Editing Telecommunications in Turkmenistan

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[[Turkmenistan]] has a state-controlled press and monitored communication systems. 
Turkmenistan's telecommunications services are considered to be the least developed of all the Commonwealth of Independent States ([[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]]) countries. Overall, the telecom market in this predominantly rural country is relatively small but has been trying boldly to expand in recent years. The state-owned [[Turkmen Telecom]] has been the primary provider of public telephone, email and internet services, and through a subsidiary has been operating a GSM mobile network in competition with a private mobile operator, BCTI (BCTI became [[MTS Turkmenistan]] in 2005).<ref>{{cite web|title=Turkmenistan - Telecoms, Mobile and Internet|url=http://www.marketresearch.com/Paul-Budde-Communication-Pty-Ltd-v1533/Turkmenistan-Telecoms-Mobile-Internet-6773524/|publisher=Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

==Satellite==
The launch of the first Turkmen communication satellite [[TurkmenSat 1]] was launched in April 2015, the satellite has an anticipated service life of 15 years. The satellite was launched aboard [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 9]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/06/22/spacex-to-launch-turkmenistan-satellite-originally-to-be-launched-by-china/| title = SpaceX| website = [[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=SpaceX Will Launch Turkmenistan Satellite for Thales Alenia Space|url=http://www.spacex.com/press/2013/07/14/spacex-will-launch-turkmenistan-satellite-thales-alenia-space|access-date=23 September 2014|date=21 June 2013|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412000336/http://www.spacex.com/press/2013/07/14/spacex-will-launch-turkmenistan-satellite-thales-alenia-space|url-status=dead}}</ref> The satellite is built by French [[Thales Alenia Space]] and is from the [[Spacebus 4000|Spacebus 4000 family]].<ref>{{cite news|title=China to Launch the first Turkmen Communication Satellite|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/china-to-launch-the-first-turkmen-communication-satellite/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=25 November 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref> The satellite will cover Europe and significant part of Asian countries and Africa and will have transmission for TV, radio broadcasting and the internet.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.ria.ru/russia/20131112/184664644/US-Says-SpaceX-to-Launch-Turkmenistans-Maiden-Satellite.html| title = US Says SpaceX to Launch Turkmenistan's Maiden Satellite| date = 12 November 2013}}</ref> The satellite's operations will be controlled by the state-run [[Turkmenistan National Space Agency|Turkmenistan National Space Agency (TNSA)]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.trend.az/capital/it/2082344.html| title = Turkmenistan to launch first space satellite in 2015| date = 31 October 2012}}</ref>

==Mobile==
BCTI was the only [[GSM]] operator in the country with a 10-year exclusive license granted in 1994. Due to lack of competition, BCTI continued to operate without investing much to cover rural areas. The expensive cost of the service has limited the number of subscribers to a very small percentage of the general population.

The Mobile phone sector started to improve rapidly after the expiration of company's exclusive license in 2004. The Russian mobile phone operator [[Mobile TeleSystems|MTS]] acquired [[BCTI]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.turkmenistan.ru/ru/|title=Лента событий &#124; Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru|website=www.turkmenistan.ru}}</ref> and state-owned communication company TurkmenTelekom opened a new subsidiary, [[Altyn Asyr (mobile operator)|Altyn Asyr]]. The number of mobile phone subscribers has now reached over 4,440,000 (MTS - 1,440,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/mts-turkmenistan-revenues-up-to-tmt-27-mln-in-q4--9321434/|title = Telecompaper – Telecom news and research – News Home}}</ref> and Altyn Asyr GSM 3,000,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/articles/16762.html/|title=Number of subscribers to national cellular communication operator "Altyn Asyr" exceeded 3 million &#124; Turkmenistan.ru|access-date=2013-04-05|archive-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182314/http://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/articles/16762.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>). With a population of 5 million, this translates into 88.8% mobile penetration rate.

In November 2023 [[Altyn Asyr (mobile operator)|Altyn Asyr]] was the first in Turkmenistan to present an opportunity to switch over to [[eSIM]].

==Internet service==
{{anchor|Internet Service}}
[[image:Payphone in Turkmenistan.jpg|thumb|[[Telephone booth]] in [[Ashgabat]]]]

Turkmenistan gained access to the [[Internet]] in 1997 through a contract with [[MCI Communications]] (later became [[MCI WorldCom]]). A small number of independent [[Internet Service Providers]] were forced out of business in 2001 when [[Turkmentelecom]] was granted a monopoly over data services. Dependence on expensive satellite channels limited the availability of Internet to only two thousand subscribers. To upgrade the Internet backbone, Ministry of Communication signed a contract with [[TATA Communications]] for routing traffic through [[Transit-Asia-Europe]] fiber optic channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkmenistan.ru/?page_id=3&lang_id=en&elem_id=12682&type=event&sort=date_desc|title = Лента событий &#124; Интернет-газета Turkmenistan.Ru}}</ref> As a result of this development, TurkmenTelecom started offering an access to the higher speed Internet with [[ADSL]] to the consumers in Turkmenistan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://online.tm/en/node/52 |title=Home internet &#124; Интернет Провайдер Туркменистана |access-date=2016-01-14 |archive-date=2016-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805235431/http://www.online.tm/en/node/52 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2008, MTS started offering Internet service to mobile subscribers via [[GPRS]]. Altyn Asyr was first to launch [[3G]] and 2&nbsp;Mbit/s mobile internet service in March 2010. The move surprised mobile customers as the provider were known for inferior but cheaper service. In 2013 Altyn Asyr launched a [[4G]] network based on LTE.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://tmcell.tm/en-US/news-lte-start| title = TMCELL starts to connect the subscribers to the LTE network| access-date = 2014-07-28| archive-date = 2013-09-21| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921232443/http://tmcell.tm/en-US/news-lte-start| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2013, unlimited use of the internet became available, reducing the total cost of services from Turkmentelecom.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://online.tm/home-internet| title = Интернет для дома| access-date = 2014-07-31| archive-date = 2018-05-08| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180508003622/http://online.tm/home-internet| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In Turkmenistan, as of November 2023, 3,149,178 people are connected to the Internet.<ref>[https://turkmenportal.com/blog/69716/ Количество интернет-пользователей в Туркменистане превысило 3,1 млн]</ref> Of these, 421,609 are wired Internet users, and 2,727,569 are mobile users.

[[Country code]] (Top level domain): TM

===Censorship===
Individual access to the Internet was first authorised in 2008,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.undispatch.com/5-places-where-internet-access-is-really-expensive/|title=5 Places Where Internet Access is REALLY Expensive {{!}} UN Dispatch|date=2012-06-08|work=UN Dispatch|access-date=2017-03-22|language=en-US}}</ref> and access has since increased.

Turkmenistan ranks among the most repressive and closed societies in the world. The Internet is heavily regulated and available only to a small fraction of the population. Censorship is ubiquitous and extensive. Surveillance is significant, and the few citizens who benefit from access to the Internet are closely monitored by state agencies. Self-censorship is common.<ref name=ONICountryProfiles/>

Websites run by human rights organisations and news agencies are blocked. Moreover, ordinary citizens have no access to the World Wide Web, and instead are limited to the use of the Turkmenet, an online community in Turkmen language, but effectively [[National intranet|a censored version of the Internet]].<ref name=RWBEnemies/> Social networks such as [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]] and [[Twitter|X (formerly Twitter)]] are not accessible through the Turkmenet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neweurasia.net/tag/turkmenet/ |title=The signal of freedom, part 4: Berdimuhammedov knows why the caged bird sings |publisher=New Eurasia |date=2010-05-24 |access-date=2010-07-23 |archive-date=2017-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711234651/http://www.neweurasia.net/tag/turkmenet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Attempts to get around this censorship can lead to grave consequences.<ref name=RWBEnemies/> However, there is a local Turkmen social network, Gyzgyn, founded on 27 March 2012, which is currently accessible.<ref>https://gyzgyn.com/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>{{citation needed |date=February 2014}}

Internet censorship in Turkmenistan was classified as pervasive in the political area and as selective in the social, conflict/security and internet tools areas by the [[OpenNet Initiative]] in December 2010.<ref name=ONICountryProfiles>{{cite web|url=http://opennet.net/research/profiles/turkmenistan |title=Turkmenistan &#124; OpenNet Initiative |website=Opennet.net |access-date=2016-02-14}}</ref> Turkmenistan was listed as an internet enemy by [[Reporters Without Borders]] in 2011.<ref name=RWBEnemies>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-turkmenistan,39772.html |title=Ennemis d'Internet - Turkmenistan - Reporters Without Borders |website=En.rsf.org |access-date=2016-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201144931/http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-turkmenistan,39772.html |archive-date=2016-02-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Television==
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An [[analog TV]] signal feed of 5 national channels is receivable over-the-air in all living areas across the country. Foreign TV channels are watched with a digital satellite receiver. In some places of Ashgabat, cable service is available where satellite dishes are not allowed to be installed. [[DVB-T]] test transmissions have only taken place in the capital and there are no digital switch-over plans as yet.

List of broadcast stations:
* [[Altyn Asyr (TV channel)|Altyn Asyr]] (Golden Age) on channel R1 (49.75&nbsp;MHz) in [[Aşgabat]], R3 (77.25&nbsp;MHz) in [[Türkmenabat]] and [[Daşoguz]], R4 (85.25&nbsp;MHz) in [[Uly Balkan Gerşi]].
* Ýaşlyk (Youth)
* [[Miras (TV channel)|Miras]] (Inheritance) on channel R5 (93.25&nbsp;MHz) in [[Ashgabat|Aşgabat]]
* [[Turkmenistan (TV channel)|Turkmenistan]] - News channel broadcast in 7 languages.
* [[Türkmen Owazy]] - Turkmen Music channel, launched in 2009.
* Aşgabat
* Türkmenistan Sport - sports channel, launched in 2012.
* Arkadag - launched in 2023.

Previously, all 7 of the national channels were aired on the [[Yamal (satellite constellation)|Yamal satellites]] for an international audience. Since 1 July 2016 all national channels in Turkmenistan are broadcast by the [[TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT|TürkmenÄlem 52°E]] national satellite that was launched on 27 April 2015.

=== IPTV ===
IPTV has been developing fast as a cheap alternative to regular television.<ref>https://turkmenportal.com/blog/4564 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>https://turkmenportal.com/blog/51361/usluga-alem-tv-teper-dostupna-dlya-polzovatelei-iptv-ot-turkmentelekom-i-agts {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> The IPTV service is used by more than 100,000 subscribers in Ashgabat.<ref>https://www.astu.tm/ru/about-us {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==Telephone==
'''[[Telephone]]s - main lines in use:'''
500,000 (2006)
<br />''domestic:''
500 [[automatic telephone stations]] and 500,000 [[telephone numbers]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.turkmenistaninfo.ru/?page_id=6&type=article&elem_id=page_6/magazine_31/239&lang_id=en| title = Telecommunications At The World Level<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref>
<br />''international:''
linked by [[Electrical cable|cable]] and [[microwave]] [[radio relay]] to other Commonwealth of Independent States republics and to other countries by leased connections to the [[Moscow]] international gateway switch; a new telephone link from [[Ashgabat]] to [[Iran]] has been established; a new [[Telephone exchange|exchange]] in Ashgabat switches international traffic through [[Turkey]] via Intelsat; [[satellite]] [[earth]] stations - 1 [[Orbita (TV system)|Orbita]] and 1 [[Intelsat]]

==Newspapers==
List of newspapers in Turkmenistan:
*''[[Turkmenskaya Iskra]]'' (Soviet-era)
*''[[Balkan newspaper, Turkmenistan]]'' ([[Balkanabat]])
*"[[Neutral Turkmenistan]]"
{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}

=== Online ===
* [[Turkmenportal]]
* [[InAshgabat]]
* [[Biz barde]] social media

==TurkmenTel==
Starting from 2007 the Ministry of Communication has organised the international exhibition "TurkmenTel" each year. Leading companies from all around the world are invited to Ashgabat to exhibit their technologies.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090705140023/http://www.mincom.gov.tm/tm/index.html Ministry of Communication of Turkmenistan]
*[http://www.mts.tm MTS Turkmenistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123175556/http://www.mts.tm/ |date=2013-01-23 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121073934/http://turkmentel2008.gov.tm/ TurkmenTel 2008 Official website]
*[http://www.tmcomp.com Software & Telecommunications services Ashgabat]
*[http://www.turkmentel.com TurkmenTel 2007]

{{Asia topic|Telecommunications in}}
{{Turkmenistan topics}}
{{Telecommunications}}

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[[Category:Communications in Turkmenistan| ]]
[[Category:Telecommunications by country|Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in Asia by country|Turkmenistan]]