Editing Tanana, Alaska

{{short description|City in the Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area in Alaska, United States}}
{{distinguish|Tanaina, Alaska}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Tanana
|native_name              = Hohudodetlaatl Denh
     
| native_name_lang        = koy
|settlement_type          = [[City (Alaska)|City]]
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    = <!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = Arial View of Tanana.jpg
|image_caption            = Aerial view of Tanana
|imagesize                = 
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               = <!-- Maps -->
|pushpin_map  = USA Alaska
|pushpin_map_caption  = Location in Alaska

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name         = [[United States]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Alaska]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska|Census Area]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska|Yukon-Koyukuk]]
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name              = Donna Folger<ref>{{Cite book|title=2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=Juneau|publisher=Alaska Municipal League|year=2015|page=151}}</ref>
|leader_title1            = [[Alaska Senate|State senator]]
|leader_name1             = [[Click Bishop]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
|leader_title2            = [[Alaska House of Representatives|State rep.]]
|leader_name2             = [[Mike Cronk]] (R)
|established_title        = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date         = June 7, 1961<ref>{{cite journal|title=Directory of Borough and City Officials 1974|journal=Alaska Local Government|volume=XIII|issue=2|page=79|location=Juneau|publisher=[[Alaska Department of Commerce, Community and Economic Development|Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs]]|date=January 1974}}</ref>

<!-- Area -->
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 38.84
|area_land_km2            = 27.64
|area_water_km2           = 11.21
|area_total_sq_mi         = 15.00
|area_land_sq_mi          = 10.67
|area_water_sq_mi         = 4.33

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_total         = 246
|population_density_km2   = 8.90
|population_density_sq_mi = 23.06
|timezone                 = [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska (AKST)]]
|utc_offset               = -9
|timezone_DST             = AKDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -8
|elevation_footnotes      = 
|elevation_m              = 63
|elevation_ft             = 207
|coordinates              = {{coord|65|10|14|N|152|4|33|W|region:US-AK|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 99777
|area_code                = [[Area code 907|907]]
|area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 02-75160
|blank1_name              = 
|blank1_info              = 
|website                  = 
|footnotes                = 
|pop_est_as_of = 
|pop_est_footnotes = 
|population_est = 
|unit_pref = Imperial
}}
[[File:PostcardTananaAlaska1910.jpg|thumb|right|Postcard: Front Street, Tanana, 1910]]
'''Tanana''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|n|ə|n|ɑː}} ({{lang|koy|Hohudodetlaatl Denh}} in [[Koyukon language|Koyukon]]) is a city in the [[Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska|Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Alaska]]. At the [[United States Census, 2010|2010 census]] the population was 246, down from 308 in 2000. It was formerly known as ''Clachotin'', adopted by Canadian French.

Jules Jetté (1864–1927),<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/jette_jules_15E.html|title = Biography – JETTÉ, JULES – Volume XV (1921-1930)|access-date = December 30, 2014|website = Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher = University of Toronto/Université Laval|year = 2005}}</ref> a Jesuit missionary who worked in the area and documented the language, recorded the [[Koyukon language|Koyukon Athabascan]] name for the village as ''Hohudodetlaatl Denh'', literally, ‘where the area has been chopped’.<ref>Jetté, Jules. 1910. ''On the Geographical Names of the Ten'a'', Microfilm AM 34:688-701. Jesuit Oregon Province Archives, Foley Library, Gonzaga University.</ref> Several residents are chronicled in the 2012 Discovery Channel TV series ''[[Yukon Men]].'' Almost 80% of the town's population are [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s, traditionally Koyukon (Denaakk'e) speakers of the large [[Athabaskan]] (Dené) language family.
<ref>Jones, Eliza, Jules Jette and James Kari.  Koyukon Athabascan Dictionary.  University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Native Language Center, April 2000:1118.</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Tanana, Alaska (1920).jpg|thumb|right|Arrival of mail, 1920]]
Prior to arrival of colonizers in early 1860, the point of land at the confluence of the Tanana and Yukon Rivers (Nuchalawoyyet, spelled differently in historic accounts) was a traditional meeting and trading place used by members of several indigenous groups. There were as many as five different Athabascan languages spoken in the area in 1868 when the French-Canadian François Xavier Mercier established the first fur trading-post in the area. Noukelakayet Station, later known as Fort Adams, was located on the north bank of the Yukon, about 15 miles downstream from the mouth of the Tanana River.<ref>Merçier, François Xavier.  Recollections of the Youkon:  Memoires from the Years 1868-1885.  Alaska Historical Studies in History No. 188.  Linda Finn Yarborough, Anchorage, Alaska, 1986: 102.</ref>

Subsequently, an Anglican mission and several other trading posts were established nearby. In 1898 the U.S. Army, under the leadership of Capt. P.H. Ray, founded Ft. Gibbon at the present location of Tanana.  Ft. Gibbon's purpose was to oversee shipping and trading, maintain civil order, and install and take care of telegraph lines connecting to Nome and to Tanana Crossing, on the way to Valdez.  All other Euro-American activities in the area near the Tanana-Yukon confluence moved upriver to accommodate Ft. Gibbon and the increased steamboat traffic caused by gold seekers.  St. James Church moved to the present site of Tanana to serve the Euro-American population, and the Mission of Our Savior was constructed at the bottom of a hill opposite the confluence. The mission site became a center of activity for indigenous people in the area.  Ft. Gibbon closed in 1923, but the town and mission remained.

In the 1930s a regional hospital was built in Tanana, and the Native Village of Tanana was officially chartered by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1939. The hospital served people throughout most of the rural northern regions of Alaska until 1982. During World War II  Tanana's airfield was one of the stops for aircraft en route to Russia as part of the Lend-Lease program. Postwar, a [[White Alice Communications System|White Alice]] communications site was built on a hill nine miles behind Tanana, as a part of the Cold War Era's Distant Early Warning system (DEW-Line). Also during the 1950s the mission closed and the indigenous families still living at the mission site moved down to the main town.<ref>Alaska Department of Commerce.  Alaska Community Database Community Information Summaries.  Website, 2011.  Home page at http://www.commerce.state.ak.us/dca/commdb/CF_COMDB.htm</ref><ref>Bureau of Indian Affairs, United States Department of the Interior. Corporate Charter of the Native Village of Tanana, approved May 15, 1939; printed by U.S. Government Printing Office 1950. Retrieved from http://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA/tanachrtr.htmlon May 4, 2008.</ref><ref>Gaede-Penner, Naomi. Honoring Our Sacred Healing Place: Tanana, Alaska: Development, History, Community and Cultural Significance of the Tanana Hospital Complex. Alaska Area Native Health Service, Anchorage, AK, 2012: 35 pages.</ref><ref>Huntington, Sidney, as told to Jim Rearden. Shadows on the Koyukuk. Alaska Northwest Books, Anchorage, AK, 1993: pp. 165-167</ref>

==Geography and climate==
Tanana is located at the confluence of the tributary [[Tanana River|Tanana]] and the [[Yukon River]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|15.6|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|11.6|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|4.0|sqmi|km2}} of it (25.80%) is water.

Tanana is about {{convert|130|mi|km}} west of [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]].<ref>"[http://www.aol.com/article/2014/05/02/man-arrested-in-deaths-of-alaska-state-troopers/20879571/ Man arrested in deaths of Alaska State Troopers]." ''[[AOL News]]''. May 2, 2014. Retrieved on May 4, 2014.</ref> Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|−76|°F|0}} on January 27, 1989, to {{convert|94|°F|0}} as recently as June 15, 1969.<ref name="NWS Fairbanks, AK (PAFG)"/>

{{Weather box
| collapsed =
| location = Tanana, Alaska (1991–2020 normals,<ref>Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.</ref> extremes 1901–present)
| single line = Y
|Jan high F = -1.2
|Feb high F = 8.2
|Mar high F = 18.9
|Apr high F = 39.3
|May high F = 58.9
|Jun high F = 70.1
|Jul high F = 70.8
|Aug high F = 63.9
|Sep high F = 51.8
|Oct high F = 31.3
|Nov high F = 10.5
|Dec high F = 2.4
|year high F= 35.4
|Jan mean F = -9.3
|Feb mean F = -1.2
|Mar mean F = 6.3
|Apr mean F = 27.4
|May mean F = 46.1
|Jun mean F = 57.8
|Jul mean F = 59.8
|Aug mean F = 53.6
|Sep mean F = 42.6
|Oct mean F = 24.3
|Nov mean F = 3.3
|Dec mean F = -5.2
|year mean F= 25.5
|Jan low F = -17.4
|Feb low F = -10.6
|Mar low F = -6.3
|Apr low F = 15.6
|May low F = 33.4
|Jun low F = 45.4
|Jul low F = 48.8
|Aug low F = 43.2
|Sep low F = 33.5
|Oct low F = 17.4
|Nov low F = -4.0
|Dec low F = -12.9
|year low F= 15.5
| Jan avg record high F = 25.6
| Feb avg record high F = 29.5
| Mar avg record high F = 37.4
| Apr avg record high F = 56.4
| May avg record high F = 75.4
| Jun avg record high F = 83.1
| Jul avg record high F = 84.1
| Aug avg record high F = 77.7
| Sep avg record high F = 64.9
| Oct avg record high F = 48.0
| Nov avg record high F = 29.1
| Dec avg record high F = 23.7
|year avg record high F = 85.5
| Jan avg record low F = -49.6
| Feb avg record low F = -38.8
| Mar avg record low F = -32.1
| Apr avg record low F = -10.3
| May avg record low F = 20.2
| Jun avg record low F = 34.8
| Jul avg record low F = 38.4
| Aug avg record low F = 30.8
| Sep avg record low F = 19.8
| Oct avg record low F = -2.7
| Nov avg record low F = -27.6
| Dec avg record low F = -40.6
|year avg record low F = -51.5
|Jan record high F = 43
|Feb record high F = 45
|Mar record high F = 60
|Apr record high F = 70
|May record high F = 89
|Jun record high F = 94
|Jul record high F = 92
|Aug record high F = 90
|Sep record high F = 78
|Oct record high F = 66
|Nov record high F = 45
|Dec record high F = 46
|Jan record low F = -76
|Feb record low F = -68
|Mar record low F = -57
|Apr record low F = -40
|May record low F = -14
|Jun record low F = 23
|Jul record low F = 29
|Aug record low F = 20
|Sep record low F = 4
|Oct record low F = -27
|Nov record low F = -53
|Dec record low F = -64
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.8
|Oct snow inch = 5.0
|Nov snow inch = 10.0
|Dec snow inch = 10.3
|Jan snow inch = 7.7
|Feb snow inch = 8.0
|Mar snow inch = 5.4
|Apr snow inch = 2.5
|May snow inch = 0.3
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|year snow inch= 50.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.38
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.44
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.24
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.30
|May precipitation inch = 0.64
|Jun precipitation inch = 1.48
|Jul precipitation inch = 1.95
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.68
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.68
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.71
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.56
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.41
|year precipitation inch= 11.47
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 5.4
|Feb precipitation days = 5.5
|Mar precipitation days = 4.3
|Apr precipitation days = 3.5
|May precipitation days = 6.9
|Jun precipitation days = 10.8
|Jul precipitation days = 12.2
|Aug precipitation days = 14.5
|Sep precipitation days = 12.0
|Oct precipitation days = 8.4
|Nov precipitation days = 6.8
|Dec precipitation days = 7.3
|year precipitation days=
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.6
| Oct snow days = 6.8
| Nov snow days = 10.4
| Dec snow days = 10.8
| Jan snow days = 7.5
| Feb snow days = 7.7
| Mar snow days = 5.9
| Apr snow days = 3.3
| May snow days = 0.4
| Jun snow days = 0.0
|year snow days =

|Jan snow depth inch = 20.3
|Feb snow depth inch = 22.2
|Mar snow depth inch = 24.0
|Apr snow depth inch = 18.6
|May snow depth inch = 1.8
|Jun snow depth inch = 0.0
|Jul snow depth inch = 0.0
|Aug snow depth inch = 0.0
|Sep snow depth inch = 0.3
|Oct snow depth inch = 4.3
|Nov snow depth inch = 10.5
|Dec snow depth inch = 15.6
|year snow depth inch = 26.4

| source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NWS Fairbanks, AK (PAFG)">{{cite web |url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=afg |title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = February 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00026529&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Tanana Calhoun MEM AP, AK
|access-date = March 6, 2023
}}
</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 27
|1890= 120
|1900= 186
|1910= 398
|1920= 213
|1930= 185
|1940= 170
|1950= 228
|1960= 349
|1970= 406
|1980= 388
|1990= 345
|2000= 308
|2010= 246
|2020= 246
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
Tanana first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated [[Tinneh]] village and trading post of "Nuklukaiet."<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr9RAQAAMAAJ&q=Nuklukaiet&pg=PA49 |title = Geological Survey Professional Paper|year = 1949}}</ref> It reported 29 residents, of which 27 were Tinneh and 2 were White.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics of the Population of Alaska |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-17.pdf |website=United States Census Bureau |date=1880}}</ref> In 1890, it returned as "Nuklukayet." It had 120 residents with 110 Natives, 7 Whites and 3 Creoles (Mixed Russian and Native).<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on Population and Resources of Alaska at the Eleventh Census: 1890 |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1890a_v8-01.pdf |website=United States Census Bureau |publisher=Government Printing Office}}</ref> The census of 1890 also reported "Upper Tanana River Settlements", which featured 203 residents (all native). However, this likely referred to those living along the southwesternmost part of the Tanana River in present-day [[Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska|Southeast Fairbanks Census Area]], nowhere near Tanana itself. In 1900, the community first reported as Tanana. It would formally incorporate in 1961.

Adjacent to Tanana on the west side was the military installation of [[Fort Gibbon]], which reported 181 residents in 1920. It would be deactivated in 1923 and later annexed into Tanana. To the east side of Tanana was the Saint James Mission in 1900, later called Mission of Our Savior in 1910 (also known as the Tanana Native Village). It reported separately from Tanana on the 1900-1940 censuses (1900: 161 residents; 1910: 114; 1920: 99; 1930: 96; 1940: 75). It also was later annexed into Tanana.

As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 308 people, 121 households, and 68 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|26.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  There were 166 housing units at an average density of {{convert|14.4|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}.  The racial makeup of the city was 79.87% [[Race (United States Census)|Native American]], 17.86% [[Race (United States Census)|White]], and 2.27% from two or more races. 0.65% of the population were [[Race (United States Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Race (United States Census)|Latino]] of any race.

There were 121 households, out of which 41.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.4% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 20.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.43.

Most of the population is under the age of 65 with 34.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, and 22.1% from 45 to 64; 8.4% were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 131.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.4 males.

The [[median income]] for a household in the city was $29,750, and the median income for a family was $34,028. Males had a median income of $30,781 versus $23,500 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $12,077.  About 16.4% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.0% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 or over.

==Education==
The [[Tanana City School District]] serves area residents.

==Transportation==
Tanana is served by the [[Ralph M. Calhoun Memorial Airport]] located at the Western edge of the city, 1 mile from the city center. The only airline that regularly flies to Tanana is [[Wright Air Service]] based in [[Fairbanks]]. Boat transport on the river is possible in summer. Tanana is served by a one-lane dirt road, which connects Tanana to the [[Elliott Highway]] in [[Manley Hot Springs]]. The road ends about 6 miles upstream from the town, but an ice road is constructed when the river freezes. The road opened in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsminer.com/features/sundays/community_features/driving-alaskas-new-road-to-tanana/article_8ec645ea-7842-11e6-8741-67ee1a3a47f9.html|title=Driving Alaska's new road to Tanana|first=Sam|last=Friedman|website=Fairbanks Daily News-Miner}}</ref> The last twelve miles of road is private property owned by the village corporation Tozitna Limited. The parking lot at the river is reserved for residents, shareholders, and tribal members. Since 2020 a shareholder has been hired to monitor the parking lot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alaskapublic.org/2016/09/05/tanana-road-opens|title=Tanana Road Opens|website=KUAC|publisher=Alaska Public Media|date=September 5, 2016|access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Morris Thompson]] (1939–2000), politician, was born and raised in Tanana. After he died in the crash of [[Alaska Airlines Flight 261]], his body was returned to the city for burial<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20051124135218/http://www.nativefederation.org/history/people/mThompson.html Email Scam]," ''Alaska Federation of Natives''</ref> 
* [[Jules Louis Prevost]] (1863–1937), an early missionary and linguist in the area, he was the first postmaster
* [[Walter Harper]] (1893–1918), (Koyukuk) first man to reach the summit of [[Denali]] (Mount McKinley) in successful 1913 expedition led by [[Hudson Stuck]] and [[Harry Karstens]]

==See also==

* [[2014 Alaska state trooper killings]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Alaska]]
[[Category:Cities in Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska]]
[[Category:Yukon River]]