Editing Tartessos

{{short description|Historical civilization in the southern Iberian Peninsula}}
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[[File:Tartessos 500 BCE.jpg|thumb|300 px|Tartessos, circa 500 BC]]
[[File:Getty Villa - Tartessian Winged Feline - inv. 79.AC.140.JPG|thumb|Tartessian winged feline statue at the [[Getty Villa]]]]

'''Tartessos''' ({{langx|es|Tartesos}}) is, as defined by archaeological discoveries,<ref>[https://construyendotarteso.com/en Construyendo Tarteso]</ref> a historical civilization settled in the southern [[Iberian Peninsula]] characterized by its mixture of local [[Prehistoric Iberia|Paleohispanic]] and [[Phoenicia]]n traits. It had a [[writing system]], identified as Tartessian, that includes some 97 inscriptions in a [[Tartessian language]].

In the historical records, Tartessos ({{langx|grc|Ταρτησσός}}) appears as a semi-mythical or legendary harbor city and the surrounding culture on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula (in modern [[Andalusia]], Spain), at the mouth of the [[Guadalquivir]].<ref name="KochCunliffe2016">{{cite book|author=Brandherm, Dirk |editor= Koch, John T. |editor2=Barry Cunliffe|title=Celtic from the West 3, Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages: questions of shared language|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HP4sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179|date=1 September 2016|publisher=Oxbow Books|isbn=978-1-78570-230-3|page=179|chapter=6: Stelae, Funerary Practice, and Group Identities in the Bronze and Iron Ages of SW Iberia: A Moyenne Durée Perspective}}</ref> It appears in sources from Greece and the Near East starting during the first millennium BC. [[Herodotus]], for example, describes it as beyond the [[Pillars of Hercules]].<ref>Herodotus, ''The History'', i. 163; iv.152.</ref> Roman authors tend to echo the earlier [[ancient Greece|Greek]] sources, but from around the end of the millennium there are indications that the name Tartessos had fallen out of use and the city may have been lost to flooding, although several authors attempt to identify it with cities of other names in the area.<ref name=freeman/>

The Tartessians were rich in metals. In the fourth century BC the historian [[Ephorus]] describes "a very prosperous market called Tartessos, with much tin carried by river, as well as gold and copper from Celtic lands".<ref name=freeman/> Trade in [[tin]] was very lucrative in the [[Bronze Age]], since it is an essential component of bronze and is comparatively rare. [[Herodotus]] said a king of Tartessos, [[Arganthonios]], welcomed the first Greeks to reach Iberia, [[Phocaeans]] who sailed from Asia Minor.<ref>[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_History_of_Herodotus_(Macaulay)/Book_I Herodotus, 1:163]</ref>

[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] wrote that Myron, the tyrant of [[Sicyon]], built a treasury, which was called the treasury of the Sicyonians, to commemorate a victory in the chariot race at the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic games]]. In the treasury, he made two chambers with two different styles, one [[Doric order|Doric]] and one [[Ionic order|Ionic]], with bronze.{{clarify|date=April 2023}} The [[Eleans]] said that the bronze was Tartessian.<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.19.1 Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.19.1]</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-grc1:6.19.2 Pausanias, Description of Greece, 6.19.2]</ref>

The people from Tartessos became important trading partners of the Phoenicians, whose presence in Iberia dates from the eighth century BC and who nearby built a harbor of their own, Gadir ({{langx|grc|Γάδειρα}}, {{langx|la|Gades}}, present-day [[Cádiz]]).

== Location ==
[[File:Tartessos in Iberia.svg|thumb|Tartessos location on the Iberian Peninsula]]
[[File:AMF0500 tn.jpg|thumb|[[Cancho Roano]] archaeological site located in [[Zalamea de la Serena]], Extremadura]]
Several early sources, such as [[Aristotle]], refer to Tartessos as a river. Aristotle claims that it rises from the Pyrene Mountain (generally accepted by modern scholars as the [[Pyrenees]]) and flows out to sea outside the Pillars of Hercules, the modern [[Strait of Gibraltar]].<ref name=freeman>Freeman, Phillip M. (2010). "Ancient references to Tartessos", chapter 10. IN: Cunliffe, Barry and John T. Koch (eds.), ''Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives From Archaeology, Genetics, Language And Literature''.</ref> No such river traverses the [[Iberian Peninsula]].

According to the fourth century BC [[Greeks|Greek]] [[List of Graeco-Roman geographers|geographer]] and explorer [[Pytheas]], quoted by [[Strabo]] in the first century AD, the ancestral homeland of the [[Turduli]] was located north of [[Turdetania]], the region where the kingdom of Tartessos was located in the Baetis River valley (the present-day [[Guadalquivir]] valley) in southern Spain.<ref name=freeman1>{{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Phillip M.|title=Celtic from the West Chapter 10 - Ancillary Study: Ancient References to Tartessos|year=2010|publisher=Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK|isbn=978-1-84217-410-4|pages=322}}</ref><ref name=strabo>{{cite book|last=Strabo|title=Geography|pages=Book III Chapter 2 verse 11|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/3B*.html}}</ref>

[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], writing in the second century AD, identified the river and gave details of the location of the city:

<blockquote>They say that Tartessus is a river in the land of the Iberians, running down into the sea by two mouths and that between these two mouths lies a city of the same name. The river, which is the largest in Iberia and tidal, those of a later day called [[Guadalquivir|Baetis]] and there are some who think that Tartessus was the ancient name of [[Carpia]], a city of the [[Iberians]].<ref>Pausanias ''Description of Greece'' 6.XIX.3.</ref></blockquote>

The river known in his day as the Baetis is now the [[Guadalquivir]]. Thus, Tartessos may be buried, [[Adolf Schulten|Schulten]] thought, under the shifting wetlands. The river delta has gradually been blocked by a sandbar that stretches from the mouth of the [[Rio Tinto (river)|Rio Tinto]], near [[Palos de la Frontera]] to [[Almonte, Spain|Almonte]], the riverbank that is opposite [[Sanlúcar de Barrameda]]. The area is now protected as the [[Doñana National Park|Parque Nacional de Doñana]].<ref>Thirty kilometers inland there still is a mining town by the name of Tarsis.</ref>

In the first century AD, [[Pliny the Elder]]<ref>Pliny, ''Natural History'', 3.7.</ref> incorrectly identified the city of [[Carteia]] as the Tartessos mentioned in Greek sources while [[Strabo]] just commented.{{clarify|date=April 2023}} <ref name=strabo1>{{cite book|last=Strabo|title=Geography|pages=Book III Chapter 2 verse 14|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/3B*.html}}</ref> Carteia is identified as El Rocadillo, near S. Roque, Province of Cádiz, some distance away from the Guadalquivir.<ref>Talbert, Richard J. A.  (ed.). [http://mail.nysoclib.org/Barrington_Atlas/B_ATLAS.PDF ''Map-by-Map Directory to Accompany the Barrington Atlas of The Greek and Roman World'' (2000), p. 419.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727134814/http://mail.nysoclib.org/Barrington_Atlas/B_ATLAS.PDF |date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> In the second century AD, [[Appian]] thought that Karpessos ([[Carpia]]) was previously known as Tartessos.<ref name=freeman/>

== Archaeological discoveries ==
{{see also|South-Western Iberian Bronze}}
The discoveries published by [[Adolf Schulten]] in 1922 <ref>Schulten (1922). ''Tartessos''. Hamburg; Spanish tr. Madrid, 1924, 2nd ed. 1945).</ref> first drew attention to Tartessos and shifted its study from classical [[Philology|philologists]] and antiquarians to investigations based on archaeology,<ref>The historiography of Tartessos is surveyed by Carlos G. Wagner, "Tartessos en la historiografía: un revisión crítica".</ref> although attempts at localizing a capital for what was conceived as a complicated culture in the nature of a centrally controlled kingdom ancestral to Spain were inconclusively debated. Subsequent discoveries were widely reported: in September 1923 archaeologists discovered a [[Phoenicia]]n [[necropolis]] in which human remains were unearthed and stones found with illegible characters. It may have been colonized by the Phoenicians for trade because of its richness in metals.<ref>"Dig Up Phoenician City", ''[[New York Times]]'', September 26, 1923, p. 3.</ref>

A later generation turned instead to identifying and localizing "orientalizing" (eastern Mediterranean) features of the Tartessian material culture within the broader Mediterranean horizon of an "[[Orientalizing period]]" recognizable in the [[Aegean civilization|Aegean]] and [[Etruria]].

[[File:Tesoro del Carambolo - Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla.jpg|thumb|[[Treasure of El Carambolo]], exhibited in the [[Archaeological Museum of Seville]]]]
J. M. Luzón was the first to identify Tartessos with modern [[Huelva]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Luzón, J. M. | year = 1962 | title = Tartessos y la ría de Huelva | journal = Zephyrus | volume = 13 | pages = 97–104 }}</ref> based on discoveries made in the preceding decades. Since the discovery in September 1958 of the rich gold [[treasure of El Carambolo]] in Camas, three kilometres west of [[Seville]],<ref>Carriazo, J. M. ''El tesoro y las primeras excavaciones en 'El Carambolo' (Camas, Sevilla)'' (Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España), 1970.</ref> and of hundreds of artefacts in the [[necropolis]] at La Joya, [[Huelva]],<ref>Garrido, J. P. (1970). ''Excavaciones en la necrópolis de La Joya'', E.A.E.</ref> archaeological surveys have been integrated with philological and literary surveys and the broader picture of the Iron Age in the Mediterranean basin to provide a more informed view of the supposed Tartessian culture on the ground, concentrated in western [[Andalusia]], [[Extremadura]], and in southern [[Portugal]] from the [[Algarve]] to the [[Vinalopó River]] in [[Alicante]].<ref>The results of Tartessian archaeology as of 1987 were summarized by {{cite journal | last1 = Chamorro | first1 = Javier G. | year = 1987 | title = Survey of Archaeological Research on Tartessos | journal = American Journal of Archaeology | volume = 91 | issue = 2| pages = 197–232 | doi = 10.2307/505217 | jstor = 505217 | s2cid = 191378720 }}</ref>

=== Turuñuelo archaeological site ===
{{main|Turuñuelo}}
[[File:Rostro tartésico de El Turuñuelo (Badajoz) - Fondo blanco.jpg|thumb|Sculpture found at the site of [[Turuñuelo]], featuring the earrings characteristic of a Tartessian goldsmith's work.]]

Significant discoveries were made at [[Turuñuelo]] archeological site in [[Guareña]], where excavation began in 2015. The site was declared ''[[Bien de Interés Cultural|bien de interés cultural]]'' (National heritage site) in May 2022.<ref name="ep">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2022 |title=Meritxell Batet destaca el yacimiento tartésico de 'El Turuñuelo' en Guareña y la "colaboración entre administraciones" |url=https://www.europapress.es/extremadura/noticia-meritxell-batet-destaca-yacimiento-tartesico-turunuelo-guarena-colaboracion-administraciones-20220917140456.html |website=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Macías |first=C. |date=12 July 2021 |title=El Turuñuelo: la misteriosa escalera extremeña que podría cambiar todos los manuales |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/2021-07-12/turunuelo-escalera-extremena-podria-manuales_3177356/ |website=[[El Confidencial]]}}</ref>

Two ornate stone busts, featuring details of [[Jewellery|jewelry]] and [[Hairstyle|hairstyles]] which are thought to be the first facial representations of the Tartessian goddesses were discovered in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeologists uncover the first human representations of the ancient Tartessos people |url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2023/04/archaeologists-uncover-the-first-human-representations-of-the-ancient-tartessos-people/147019 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=HeritageDaily - Archaeology News |date=19 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Altuntaş |first=Leman |date=2023-04-19 |title=Archaeologists have uncovered the first human representations of the people of mythical Tartessos |url=https://arkeonews.net/archaeologists-have-uncovered-the-first-human-representations-of-the-people-of-mythical-tartessos/ |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=Arkeonews |language=en-US}}</ref> These sculptures are somewhat similar to the [[Lady of Elche]] sculpture, which was dated between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, but are considerably earlier. Fragments of at least three other busts have also been recovered. One of them is attributed to a warrior because part of his helmet is preserved.

In this region of southern Spain, the Tartessian culture was born around the 9th century B.C. as a result of hybridization between the Phoenician settlers and the local inhabitants. Scholars refer to the Tartessian culture as "a hybrid archaeological culture".<ref>Carolina López-Ruiz, Michael Dietler 2009 (eds), [https://www.google.com/books/edition/Colonial_Encounters_in_Ancient_Iberia/lX4sFmBYZ74C Colonial Encounters in Ancient Iberia: Phoenician, Greek, and Indigenous Relations.] University of Chicago Press. p.194</ref>

=== Metallurgy ===
Alluvial tin was panned in Tartessian streams from an early date. The spread of a [[silver standard]] in [[Assyria]] increased its attractiveness (the tribute from Phoenician cities was assessed in silver). The invention of coinage in the seventh century BC spurred the search for bronze and silver as well. Henceforth trade connections, formerly largely in elite goods, assumed an increasingly broad economic role. By the Late Bronze Age, silver extraction in [[Huelva (province)|Huelva Province]] reached industrial proportions. Pre-Roman silver [[slag]] is found in the Tartessian cities of Huelva Province. Cypriot and Phoenician metalworkers produced 15 million tons of pyrometallurgical residues at the vast dumps of Riotinto. Mining and smelting preceded the arrival, from the eighth century BC onward, of Phoenicians <ref>Phoenician coastal settlements and necropoli are typically located at the mouth of rivers, on the first hill behind the delta, at [[Cadiz]], [[Málaga]], [[Granada]], and [[Almeria]].</ref> and then Greeks, who provided a stimulating wider market and whose influence sparked an "orientalizing" phase in Tartessian material culture ({{circa|750–550}} BC) before Tartessian culture was superseded by the [[Classic Iberian culture]].

"Tartessic" artefacts linked with the Tartessos culture have been found, and many archaeologists now associate the "lost" city with [[Huelva]]. In excavations on spatially restricted sites in the center of modern Huelva, sherds of elite painted Greek ceramics of the first half of the sixth century BC have been recovered. Huelva contains the largest accumulation of imported elite goods and must have been an important Tartessian center. [[Medellín (Spain)|Medellín]], on the Guadiana River, revealed an important necropolis.

[[File:Bronce Carriazo, Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla.jpg|thumb|[[:es:Bronce Carriazo|''Bronce Carriazo'']] (625-525 BC), found near Seville]]
Elements specific to Tartessian culture are the Late Bronze Age fully evolved pattern-burnished wares and geometrically banded and patterns "Carambolo" wares, from the ninth to the sixth centuries BC; an "Early Orientalizing" phase with the first eastern Mediterranean imports, beginning circa 750 BC; a "Late Orientalizing" phase with the finest bronze casting and goldsmith work; gray ware turned on the fast [[potter's wheel]], local imitations of imported Phoenician red-slip wares.

Characteristic Tartessian bronzes include pear-shaped jugs, often associated in burials, with shallow dish-shaped braziers having loop handles, incense-burners with floral motifs, [[Fibula (brooch)|fibulas]], both elbowed and double-spring types, and belt buckles.

No pre-colonial necropolis sites have been identified. The change from a late Bronze Age pattern of circular or oval huts scattered on a village site to rectangular houses with dry-stone foundations and plastered [[wattle and daub]] walls took place during the seventh and sixth centuries BC, in settlements with planned layouts that succeeded one another on the same site. 

At [[Castulo|Cástulo]] ([[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]), a [[mosaic]] of river pebbles from the end of the sixth century BC is the earliest mosaic in Western Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} Most sites were inexplicably abandoned in the fifth century BC.

Tartessic occupation sites of the Late [[Bronze Age]] that were not particularly complex: "a domestic mode of production seems to have predominated" is one mainstream assessment.<ref>Wagner, in Alvar and Blásquez 1991:104.</ref> An earlier generation of archaeologists and historians took a [[normative]] approach to the primitive Tartessian adoption of [[Punics|Punic]] styles and techniques, as of a less-developed culture adopting better, more highly evolved cultural traits, and finding Eastern parallels for Early Iron Age material culture in the Tartessian sites. A later generation has been more concerned with the ''process'' through which local institutions evolved.<ref>Essays from both points of view are found in Alvar and Blázquez, according to the review by Antonio Gilman in ''American Journal of Archaeology'' '''98'''.2 (April 1994), pp. 369-370.</ref>

[[File:Candelabros de Lebrija (M.A.N. conjunto 236) 01.jpg|thumb|upright|''Candelabra of Lebrija'', found in [[Lebrija]]]]
The emergence of new archaeological finds in the city of Huelva is prompting the revision of these traditional views. Just in two adjacent lots adding up to 2,150&nbsp;sq.&nbsp;m. between [[Las Monjas Square]] and [[Mendez Nuñez Street]], some 90,000 ceramic fragments of indigenous, Phoenician, and Greek imported wares were exhumed, out of which 8,009 allowed scope for a type identification. This pottery, dated from the tenth to the early eighth centuries BC predates finds from other Phoenician colonies; together with remnants of numerous activities, the Huelva discoveries reveal a substantial industrial and commercial ''[[Emporium (antiquity)|emporion]]'' on this site lasting several centuries. Similar finds in other parts of the city make it possible to estimate the protohistoric habitat of Huelva at some 20 hectares, large for a site in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] during that period.<ref>Detailed description and analysis of the objects found and sources mentioned above are surveyed in Fernando González de Canales Cerisola, ''Del Occidente Mítico Griego a Tarsis-Tarteso –Fuentes escritas y documentación arqueológica'' (2004) and F. González de Canales, L. Serrano and J. Llompart, ''El Emporio Fenicio-Precolonial de Huelva, ca. 900-770 a.C.'' (2004).</ref>

Calibrated [[carbon-14 dating]] carried out by [[University of Groningen]] on associated cattle bones as well as dating based on ceramic samples permit a chronology of several centuries through the state of the art of craft and industry since the tenth century BC, as follows: pottery (bowls, plates, craters, vases, amphorae, etc.), melting pots, casting nozzles, weights, finely worked pieces of wood, ship parts, bovid skulls, pendants, fibulae, anklebones, agate, ivory –with the only workshop of the period so far proven in the west-, gold, silver, etc.

The existence of foreign produce and materials together with local ones suggests that the old Huelva harbor was a major hub for the reception, manufacturing, and shipping of diverse products of different and distant origin. The analysis of written sources and the products exhumed, including inscriptions and thousands of [[Greek ceramics]], some of which are works of excellent quality by known potters and painters, has led some scholars to suggest that this habitat can be identified not only with [[Tarshish]] mentioned in the Bible, in the [[Assyria]]n stele of [[Esarhaddon]], and perhaps in the Phoenician inscription of the [[Nora Stone]], but also with the ''Tartessos'' of Greek sources –interpreting the Tartessus river as equivalent to the present-day [[Rio Tinto (river)|Tinto River]] and the [[Guadalquivir Marshes|Ligustine Lake]] to the joint estuary of the [[Odiel]] and Tinto rivers flowing west and east of the Huelva Peninsula.<ref>(es) Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola, F. ''Del Occidente Mítico Griego a Tarsis-Tarteso –Fuentes escritas y documentación arqueológica'', Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2004</ref><ref>(es) Gonzalez de Canales, F.; J. Llompart and L. Serrano. ''El Emporio Fenicio-Precolonial de Huelva, ca. 900-770 a.C.''. Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola|first1=F.|title=Tarshish-Tartessos, the Emporium Reached by Kolaios of Samos|journal=Cahiers de l'Institut du Proche-Orient Ancien du Collège de France (CIPOA) II.|date=2014|url=https://www.academia.edu/8551491|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

== Religion ==
There is very little data but it is assumed that as with other Mediterranean peoples, the religion was polytheistic. It is believed that Tartessians worshiped the goddess [[Astarte]] or Potnia and the masculine divinity Baal or [[Melkart]], as a result of the Phoenician acculturation. Sanctuaries inspired by Phoenician architecture have been found in the deposit of [[Castulo]] ([[Linares, Jaén]]) and in the vicinity of [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]]. Several images of Phoenician deities have been found in [[Cádiz]], [[Huelva]], and [[Sevilla]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uv.es/~alabau/religion.htm |title=RELIGIÓN TARTÉSSICA |access-date=2016-02-27 |archive-date=2016-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221114644/http://www.uv.es/~alabau/religion.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Language ==
[[File:Iberia 300BC-en.svg|thumb|200px|Iberia circa 300 BC, before the Carthaginian conquest; residual Tartessian language is depicted in the southwest]]
[[File:I tarteso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Tartessian Fonte Velha inscription found in [[Bensafrim]], [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]], Southern Portugal]]
The [[Tartessian language]] is an [[extinct language|extinct]] pre-[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] language once spoken in southern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]]. The oldest known indigenous texts of Iberia, dated from the seventh to sixth centuries BC, are written in Tartessian. The inscriptions are written in a semi-[[syllabic writing system]] called the [[Southwest script]]; they were found in the general area in which Tartessos was located and in surrounding areas of influence. Tartessian language texts were found in [[Andalusia|Southwestern Spain]] and Southern [[Portugal]] (namely in the [[Conii]], [[Cempsi]], [[Sefes]], and [[Celtici]] areas of the [[Algarve]] and southern [[Alentejo]]).

== Possible identification as "Tarshish" or "Atlantis" ==
Since the classicists of the early twentieth century, biblical archaeologists often identify the place-name [[Tarshish]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]] with Tartessos, although others connect Tarshish to [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]] in Anatolia or other places as far as India. Tarshish, like Tartessos, is associated with extensive mineral wealth ([[Iberian Pyrite Belt]]).

In 1922, [[Adolf Schulten]] said Tartessos was the Western, and wholly European, source of the legend of [[Atlantis]].<ref>Schulten, A. (1923). ''Ein Beitrage zur ältestens Geschichte des Westens'' (Hamburg 1922). An amused reviewer for ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'' ('''43'''. 2, p. 206) said "we are quite willing to add it to the long list of possible origins for the Atlantis legend" and "our hearts burn within us to think of the Tartessian literature six thousand years old".</ref>

In 2011 a team led by Richard Freund said it had found strong evidence for the location in [[Doñana National Park]] based on underground and underwater surveys and the interpretation of the archaeological site [[Cancho Roano]]<ref name="National Geographic">{{cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/finding-atlantis-4982/Overview|title=Finding Atlantis|publisher=National Geographic Channel|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707180542/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/finding-atlantis-4982/Overview|archive-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> as "memorial cities" rebuilt in the image of Atlantis.
<ref>Canadians part of search for fabled city of Atlantis. In: ''Montreal Gazette'', 3/13/11 [https://montrealgazette.com/technology/Canadians+part+search+fabled+city+Atlantis/4435954/story.html]{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Spanish scientists said Freund was sensationalising their work. The anthropologist Juan Villarías-Robles, who works with the [[Spanish National Research Council]], said "Richard Freund was a newcomer to our project and appeared to be involved in his own very controversial issue concerning King Solomon's search for ivory and gold in Tartessos, the well-documented settlement in the [[Doñana National Park|Doñana]] area established in the first millennium BC" and described his claims as 'fanciful'.<ref>{{cite news|last=Owen|first=Edward|title=Lost city of Atlantis 'buried in Spanish wetlands'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8381219/Lost-city-of-Atlantis-buried-in-Spanish-wetlands.html|access-date=18 March 2011|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|location=London|date=14 March 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Colaeus]]
* [[Atlantic Bronze Age]]
* [[South-Western Iberian Bronze]]
* [[Prehistoric Iberia]]
* [[Turdetani]]
* [[Turduli]]
* [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula]]
* [[Cancho Roano]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Sources ==
* Blazquez, J. M. A. (1968). ''Tartessos y Los Origenes de la Colonizacion Fenicia en Occidente''. University of Salamanca. Assemblies of Punic materials found in Spain.
* Alvar, Jaime; José María Blázquez (1993). ''Los enigmas de Tartessos''. Madrid: Catedra. Papers following a 1991 conference.
* Chocomeli, J. (1940). ''En busca de Tartessos'', Valencia.
* Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola, F. (2004). ''Del Occidente Mítico Griego a Tarsis-Tarteso –Fuentes escritas y documentación arqueológica-'', Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid.
* Gonzalez de Canales, F.; J. Llompart and L. Serrano (2004). ''El Emporio Fenicio-Precolonial de Huelva, ca. 900-770 a.C.'', Biblioteca Nueva, Madrid.
* Celestino S.; C. López-Ruiz (2016). ''Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia'', Oxford University Press, New York.

== External links ==

=== General ===
* Almagro-Gorbea. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030214805/http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistas/ghi/02130181/articulos/GERI0505110039A.PDF "La literatura tartésica fuentes históricas e iconográficas"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040611215344/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (circa 200 BC)]
* [http://www.andalucia.com/environment/protect/donana.htm Doñana]
* [http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/features/article_1303143.php/Spaniards_search_for_legendary_Tartessos_in_a_marsh Spaniards search for legendary Tartessos in a marsh]
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=73&letter=T ''Jewish Encyclopedia'':] Tarshish, a distant maritime district famed for its metalwork, considered by the contributors in 1901-1906 to be legendary; Old Testament references.
* Júdice Gamito, Teresa [https://web.archive.org/web/20090214010805/http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_11/gamito_6_11.html (e-Keltoi 6) ''The Celts in Portugal'']
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:entry=tartessos Tartessos in ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'']

=== Atlantis connection ===
* [http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kuhne300/ original article in Antiquity]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3766863.stm report by BBC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040820045716/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/08/0819_040819_atlantis.html report by National Geographic]

{{Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Tartessos| ]]
[[Category:Lost ancient cities and towns]]
[[Category:Trade in Phoenicia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Spain]]