Editing Tamoanchan

{{Short description|Mythical place}}
[[File:Tamoanchan-Itzpapalotl.jpg|alt=Itzpapalotl In Tamoanchan described in the Codex Borgia.|thumb|300x300px|'''Itzpapalotl In Tamoanchan''' described in the Codex Borgia.]]
'''Tamōhuānchān''' {{IPA|nah|tamoːˈwaːn̥t͡ʃãː|}} is a [[mythical place|mythical location of origin]] known to the [[Mesoamerica]]n cultures of the central Mexican region in the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Late Postclassic]] period. In the mythological traditions and [[Mesoamerican creation accounts|creation accounts]] of Late Postclassic peoples such as the [[Aztec]], Tamoanchan was conceived as a [[paradise]] where the gods created the first of the present human race out of sacrificed blood and ground human bones which had been stolen from the Underworld of [[Mictlan]].<ref>Mesoamerican mythologies and [[creation myth]]s in general suppose that there had been worlds previous to this one, which the gods had made and destroyed. The number of such previous worlds varies from tradition to tradition; a common conception among Late Postclassic central Mexican peoples held that there had been four rounds of creation previous to the current one. See Miller and Taube (1993, pp.68–71).</ref>

==Name==
According to a figurative etymology in the ''Florentine Codex'' of Sahagún (bk. 10, ch. 29, para. 14), "Tamoanchan probably means "We go down to our home".<ref>López Austin (1997, p.283 [18]); see also ''Ibid.'', p.54.</ref>
The word ''tamoanchan'' does not actually come from the [[Nahuatl language]]s, but is instead demonstrated to have its roots in [[Mayan languages|Mayan etymology]], with a meaning which could be [[Gloss (transliteration)|glossed]] as "place of the misty sky", or similar. Descriptions of Tamoanchan appearing in the [[Florentine Codex]] indicate that the Postclassic [[Nahua people|Nahua]]s thought of it being located in the humid lowlands region of the [[Gulf Coast of Mexico]], inhabited by the [[Huastec people|Huastec]] Maya people.<ref>Miller and Taube (1993, p.160)</ref>

==Depiction in codices==
When depicted in [[Aztec codices]] Tamoanchan is frequently associated with the ''[[trecena]]'' '''1 Calli''' in the [[Aztec calendar]]. This is "''trecena'' 15 in the Borbonicus and Tonalamatl Aubin".<ref>Boone (2007, p.269 n.7:58)</ref> The deity [[Itzpapalotl]], one of the main ''[[tzitzimime]]'' figures ("star demons"), commonly presides over this trecena, and by extension Tamoanchan is often considered as part of her dominion.<ref>See Miller and Taube (1993, pp.100,160).</ref>

The [[toponym]]ic glyph used for Tamoanchan in the [[codices]] depicts a cleft tree, flowering and emitting blood; these motifs is the reference of the event when sexual transgression was committed in the paradise, causing the tree of life to be cut as described in the [[Codex Chimalpopoca]]. Besides being cleft, the two portions of the Tamoanchan-tree thus separated sometimes bear striping in opposite directions (as, in ''Codex Borgia'' 44<ref>Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) : ''Tamoanchan, Tlalocan''. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 113, Fig. 12k</ref>) such that "their diagonal position ... indicates the internal helicoidal movement."<ref>Alfredo López Austin (transl. by Ortiz de Montellano) : ''Tamoanchan, Tlalocan''. University Press of Colorado, 1997. p. 116</ref> Thus, helical rotations in two opposite directions would appear to be indicated.

== Historic, earthly location ==
Besides the mythical Tamoanchan, Mexican historian and [[scholar]] of Mesoamerican belief systems [[Alfredo López Austin]] identifies several sacred sites that were historical localities associated with Tamoanchan. According to López Austin the three Tamoanchans located on earth were:
<blockquote>
<BR>1) the Tamoanchan in Cuauhnahuac; 
<BR>2) Tamoanchan Chalchiuhmomozco mentioned by Chimalpahin Cuauhtlehuanitzin (... where Chalco Amaquemecan was later established); and 
<BR>3) the Tamoanchan ... mentioned in Sahagún's work."<ref>López Austin (1997, p.53)</ref>
</blockquote>

The first of these was where the first man and woman of the new re-peoplement were created (by Ehecatl), the "new Tamoanchan cave in the Province of Cuernavaca, actually Cuauhnahuac".<ref>''Historia de los mexicanos por sus pinturas''. In :- A. Ma. Garibay K. (ed.) : ''Teogonía e historia de los mexicanos''. México : Editorial Porrúa, 1965. p. 106</ref>

The second of these was "a fountain ... in which they saw a goddess and which they called ''chalchiuhmatlalatl'' ("blue-green waters of chalchihuite ...") on a small hill next to Iztactepetl and Popocatepetl. ... Tamoanchan Chalchiuhmomozco was so sacred that no one could defecate there. The settlers had to travel four leagues to relieve themselves at a place called Cuitlatepec, or Cuitlatetelco, but, since they were great magicians, they flew there."<ref>Quotation from López Austin (1997, p.54), who cites [[Chimalpahin]]'s ''Memorial breve acerca de la fundación de la ciudad de Culhuacan''.</ref> [Likewise for the [[Otomi people|Otomi]], "Mayonikha is so sacred that no one can defecate" thereat.]

The third was the site where "the learned men, ... Tlaltecuin, and Xuchicahuaca, ... invented new sacred books, the count of destiny, the book of years, and the book of dreams."<ref>See López Austin (1997, p.55). See also ''Ibid.'', at p.283 [17].</ref>

==See also==
*[[Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete]]
*[[Mythical place]]
*[[Aztlan]]
*[[Chicomoztoc]]
*[[Mesoamerican creation accounts]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. --> 
* {{cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill   |author-link=Elizabeth Hill Boone |year=2007 |title=Cycles of Time and Meaning in the Mexican Books of Fate |series=Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long series in Latin American and Latino art and culture|location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-71263-8 |oclc=71632174}}
* {{cite book |author=López Austin, Alfredo   |author-link=Alfredo López Austin |year=1997 |title=Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist |series=Mesoamerican Worlds series|others=Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano, Thelma Ortiz de Montellano (trans.) |location=Niwot |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |isbn=0-87081-445-1 |oclc=36178551}}
* {{cite book |author=Miller, Mary |author-link=Mary Miller (art historian) |author2=Karl Taube |author2-link=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill }}
*Garibay, Angel María : ''Poesía nahuatl''. México : UNAM, 1964–1968. 3 vols [cited by volume and page]

{{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->

{{Aztec mythology}}
{{Heaven}}

[[Category:Conceptions of heaven]]
[[Category:Locations in Aztec mythology]]
[[Category:Locations in Mesoamerican mythology]]