), the people of Pergamon were called Telephidai, descendants of Telephus.<ref>So also an oracle of Apollo at Klaros, recorded in the second century AD.</ref> According to Pausanias, the Pergamon people claimed to be descendants of the [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadians]] who had come with Telephus to Mysia.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.4.6 1.4.6].</ref> Inscriptions record the association between Pergamon and Tegea, and the most important cult of Pergamon, the cult of Athena, was said to have been brought from Tegea, and established at Pergamon by Auge.<ref>Heres, p. 83.</ref> Their claimed descent from the hero Telephos, as prominently proclaimed by the Telephus frieze, was used by the Attalids to legitimize their claim to sovereignty, and to establish Pergamon's Greek heritage.<ref>Dignas, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvC0FFuP9o0C&pg=PA122 122]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvC0FFuP9o0C&pg=PA123 123]; Collard and Cropp 2008a, p. 260; Heres, p. 83; Stewart, p. 109.</ref> Telephus was the object of ritual hero worship at Pergamon. According to Pausanias, the [[Pergamon|Pergamenes]] sung hymns and made offerings to Telephus.<ref>Dignas, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kvC0FFuP9o0C&pg=PA119 119]–[https://books.google.com/books?id=kvC0FFuP9o0C&pg=PA120 120]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+3.26.10 3.26.10], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+5.13.3 5.13.3].</ref> ==Cult== As noted above, Telephus was the object of cult hero worship at Pergamon. Telephus was also worshipped on [[Mount Parthenion]] in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]],<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dtelephus-bio-1 s.v. Telephus]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.54.6 8.54.6]. See also [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.8.6 1.8.6].</ref> and honored at Tegea, where he was shown on the pediment of the Temple of [[Athena Alea]] at Tegea, fighting Achilles.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+8.45.7 8.45.7].</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|2}} ==References== * [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]]. ''On Animals, Volume I: Books 1-5''. Translated by A. F. Scholfield. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 446. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1958. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL446/1958/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Oresteia|The Eumenides]]'' in ''Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes.'' Vol 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts. [[Harvard University Press]]. 1926. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg007.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Acharnians|Acharnians]]'', in ''Acharnians. Knights''. Edited and translated by Jeffrey Henderson. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 178. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1998. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL178/1998/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Aristophanes]], ''[[Women at the Thesmophoria]]'' in ''Birds. Lysistrata. Women at the Thesmophoria''. Edited and translated by Jeffrey Henderson. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 179. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2000. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL179/2000/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Aristotle]], ''[[Poetics]]'' in ''Aristotle in 23 Volumes'', Vol. 23, translated by W.H. Fyfe. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1932. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0056%3Asection%3D1447a Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Athenaeus]], ''The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the Learned of Athenaeus'', translated by C.D. Yonge, London 1854, 3 volumes. [https://archive.org/stream/deipnosophistsor01atheuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive] * Bauchhenss-Thüriedl, Christa, "Auge" in ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC)'' III.1 Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1981. {{ISBN|3-7608-8751-1}}. pp. 45–51. * Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008a), ''Euripides Fragments: Aegeus–Meleanger'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 504. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99625-0}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL504/2008/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), ''Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99631-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL506/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Deiss, Joseph Jay, ''Herculaneum, Italy's Buried Treasure'', Getty Publications, 1989. {{ISBN|9780892361649}}. * [[Dictys Cretensis]], ''The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian'', translated by R. M. Frazer (Jr.). Indiana University Press. 1966. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis1.html Online version] * Dignas, Beate, "Rituals and the Construction of Identy in Atallid Pergamon" in ''Historical and Religious Memory in the Ancient World'', editors Beate Dignas, R. R. R. Smith, OUP Oxford, 2012. {{isbn| 9780199572069}}. * [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. Translated by C. H. Oldfather. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer] * [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]]. ''Roman Antiquities, Volume I: Books 1-2''. Translated by Earnest Cary. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 319. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1937. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer]. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL319/1937/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Dowden, Ken, "Telling the Mythology: From Hesiod to the Fifth Century" in ''A Companion to Greek Mythology'', edited by Ken Dowden and Niall Livingstone. Wiley-Blackwell; 1 edition (January 28, 2014). {{ISBN|978-1118785164}}. * Dreyfus, Renée, "Introduction" in ''Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 1'', Renée Dreyfus and Ellen Schraudolph, editors, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996. {{ISBN|0-88401-089-9}}. * Fowler, R. L. (2000), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction'', Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|978-0198147404}}. * Fowler, R. L. (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0198147411}}. * Fullerton, Mark D., ''Greek Sculpture'', John Wiley & Sons, 2016. {{ISBN|9781119115304}}. * [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2). * Garagin, M., P. Woodruff, ''Early Greek Political thought from Homer to the Sophists'', Cambridge 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-521-43768-4}}. * Goldberg, Sander M., Gesine Manuwald, ''Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume II: Ennius, Dramatic Fragments. Minor Works'', Edited and translated by Sander M. Goldberg, Gesine Manuwald. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 537. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL537/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Grenfell, Bernard P., Arthur S, Hunt, ''The Oxyrhynchus Papyri Part XI'', London, Egypt Exploration Fund, 1915. [https://archive.org/details/oxyrhynchuspapyr11gren/page/n5 Internet Archive]. * Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, {{ISBN|9780631201021}}. * Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books]. * Heres, Huberta, "The Myth of Telephos in Pergamon" in ''Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 2'', Renée Dreyfus and Ellen Schraudolph, editors, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996. {{ISBN|0-88401-089-9}}. * Heres, Huberta, Matthias Strauss, "Telephos" in ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC)'' VII.1 Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1994. {{ISBN|3-7608-8751-1}}. pp. 856–870. * [[Herodotus]]; [[The Histories of Herodotus|''Histories'']], [[A. D. Godley]] (translator), Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]], 1920; {{ISBN|0674991338}}. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.1.0 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts., [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts., [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Horace]]. ''Odes and Epodes''. Edited and translated by Niall Rudd. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 33. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2004. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL033/2004/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Huys, Marc, ''The Tale of the Hero Who Was Exposed at Birth in Euripidean Tragedy: A Study of Motifs'', Cornell University Press (December 1995). {{ISBN|978-9061867135}}. * [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' in ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma'', Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}. * [[Richard Claverhouse Jebb|Jebb, Richard Claverhouse]], W. G. Headlam, A. C. Pearson, ''The Fragments of Sophocles'', Cambridge University Press, 2010 (first published 1917), 3 Volumes. {{ISBN|9781108009867}} (Vol 1), {{ISBN|978-1108009874}} (Vol. 2), {{ISBN|9781108009881}} (Vol. 3). * Jouanna, Jacques, ''Sophocles: A Study of His Theater in Its Political and Social Context'', translated by Steven Rendall, Princeton University Press, 2018. {{ISBN|9780691172071}}. * [[Károly Kerényi|Kerényi, Carl]], ''The Heroes of the Greeks'', Thames and Hudson, London, 1959. * Knight, Richard Payne, ''The symbolical language of ancient art and mythology'', Kessinger Publishing, 1892 * Kotlinska-Toma, Agnieszka, ''Hellenistic Tragedy: Texts, Translations and a Critical Survey'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. {{ISBN|9781472523945}}. * [[Hugh Lloyd-Jones|Lloyd-Jones, Hugh]], ''Sophocles: Fragments'', Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 483. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99532-1}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL483/1996/pb_LCL483.v.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Kästner, Volker, "The Architecture of the Great Altar and the Telephos Frieze" in ''Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 2'', Renée Dreyfus and Ellen Schraudolph, editors, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996. {{ISBN|0-88401-089-9}}. * Leutsch, Ernst Ludvig von, and Friedrich Wilhelm Schneidewin (editors), ''Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum'', Volume 1, Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht, 1839. [https://archive.org/stream/corpusparoemiog00unkngoog#page/n5 Internet Archive] * [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' (or ''Cassandra'') in ''Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive] * Margoliouth, David Samuel, ''The Poetics of Aristotle'', Hodder and Stoughton, London, New York, Toronto, 1911. * [[Glenn W. Most|Most, G.W.]], ''Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue of Women, Other Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]], No. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99623-6}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL503/2007/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Ovid]], ''[[Tristia]]. [[Epistulae ex Ponto|Ex Ponto]]''. Translated by A. L. Wheeler. Revised by G. P. Goold. [[Loeb Classical Library]] NO. 151. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1924. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL151/1924/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Ovid]], ''[[Ibis (Ovid)|Ibis]]'' in ''Art of Love. Cosmetics. Remedies for Love. Ibis. Walnut-tree. Sea Fishing. Consolation.'' Translated by J. H. Mozley. Revised by G. P. Goold. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 232, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1929. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL232/1929/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Ovid]]. ''[[Metamorphoses]], Volume II: Books 9-15''. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 43. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1916. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL043/1916/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Denys Page|Page, Denys Lionel, Sir]], ''Select Papyri, Volume III: Poetry.'' Translated by Denys L. Page. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 360. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1941. {{ISBN|978-0674993976}}. * Parada, Carlos, ''Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology'', Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. {{ISBN|978-91-7081-062-6}}. * Paton, W. R. (ed.), ''Greek Anthology, Volume I: Book 1: Christian Epigrams. Book 2: Description of the Statues in the Gymnasium of Zeuxippus. Book 3: Epigrams in the Temple of Apollonis at Cyzicus. Book 4: Prefaces to the Various Anthologies. Book 5: Erotic Epigrams.'' Translated by W. R. Paton. Revised by Michael A. Tueller. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 67. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2014. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL067/2014/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * [[Pentadius (poet)|Pentadius]], ''De Fortuna'' (''On Fortune'') in ''Minor Latin Poets, Volume II: Florus. Hadrian. Nemesianus. Reposianus. Tiberianus. Dicta Catonis. Phoenix. Avianus. Rutilius Namatianus. Others.'' Translated by J. Wight Duff, Arnold M. Duff. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 434. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1934, 1935 revised. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL434/1934/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://archive.org/stream/minorlatinpoetsw00duffuoft#page/n3/mode/2up Internet Archive (1934 edition)] * [[Philostratus]], ''On Heroes'', editors Jennifer K. Berenson MacLean, Ellen Bradshaw Aitken, BRILL, 2003, {{ISBN|9789004127012}}. [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/flavius-philostratus-on-heroes/ Online version at Harvard University Center for Hellenic Studies]. * [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. * Platter, ''Aristophanes and the Carnival of Genres'', JHU Press, 2007; {{ISBN|9780801885273}}. * [[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]], Volume VII: Books 24-27''. Translated W. H. S. Jones, A. C. Andrews. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 393. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99432-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL393/1956/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]], Volume IX: Books 33-35''. Translated by H. Rackham. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 394. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99433-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL394/1952/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Plutarch]], ''Romulus'' in ''Lives, Volume I: Theseus and Romulus. Lycurgus and Numa. Solon and Publicola.'' Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 46. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1914. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99052-4}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL046/1914/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Post, Chandler Rathfon, "The Dramatic Art of Sophocles as Revealed by Fragments of Lost Plays" in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Volume 33'', Harvard University Press, 1922. * Proclus, ''The Epic Cycle'', translated by Gregory Nagy, revised by Eugenia Lao, Harvard University's Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington DC, November 2, 2020. [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Online at The Center for Hellenic Studies]. * [[Propertius]], ''Elegies'' Edited and translated by G. P. Goold. [[Loeb Classical Library]] 18. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1990. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL018/1990/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Quintus Smyrnaeus: The Fall of Troy'', Translator: A.S. Way; Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1913. [https://archive.org/stream/falloftroy00quin#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive] * Rosivach, Vincent J., ''When a Young Man Falls in Love: The Sexual Exploitation of Women in New Comedy'', Psychology Press, 1998. {{ISBN|9780415184489}}. * Schraudolph, Ellen, "Catalogue" in ''Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 1'', Renée Dreyfus and Ellen Schraudolph, editors, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996. {{ISBN|0-88401-089-9}}. * [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Troades (Seneca)|Troades]]'', in ''Seneca's Tragedies. With an English translation by Frank Justus Miller. Vol. I'', Harvard University Press 1938. [https://archive.org/stream/tragedieswitheng01seneuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Internet Archive] * [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], ''Commentary on the Eclogues of Vergil'', Georgius Thilo, Ed. 1881. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0091%3Apoem%3Dpr%3Acommline%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library (Latin)]. * Sommerstein, Alan H., ''Aeschylus: Fragments.'' Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 505. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99629-8}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL505/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Stewart, Andrew, "Telephos/Telepinu and Dionysos: A Distant Light on an Ancient Myth" in ''Pergamon: The Telephos Frieze from the Great Altar, Volume 2'', Renée Dreyfus and Ellen Schraudolph, editors, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1996. {{ISBN|0-88401-089-9}}. * [[Strabo]], [[Geographica|''Geography'']], translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library, Books 6–14] * Warmington, E. H., ''Remains of Old Latin, Volume II: Livius Andronicus. Naevius. Pacuvius. Accius''. Translated by E. H. Warmington. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 314. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99347-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL314/1936/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Webster, Thomas Bertram Lonsdale, ''The Tragedies of Euripides'', Methuen & Co, 1967 {{ISBN|978-0-416-44310-3}}. * [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC''. Edited and translated by Martin L. West. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. * Winnington-Ingram, Reginald Pepy, ''Sophocles: An Interpretation'', Cambridge University Press, 1980. {{ISBN|9780521296847}}. * Wright, Matthew, ''The Lost Plays of Greek Tragedy (Volume 1): Neglected Authors'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016. {{ISBN|9781472567789}}. {{Commons category|Telephus}} {{Authority control}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}} [[Category:Heracleidae]] [[Category:Kings in Greek mythology]] [[Category:Children of Heracles]] [[Category:Arcadian mythology]] [[Category:Tegea]]
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