Editing Telecommunications in Myanmar

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{{update|date=December 2013}}
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[[Myanmar]] has begun the [[liberalization]] of its [[telecommunications]] market in 2013.<ref name=myanmar_opens_ict_market>{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Daniel|last2=Robinson|first2=Gwen|title=Myanmar opens up new telecoms frontier|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/118ef1a8-9d17-11e2-88e9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz48LI4Q5hf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/adSKd |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2016|work=Financial Times|date=4 April 2013}}</ref>

==Telecommunication networks==
{{See also|Telephone numbers in Burma}}
[[File:Street telephone post in Myanmar.jpg|thumb|Private street telephone post in Myanmar]]

Previously, [[Myanma Posts and Telecommunications|Myanma Post and Telecommunication]] (MPT) had a monopoly in the country. In 2013, the government started taking steps to open up the telecommunications market, issuing licenses to new service providers. Consulting firm [[Roland Berger (company)|Roland Berger]] supported the government in the liberalization and tendering process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar telco auction: the good and the bad|url=https://www.ft.com/content/befaee5a-22cc-33e3-a8d3-84ce27742dc3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/befaee5a-22cc-33e3-a8d3-84ce27742dc3 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> In 2014, Qatar-based [[Ooredoo]] and Norwegian [[Telenor]] through their local subsidiaries – respectively [[Ooredoo Myanmar]] and [[Telenor Myanmar]] – entered the market, resulting in the reduction of consumer prices and rapid growth in the number of subscribers, as well as the expansion of the country's infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/opinion/16415-advancing-myanmar-s-telecom-infrastructure.html|title=Advancing Myanmar's telecom infrastructure|website=Mmtimes.com|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> In November 2015, Ericsson named Myanmar the world's fourth fastest-growing mobile market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/technology/17727-myanmar-named-fourth-fastest-growing-mobile-market-in-the-world-by-ericsson.html|title=Myanmar named fourth-fastest-growing mobile market in the world by Ericsson|website=Mmtimes.com|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> As of June 2015, Myanmar has a mobile phone penetration rate of 54.6%, up from less than 10% in 2012. On 12 January 2017, [[Mytel]] (Telecom International Myanmar Co., Ltd.) received License for the provision of telecommunication services, officially became the 4th operator in Myanmar.<ref>

{{cite news
|last1=Thant
|first1=Htoo
|title=Mobile penetration reaches half the country
|url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/technology/14815-mobile-penetration-reaches-half-the-country.html
|access-date=11 May 2016
|work=Myanmar Times|date=2 June 2015
|ref=myanmar_mobile_penetration_2015}}</ref>

===Telephone system===
* General assessment: meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government
* Domestic: system barely capable of providing basic service; cellular phone system is grossly underdeveloped with a subscribership base of less than 1 per 100 persons{{Update inline|date=May 2016}}
* International: country code - 95; landing point for the [[SEA-ME-WE 3]] optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; [[satellite]] earth stations - 2, [[Intelsat]] ([[Indian Ocean]]) and [[Thaicom|ShinSat]] (2007)

Bids were offered for two fresh telecom licenses by the Myanmar government. The deadline was set to be 8 February 2013. The licenses were expected to be issued in June and carry a contract duration of up to 20 years. Two more licenses were expected to be offered following this round of bidding.<ref name=burmatelbid>
{{Cite news
| title = Myanmar telecom bidding war heats up
| publisher = Investvine.com
| date = 31 January 2013
| url= http://investvine.com/myanmar-telecom-bidding-war-heats-up/
| access-date =1 February 2013}}
</ref>

According to government statistics, 5.4 million of Myanmar's 60 million population had a mobile phone subscription at the end of 2012, giving the country a mobile penetration of 9 per cent.<ref name=ref2013040505>
    {{Cite news
    | title = Vodafone, China Mobile eye Myanmar
    | publisher = Investvine.com
    | date = 5 April 2013
    | url= http://investvine.com/vodafone-china-mobile-eye-myanmar/
    | access-date =5 April 2013}}
</ref>

According to official figures released in mid-2012, Myanmar had 857 [[base transceiver station]]s (BTS) for 1,654,667 local [[GSM]] mobile users, 188 BTSs for 225,617 local [[WCDMA]] mobile users, 366 BTSs for 633,569 local [[Code division multiple access|CDMA-450]] mobile users, and 193 BTSs for 341,687 [[Code division multiple access|CDMA-800]] mobile users. [[Huawei]] who has built 40 percent of the towers and ZTE has built 60 percent in Myanmar, which amounts to 1500 across the country, said it has built the towers mostly in [[Yangon]], [[Mandalay]], and [[Naypyidaw]].<ref name=":1">"[http://www.yozzo.com/news-and-information/mvno-mobile-operator-s/updated-myanmar-telecoms-license-awards-to-go-ahead-as-planned Myanmar's two telecom licences goes to Telenor and Ooredoo]", Yozzo Telecom News, 27 June 2013</ref>

The Myanmar Telecommunications Operator Tender Evaluation and Selection Committee selected Norwegian [[Telenor Myanmar|Telenor Group]] and [[Ooredoo Myanmar|Ooredoo]] of Qatar as winners of the bidding, for the two telecom licenses issued by the government of Myanmar.<ref name=":1" /> The licenses allow the operators to build and operate a nationwide wireless network for 15 years. [[Ooredoo]] began selling low-price SIM cards at a price of US$1.5 in Yangon, Mandalay, and Naypyidaw in August 2014. Prior to 2012, during military rule, SIM cards cost USD 1,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/asia/2014/09/26/myanmars-mobile-revolution-kicks-telenor-prepares-launch-service/|title=Myanmar's Mobile Revolution Kicks On|website=TNW News|date=26 September 2014 |access-date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

[[Mytel]] is the fourth telecom firm in Myanmar. It is a joint venture between [[Myanmar Army]]-backed Star High Public Co Ltd, which holds 48 percent, Vietnam's [[Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)|Ministry of Defence]] owned [[Viettel|Viettel Group]], which holds 28 percent, and Myanmar National Telecom Holding Public Ltd, a group of 11 local companies with a combined 23-percent stake.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/business/belgian-firms-withdrawal-mytel-operator-sees-minimal-impact.html|title=Belgian Firm's Withdrawal from Mytel Operator Sees Minimal Impact|website=The Irrawaddy|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> Commander-in-chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing stated at the opening ceremony of Mytel on 11 February 2018 that it will cover 93 percent of the 2G networks and 60 percent of the 4G networks of Myanmar after installing towers and stations across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/24576-mytel-to-target-rual-areas-and-compete-on-price.html|title=Mytel to target rural areas and compete on price|website=Mmtimes.com|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

==Media==
{{See|Media of Burma}}

{{list|section|date=January 2021}}

*'''[[Radio]] [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] stations'''
**AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 3 (2015)

*'''Television broadcast stations:'''
**6 (2015)

'''Press'''
# Kyehmon ([[Burmese language|Burmese]]: {{lang|my|ကြေးမုံ}}) - state-run daily
# [[The New Light of Myanmar]] ({{langx|my|Myanma A-lin}}) - English and Burmese language organ of SPDC
# [[The Myanmar Times]] ({{langx|my|Myanma Taing}}) - private-run English-language weekly
# Myanmar Business Today - the country's first and the only private-run business weekly

'''Television'''

# [[MRTV]]  state-run, operated by Myanmar Government - Broadcasts With [[DVB-T2]] System. Including 14 TV Channels [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Rakhine language|Arakanese]], [[Shan language|Shan]], [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Jingpho language|Kachin]], [[Kayah language|Kayah]], [[Chin State|Chin]], [[Mon language|Mon]] and [[English language|English]]
# [[Myanmar International|MITV]] - Showing about Myanmar to around the World.
# Myawady TV  army-run network
Broadcasts 7 Free Digital Channel available in [[Naypyidaw]], [[Yangon]] & [[Mandalay]].
# [[Sky Net|SKYNET]] Largest Pay TV Service In Myanmar. Providing 110 TV Channels (Local & International) Including 10 [[High-definition television|High Definition]] Channel. Broadcasts With [[Direct-broadcast satellite television|DTH]] system on Apstar 7 [[Satellite]]. SKYNET Have Official Broadcaster To England Premier League, Spain LaLiga, Italy Serie-A, France League 1 In 2015/16 Season.
# 4TV - Second Largest Pay TV Service In Myanmar. operated by Forever Group.
Providing Free to air Channels, Local & International Pay TV Channels, and [[High-definition television|High Definition]] Channels. 4TV Has Only Broadcasts 2 Way With [[Direct-broadcast satellite television|DTH]] and [[DVB-T2]]  In Myanmar.
# [[Democratic Voice of Burma]] - Activists from the 88 Generation launched it. Based in Norway, it makes both TV and Radio broadcasts

'''Radio'''
# Radio Myanmar - state-run, operated by Myanmar TV and Radio Department
# Thazin Radio - Military operated station
# City FM - entertainment-based, operated by Yangon City Development Committee
# Bagan FM
# Cherry FM - Commercial station broadcasting music based programs to main cities
# [[Mandalay FM]]
#[[Padamyar FM]]
# Pyinsawaddy FM
# [[Shwe FM]]
# [[Democratic Voice of Burma]] - opposition station based in [[Norway]], broadcasts via shortwave

'''News agency'''
# [[Myanmar News Agency]] (MNA) - state-run

==Internet==
{{main|Internet in Burma}}
The government allowed unrestricted access to the [[Internet]] for some years following the telecoms liberalization. Many people were using the internet freely, often with widely available smart phones.

Myanmar Teleport<ref>[http://www.yatanarpon.net.mm/aboutus.html "Company at a glance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916170858/http://www.yatanarpon.net.mm/aboutus.html |date=16 September 2011 }}, Yatanarpon Teleport Co., Ltd.</ref> (formerly Bagan Cybertech), Information Technology Central Services (ITCS),<ref>[http://www.mmtimes.com/no370/b001.htm "New consortium to shake up IT sector"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705131006/http://www.mmtimes.com/no370/b001.htm |date=5 July 2011 }}, Ye Kaung Myint Maung, Myanmar Times, vol.19, no.370 (11–17 June 2007)</ref> and the state-owned Myanmar Post and Telecommunication (MPT)<ref>[http://www.mpt.net.mm/mpt/it/index.htm "Internet Services Tariff"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721093256/http://www.mpt.net.mm/mpt/it/index.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}, Information Technology department, Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs. Retrieved 10 June 2011</ref> are two of the [[Internet service provider]]s in Myanmar.<ref>[http://www.guideformyanmar.com/internet.html "Myanmar Internet Provider"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120910222703/http://www.guideformyanmar.com/internet.html |date=10 September 2012 }}, Guide for Myanmar 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/1679-internet-service-hampered-as-myanmar-teleport-server-breaks-down.html "Internet service hampered as Myanmar Teleport server breaks down"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119134116/http://mizzima.com/news/inside-burma/1679-internet-service-hampered-as-myanmar-teleport-server-breaks-down.html |date=19 January 2011 }}, Mizzima News Agency, 10 February 2009</ref> [[Internet café]]s are common in the larger cities of the country. Satellite ([[VSAT]]) internet connection is also available from [[Sky Net|Skynet]], a satellite television provider, and another ([[VSAT]]) Operator [[Com & Com]].

According to MPT's official statistics as of July 2010, the country had over 400,000 Internet users (0.8% of the population) with the vast majority of the users located in the two largest cities, [[Yangon]] and [[Mandalay]].<ref name=bw>{{cite journal | title=State of Internet Usage in Myanmar | journal=Bi-Weekly Eleven | language=my | date=30 July 2010 | volume=3 | issue=18 | location=Yangon | author=Wai-Yan Phyo Oo and Saw Pyayzon | pages=1–2}}</ref>  More recent figures are hard to find, but the widespread use of smart phones and tablets with cellular modems on the 3G and 4G networks means that internet usage is likely to be far higher than the figures from 2010 indicate.

Although the internet appears largely unrestricted, Myanmar experience internet shut downs during politically sensitive times. In 2007, the military government shutdown the internet during the Saffron Revolution for a few days to restrict information from within the country to be disseminated to international media. In 2019 June to February 2020, a few townships from [[Rakhine State|Rakkhine]] and [[Chin State|Chin]] State are facing internet shut downs as ordered by the [[Ministry of Transport and Communications (Myanmar)|Ministry of Transport and Communications]].

On 3 February 2021, 3G and 4G data network was restored in Rakhine and Chin States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directives from authorities in Myanmar - February 2021|url=https://www.telenor.com/sustainability/responsible-business/human-rights/mitigate/human-rights-in-myanmar/directives-from-authorities-in-myanmar-february-2021/|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Telenor Group|language=en}}</ref>

Starting from dawn of 1 February 2021, there're re-restrictions and outage to access to the internet by the [[State Administration Council|Military Government]] because of [[2021 Myanmar coup d'état]]. The government banned and blocked social media, including [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Instagram]] and [[WhatsApp]], western news agency websites and also Wikipedia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-31|title=Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6|access-date=2021-02-25|website=NetBlocks|language=en-US}}</ref>

Starting from 16 February 2021, the internet was shut down from 1 a.m. to 9 a.m. in nationwide.<ref name=":0" />

On 22 February 2021, the internet was shut down only in Yangon from 12 a.m. to 12 p.m. while other states and regions were only from 1 a.m. to 9 a.m.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Censorship in Burma]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050526073602/http://www.mpt.net.mm/ Myanmar Post and Telecoms - the government ISP]

{{Burma (Myanmar) topics}}
{{Asia topic|Telecommunications in}}
{{Telecommunications}}

[[Category:Telecommunications in Myanmar| ]]