Editing Takamine Jōkichi

{{Short description|Japanese chemist (1854–1922)}}
{{family name hatnote|Takamine|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Takamine Jōkichi
| native_name       = {{Nobold|高峰 譲吉}}
| native_name_lang  = ja
| image             = Jokichi Takamine.jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1854|11|3}}
| birth_place       = [[Takaoka, Toyama]], [[Japan]]
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1922|7|22|1854|11|3}}
| death_place       = [[New York City|New York]], New York, US<ref>{{cite journal|author=Harden, A.|author-link=Arthur Harden|title=Obituary Notice. Jokichi Takamine|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions|year=1923|volume=123, part 1 of volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA954|pages=954–955}}</ref>
| citizenship         = Japanese 
| field             = [[Chemistry]] 
| work_institutions = 
| alma_mater        = [[University of Tokyo]] 
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = isolating and purifying [[adrenaline]], <br> isolating [[takadiastase]]
| awards            = [[Japan Academy Prize (academics)|Japan Academy Prize]] {{small|(1912)}}
}}
{{nihongo|'''Takamine Jōkichi''' |高峰 譲吉 |extra= November 3, 1854 – July 22, 1922}} was a Japanese [[chemist]].<ref name=Yamashima/><ref name="sasges">{{Cite journal |last=Sasges |first=Gerard |date=2021-03-01 |title=Mold's Dominion: Science, Empire, and Capitalism in a Globalizing World |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=82–108 |doi=10.1093/ahr/rhab008 |issn=0002-8762 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He is known for being the first to isolate [[epinephrine]] in 1901.

==Early life and education==
Takamine was born in [[Takaoka, Toyama|Takaoka]], [[Toyama Prefecture]], in November 1854.<ref name="shurtleff">{{Cite book |last=Shurtleff, W.; Aoyagi, A. |url=https://www.soyinfocenter.com/pdf/155/Taka.pdf |title=Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922) and Caroline Takamine (1866-1954): Biography and Bibliography. |publisher=Soyinfo Center |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-928914-46-4 |location=Lafayette, California |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522002842/https://www.soyinfocenter.com/pdf/155/Taka.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was a doctor; his mother a member of a family of ''[[sake]]'' brewers. He spent his childhood in [[Kanazawa, Ishikawa|Kanazawa]], capital of present-day [[Ishikawa Prefecture]] in central [[Honshū]]. He learned [[English language|English]] as a child from a Dutch family in [[Nagasaki]], and so always spoke English with a Dutch accent. He was educated in [[Osaka]], [[Kyoto]], and [[Tokyo]], graduating from the one of the predecessors of [[Tokyo Imperial University]] in 1879. He did postgraduate work at [[University of Glasgow]] and [[Anderson's University|Anderson College]] in [[Scotland]] until 1883.<ref name=MDD/>

==Career==

===Japan===
In 1883, Takamine returned to Japan and joined the division of chemistry at the newly established [[Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)|Department of Agriculture and Commerce]] until 1887.<ref name=MDD/> He then founded the [[Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company]], where he later isolated the [[enzyme]] [[takadiastase]], an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of [[starch]]. Takamine developed his diastase from ''[[Aspergillus oryzae|koji]],'' a fungus used in the manufacture of [[soy sauce]] and ''[[miso]]''. Its Latin name is ''[[Aspergillus oryzae]]'', and it is a "designated national fungus" (''kokkin'') in Japan.<ref name="Pulvers">Pulvers, Roger,  "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20090628rp.html Jokichi Takamine: a man with fire in his belly whatever the odds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012845/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20090628rp.html |date=2011-06-07 }}", ''[[Japan Times]]'', June 28, 2009, p. 8.</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Takadiastase1905usa.jpg|left|thumb|Taka-diastase advertisement in 1905]]
In 1884, Takamine went as co-commissioner of the [[World Cotton Centennial|World Cotton Centennial Exposition]] to [[New Orleans]], where he met [[Lafcadio Hearn]] and 18 year old [[Caroline Takamine Beach|Caroline Field Hitch]], his future wife. In 1885, he became the temporary Chief of the Japanese Patent Office and helped to lay the foundations of patent administration. He founded he Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company, importing large amounts of [[phosphate]]
from [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. In 1890, he emigrated with his wife and two sons to Chicago.<ref name="shurtleff"/>{{rp|6}} 

He established his own research laboratory in [[New York City]] but licensed the exclusive production rights for takadiastase to one of the largest US pharmaceutical companies, [[Parke-Davis]].<ref name="Odagiri-Goto">{{Cite book |last=Odagiri |first=Hiroyuki |title=Technology and Industrial Development in Japan |publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-828802-2 |pages=214}}</ref> This turned out to be a shrewd move as  he became a millionaire in a relatively short time and by the early 20th century was estimated to be worth $30 million.<ref name="Pulvers" />{{dead link|date=July 2023}}

In 1894, Takamine applied for, and was granted, a US patent titled "Process of Making Diastatic Enzyme" ({{US Patent|525,823}}),  the first patent on a microbial enzyme in the United States.<ref name="MDD"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Takamine |first=Jokiohi |date=1894 |title=Process of making diastatic enzyme |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US525823 |access-date=24 January 2016 |website=Google Patents |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303122819/http://www.google.com/patents/US525823 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1901, he isolated and purified the hormone [[adrenaline]], which became the first effective bronchodilator for [[asthma]] from animal glands, becoming the first to accomplish this for a glandular hormone.<ref name="Yamashima">{{Cite journal |last=Yamashima T |year=2003 |title=Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922), the samurai chemist, and his work on adrenalin |journal=J Med Biogr |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1177/096777200301100211 |pmid=12717538 |s2cid=32540165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bennett M |year=1999 |title=One hundred years of adrenaline: the discovery of autoreceptors |journal=Clin Auton Res |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=145–59 |doi=10.1007/BF02281628 |pmid=10454061 |s2cid=20999106}}</ref> 

In 1904, the [[Emperor Meiji]] of Japan honored Takamine with an unusual gift. In the context of the St. Louis World Fair ([[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]]), the Japanese government had replicated a historical Japanese structure, the "Pine and Maple Palace" (''Shofu-den''), modelled after the Kyoto Imperial Coronation Palace of 1,300 years ago. This structure was given to Dr. Takamine in grateful recognition of his efforts to further friendly relations between Japan and the United States.<ref name="nyt47">{{Cite news |last=Estrow |first=Milton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/09/28/archives/japanese-palace-replica-near-monticello-now-open-to-public.html?sq=Japanese+Palace%253B+Replica+near+monticello&scp=1&st=p |title=Japanese Palace; Replica Near Monticello Now Open to Public |newspaper=New York Times |date=September 28, 1947 |access-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065553/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/09/28/archives/japanese-palace-replica-near-monticello-now-open-to-public.html?sq=Japanese+Palace%253B+Replica+near+monticello&scp=1&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref>  He had the structure transported in sections from [[Missouri]] to his summer home in upstate New York, seventy-five miles north of [[New York City]]. In 1909, the structure served as a guest house for [[Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi]] and Princess Kuni of Japan, who were visiting the area.<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9805E2D81F31E733A25753C2A96F9C946897D6CF&scp=10&sq=Takamine&st=p "Kuni in Japanese House; Host of Prince, Dr. Takamine, Has Japanese Structures of St. Louis Fair,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225934/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9805E2D81F31E733A25753C2A96F9C946897D6CF&scp=10&sq=Takamine&st=p |date=2016-03-03 }} ''New York Times.'' September 20, 1909.</ref>  Although the property was sold in 1922, the reconstructed structure remained in its serene setting. In 2008, it still continues to be one of the undervalued tourist attractions of New York's Sullivan County.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-26 |title=Sho Fu Den |url=http://www.shofuden.com/index.php?page=history |access-date=2023-07-06 |archive-date=2008-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226053322/http://www.shofuden.com/index.php?page=history |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

In 1905, Takamine founded the [[Nippon Club (New York)|Nippon Club]], which was for many years located at [[161 West 93rd Street]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref name="nyt2001">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Christopher |date=2001-09-30 |title=Streetscapes/161 West 93rd Street; A Building That Recalls the Days After Pearl Harbor |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/realestate/streetscapes-161-west-93rd-street-building-that-recalls-days-after-pearl-harbor.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528151426/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/realestate/streetscapes-161-west-93rd-street-building-that-recalls-days-after-pearl-harbor.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Takamine devoted his life to maintaining goodwill between the US and Japan.<ref name="katz">{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Stan S. |title=The Art of Peace |publisher=Horizon Productions |year=2019 |edition=expanded |pages=32, 200, 216 note 5, 219 note 13, 364, 365, 370, 384 note 11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Introduction to The Art of Peace: the illustrated biography of Prince Iyesato Tokugawa |url=https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/04/the-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa/ |website=TheEmperorAndTheSpy.com |access-date=2020-08-17 |archive-date=2020-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805132921/https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/04/the-art-of-peace-the-illustrated-biography-on-prince-iyesato-tokugawa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1912, the [[mayor of Tokyo]] ([[Yukio Ozaki]]) and Jokichi Takamine gifted  [[cherry blossom]] trees, which were planted in the [[West Potomac Park]] surrounding the [[Tidal Basin]] in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cherry Trees in Washington DC |url=http://www.islands.ne.jp/8686/column/20010315.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227082826/http://www.islands.ne.jp/8686/column/20010315.html |archive-date=2007-02-27}}</ref>

A 1915 photo presents Jōkichi Takamine as the host for a banquet honoring the visiting Japanese diplomat [[Shibusawa Eiichi|Baron Eiichi Shibusawa]]. This illustration is linked to Jōkichi Takamine's involvement in the gifting of the [[cherry blossom]] trees to Washington, DC in 1912, which has evolved into the [[National Cherry Blossom Festival]] which is celebrated yearly.<ref name="katz2">{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Stan S. |title=The Art of Peace |publisher=Horizon Productions |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-9903349-6-5 |location=California |pages=209, 225–6, 373–4, 379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=1915 Photo: Theodore Roosevelt & William Howard Taft honor Baron Shibusawa Eiichi during his important diplomatic visit to the United States. |url=https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/02/history-has-its-mysteries-recently-discovered-1915-photo-theodore-roosevelt-william-howard-taft-honor-baron-shibusawa-during-his-important-diplomatic-visit-to-the-united-states/ |access-date=2020-06-04 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328192833/https://theemperorandthespy.com/2020/02/history-has-its-mysteries-recently-discovered-1915-photo-theodore-roosevelt-william-howard-taft-honor-baron-shibusawa-during-his-important-diplomatic-visit-to-the-united-states/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Jokichi Takamine Mausoleum 12-2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The mausoleum of Jokichi Takamine in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)|Woodlawn Cemetery]], [[Bronx]], [[New York City]]]]
On August 10, 1887, Takamine travelled to the US and married [[Caroline Takamine Beach|Caroline Field Hitch]] in New Orleans. They had two sons Jokichi Takamine, born 1888 in Tokyo, Japan,  and Ebenezer Takashi Takamine born in 1889. The family emigrated to the US arriving in Chicago in December 1890.<ref name="shurtleff"/>{{rp|6}}<ref name="MDD">{{Cite journal |last=Joan Bennet |date=December 2001 |title=The Time Line: Adrenalin and cherry trees |url=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i12/html/12timeline.html |journal=Modern Drug Discovery |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=47–48,51 |access-date=2016-01-24 |archive-date=2019-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100524/http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v04/i12/html/12timeline.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to her influence he converted to Catholicism. According to historical records, he would maintain this faith throughout his life.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doak |first=Kevin Michael |title=Xavier's legacies: Catholicism in modern Japanese culture |date=2011 |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-2021-9 |series=Asian religions and society series |location=Vancouver}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*In 1899, Takamine was awarded an honorary Doctorate in Engineering by what is now the [[University of Tokyo]].<ref name="Pulvers" />
*On April 18, 1985, the [[Japan Patent Office]] selected him as one of [[Ten Japanese Great Inventors]].<ref name="jpo">{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Ten Japanese Great Inventors |url=https://www.jpo.go.jp/e/introduction/rekishi/10hatsumeika/ |publisher=Japan Patent Office |access-date=2021-02-16 |archive-date=2022-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029150050/https://www.jpo.go.jp/e/introduction/rekishi/10hatsumeika/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In 2024 he was posthumously inducted into the [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]] for his research leading to use of adrenaline (epinephrine) in medicine.<ref>{{cite web |title=NIHF Inductee Jokichi Takamine whose research led to the use of adrenaline in medicine |url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/jokichi-takamine |website=www.invent.org |publisher=National Inventors Hall of Fame |access-date=30 March 2025 |date=2024}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
As of 2011, two films about the life of Takamine have been made by {{Interlanguage link multi|Toru Ichikawa|ja}}. In the 2010 film ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Sakura, Sakura|ja|3=さくら、さくら 〜サムライ化学者・高峰譲吉の生涯〜}}'' Takamine was portrayed by [[Masaya Kato]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=さくら、さくら －サムライ化学者 高峰譲吉の生涯－ |trans-title=Sakura, Sakura - The life of samurai chemist Jokichi Takamine |url=http://movies.yahoo.co.jp/movie/%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%81%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%80%EF%BC%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85+%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E8%AD%B2%E5%90%89%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%B6%AF%EF%BC%8D/336445/ |access-date=20 October 2016 |website=Yahoo Movie Database |language=ja |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020172758/http://movies.yahoo.co.jp/movie/%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%81%E3%81%95%E3%81%8F%E3%82%89%E3%80%80%EF%BC%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85+%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E8%AD%B2%E5%90%89%E3%81%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%B6%AF%EF%BC%8D/336445/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A sequel titled ''[[Takamine (film)|Takamine]]'', also directed by Ichikawa and starring [[Hatsunori Hasegawa]], was released in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAKAMINE ～アメリカに桜を咲かせた男～ |trans-title=Takamine - The man who made sakura blossom in America |url=http://movies.yahoo.co.jp/movie/TAKAMINE+%EF%BD%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AB%E6%A1%9C%E3%82%92%E5%92%B2%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9B%E3%81%9F%E7%94%B7%EF%BD%9E/339463/ |access-date=20 October 2016 |website=Yahoo Movie Database |language=ja |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020110620/http://movies.yahoo.co.jp/movie/TAKAMINE+%EF%BD%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AB%E6%A1%9C%E3%82%92%E5%92%B2%E3%81%8B%E3%81%9B%E3%81%9F%E7%94%B7%EF%BD%9E/339463/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2009, the Takamine home in Kanazawa could still be seen. It was relocated to near the grounds of [[Kanazawa Castle]] in 2001.<ref>[http://www4.city.kanazawa.lg.jp/11020/chashitsu/takamine.jsp 旧高峰家] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031230844/http://www4.city.kanazawa.lg.jp/11020/chashitsu/takamine.jsp |date=2008-10-31 }}. "City Kanazawa Official Web Site." Accessed 15 July 2009. (Japanese)</ref>
==See also==
*[[National Cherry Blossom Festival]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission: [https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Final-Report-of-the-Louisiana-Purchase7/#p65 Japan's participation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329202250/http://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Final-Report-of-the-Louisiana-Purchase7/#p65 |date=2016-03-29 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Shurtleff |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fY2H_PRnMvAC&dq=%22Ultimately%2C+the+whisky+trust+collapsed+because+of+trust-busting+legislation+enacted+by+the+Illinois+General+Assembly+in+1891+and+the+depression+of+1893.&pg=PA179 |title=Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922) and Caroline Hitch Takamine (1866-1954) |last2=Aoyagi |first2=Akiko |date=2012 |publisher=Soyinfo Center |isbn=978-1-928914-46-4 |language=en |access-date=2022-07-29 |archive-date=2023-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528111229/https://books.google.com/books?id=fY2H_PRnMvAC&dq=%22Ultimately%2C%20the%20whisky%20trust%20collapsed%20because%20of%20trust-busting%20legislation%20enacted%20by%20the%20Illinois%20General%20Assembly%20in%201891%20and%20the%20depression%20of%201893.&pg=PA179 |url-status=live }}

* [http://www.jce.divched.org/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/document.php?chemid=20 Biographical snapshots: Jokichi Takamine], ''Journal of Chemical Education'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035251/http://www.jce.divched.org/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/document.php?chemid=20 |date=2012-02-08 }}
* Hajime Hoshi. (1904). [https://archive.org/details/handbookjapanan00unkngoog  ''Handbook of Japan and Japanese Exhibits at World's Fair, St. Louis, 1904.''] St. Louis: Woodward and Tiernan Printing Co.. {{OCLC|12287183}}
* {{Cite web |title=Deerland Enzymes |url=http://www.deerland-enzymes.com/files/Dr_Jokichi%20Takamine_Bio.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615080954/http://deerland-enzymes.com/files/Dr_Jokichi%20Takamine_Bio.pdf |archive-date=2006-06-15}}&nbsp;{{small|(115&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} — Dr. Jokichi Takamine: Japanese father of American Biotechnology.
* {{Cite web |title=Microbiological Process Report, L.A. Underkofler. et al., Takamine Laboratory |url=http://www.envismadrasuniv.org/pdf/Microbial%20Enzymes.pdf |access-date=2007-08-12 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042501/http://www.envismadrasuniv.org/pdf/Microbial%20Enzymes.pdf |url-status=live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.88&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}}— Production of Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications.
* [http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/jokichi_takmine.htm History of Industrial Property Right, Jokichi Takamine Taka-Disatase, Adrenaline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013172322/http://www.jpo.go.jp/seido_e/rekishi_e/jokichi_takmine.htm |date=2014-10-13 }}, Japan patent Office.
* Radio program about the ‘father of American biotechnology’ who was never allowed to become an American citizen. [https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pgXK6D1DRV?play=true] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023051605/https://radio.abc.net.au/programitem/pgXK6D1DRV?play=true |date=2016-10-23 }}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Takamine, Jokichi}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese inventors]]
[[Category:20th-century Japanese chemists]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Japanese expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:People from Kanazawa, Ishikawa]]
[[Category:People from Toyama Prefecture]]
[[Category:Scientists from Ishikawa Prefecture]]
[[Category:Scientists from Toyama Prefecture]]
[[Category:Japanese emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo alumni]]
[[Category:Riken personnel]]
[[Category:Daiichi Sankyo people]]
[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:Japanese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese chemists]]
[[Category:19th-century inventors]]