Editing Taharqa

{{Short description|King of Kush and pharaoh of Egypt}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox pharaoh
| Name= Taharqa
| Image= Taharqa, Louvre Museum.jpg
|Caption= Statue of Taharqa. His name appears on the center of his belt: <hiero>N17:h-rw:q</hiero> (''tꜣ-h-rw-q'', "Taharqa"). The statue is 2.7 meters tall. Taharqa has a striding pose, the arms held tight, and holds the ''mekes'' staff. He wears a [[shendyt]] or pleated kilt and on his head is a double-[[uraeus]] skullcap, possibly signifying his rule over Nubia and Egypt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bianchi |first1=Robert Steven |title=Daily Life of the Nubians |date=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32501-4 |page=207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui9Qwtp-LV4C&pg=PA207 |language=en}}</ref> (Louvre Museum, color reconstruction of the jewelry through pigment analysis).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elshazly |first1=Hesham |title=Kerma and the royal cache |url=https://www.academia.edu/3714044 |language=en |journal= |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403114326/https://www.academia.edu/3714044/Ducommun_Elshazly_Kerma_and_the_royal_cache |url-status=live }}</ref>
|image_size=200
| NomenHiero=<hiero>N17:h-rw:q</hiero>
|Nomen=''Taharqa''<br />Taharqa
| PrenomenHiero= <hiero>ra-nfr-U15-x-w</hiero>
|Prenomen=''Nefertemkhure''<br />Nefertum is his Protector<ref>{{cite book|last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Thames&Hudson |page=190 |year=2006 |isbn=0-500-28628-0}}</ref>
| GoldenHiero= <hiero>x-w-tA:tA-</hiero>
|Golden=''Khutawy''<br />Protector of the Two Lands
| NebtyHiero= <hiero>q:N28-w-</hiero>
|Nebty=''Qekhau''
| HorusHiero= <hiero>-q:N28-w-</hiero>
|Horus=''Qekhau''
| Reign= 690–664 BC
| Died= 664 BC
| Predecessor=[[Shabaka]]
| Successor=[[Tantamani]]
| Alt = 
| Dynasty=[[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt|25th&nbsp;dynasty]]
| Father = [[Piye]]
| Mother = [[Abar (queen)|Abar]]
| Spouse= Great Queen [[Takahatenamun]], [[Atakhebasken]], [[Naparaye]], [[Tabekenamun]]<ref>{{dodson}}, pp.234-6</ref>
| Children= [[Amenirdis II]], Ushankhuru, Nesishutefnut
}}
'''Taharqa''', also spelled '''Taharka''' or '''Taharqo''', [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: [[File:Rassam cylinder Tar-qu-u2.jpg|60px]] ''Tar-qu-ú'', {{langx|he|תִּרְהָקָה|Tīrhāqā}}, [[Manetho]]'s ''Tarakos'', [[Strabo]]'s ''Tearco''), was a [[pharaoh]] of the [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt]] and [[List of monarchs of Kush|qore]] (king) of the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (present day [[Sudan]]) from 690 to 664 BC. He was one of the "Black Pharaohs" - or, more consensually, Nubian or Kushite Pharaohs<ref>{{Cite news |last=Logan |first=Jim |date=21 September 2020 |title=The African Egypt |url=https://news.ucsb.edu/2020/020030/african-egypt |work=The Current / UC Santa Barbara |quote=Smith, who has been excavating the ancient site of Tombos in modern Sudan (Nubia) since 2000, has focused his research on questions of identity, especially ethnicity, and intercultural interaction between ancient Egypt and Nubia. In the 8th century BCE, he noted, Kushite rulers were crowned as Kings of Egypt, ruling a combined Nubian and Egyptian kingdom as pharaohs of Egypt’s 25th Dynasty. Those Kushite kings are commonly referred to as the 'Black Pharaohs' in both scholarly and popular publications. That terminology, Smith said, is often presented as a celebration of black African civilization. But it also reflects a longstanding bias that holds the Egyptian pharaohs and their people weren’t African — that is, not Black. It’s a trope that feeds into a long history of racism that traces back to the some of the founding figures of Egyptology and their role in the creation of “scientific” racism in the U.S. [...] 'It has always struck me as odd that Egyptologists have been reluctant to admit that the ancient (and modern) Egyptians were rather dark-skinned Africans, especially the farther south one goes,” Smith continued.}}</ref><ref>"One of the other problems with the "Black Pharaohs" moniker is that it implies that none of the other Predynastic, Protodynastic, or dynastic Egyptian rulers could be called "black" - in the sense of the Kushites - which, while not particularly interesting, is not true. Even Sir Flinders Petrie, father of the Asiatic "Dynastic Race" theory of dynastic Egypt's foundation, stated that various other dynasties were of "Sudany" origin or had connections there, based on phenotype; which implies [incorrectly] that particular traits could not have been Egyptian i.e. been a part of its ancestral biological variation".{{cite web |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |title=Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest |url=https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/ideas-about-race-in-nile-valley-histories-a-consideration-of-racial-paradigms-in-recent-presentations-on-nile-valley-africa-from-black-pharaohs/ |website=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections|date=September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Keith W. |title=Critique of the "Black Pharaohs" Theme: Racist Perspectives of Egyptian and Kushite/Nubian Interactions in Popular Media |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=2021 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=695–712 |doi=10.1007/s10437-021-09453-7 |s2cid=238718279 |url=https://www.academia.edu/50972766 |issn=0263-0338|doi-access=free }}</ref> - who ruled over Egypt for nearly a century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burrell |first1=Kevin |title=Cushites in the Hebrew Bible: Negotiating Ethnic Identity in the Past and Present |date=2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-41876-9 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfHJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |language=en |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093951/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfHJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>"Pharaoh Taharqa ruled from 690 to 664 BCE and in all likelihood was the last black pharaoh to rule over all of Egypt" in {{cite book |last1=Dijk |first1=Lutz van |title=A History of Africa |date=2006 |publisher=Tafelberg |isbn=978-0-624-04257-0 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxAtAQAAIAAJ |language=en |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627081750/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxAtAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{See also|Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}
Taharqa may have been the son of [[Piye]], the Nubian king of [[Napata]] who had first conquered Egypt, though the relationships in this family are not completely clear (see [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree]]). Taharqa was also the cousin and successor of [[Shebitku]].<ref>Toby Wilkinson, The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, 2005. p.237</ref> The successful campaigns of Piye and Shabaka paved the way for a prosperous reign by Taharqa.

{{Kushite Monarchs}}

== Ruling period ==
Taharqa's reign can be dated from 690 BC to 664&nbsp;BC.{{sfn|Kitchen|1996|p=380-391}} Evidence for the dates of his reign is derived from the [[Serapeum of Saqqara|Serapeum]] [[stele]], catalog number 192. This stela records that an [[Apis (deity)|Apis bull]] born and installed (fourth month of [[Season of the Emergence]], day&nbsp;9) in year 26 of Taharqa died in Year 20 of [[Psamtik I]] (4th month of Shomu, day&nbsp;20), having lived 21 years. This would give Taharqa a reign of 26 years and a fraction, in 690–664 BC.{{sfn|Kitchen|1996|p=161}}
[[File:El-Kurru King Taharqa XXV Dynasty.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Taharqa portrait, [[Nubian Museum]].<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=William Stevenson |last2=Simpson |first2=William Kelly |title=The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-07747-6 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJYMRcibM_QC&pg=PA235 |language=en}}</ref>]]

== Irregular accession to power ==
Taharqa explicitly states in Kawa Stela&nbsp;V, line 15, that he succeeded his predecessor (previously assumed to be Shebitku but now established to be [[Shabaka]] instead) after the latter's death with this statement: "I received the Crown in Memphis after the Falcon flew to heaven."{{sfn|Kitchen|1996|p=167}} The reference to Shebitku was an attempt by Taharqa to legitimise his accession to power.{{sfn|Payraudeau|2014|p=115-127}} However, Taharqa never mentions the identity of the royal falcon and completely omits any mention of Shabaka's intervening reign between Shebitku and Taharqa possibly because he ousted Shabaka from power.{{sfn|Payraudeau|2014|p=122-3}}

In Kawa IV, line 7–13, Taharqa states:
{{blockquote|He (Taharqa) sailed northward to Thebes amongst the beautiful young people that His Majesty, the late King Shabataqo/Shebitku, had sent from Nubia. He was there (in Thebes) with him. He appreciated him more than any of his brothers. (There here follows a description of the [poor] state of the temple of Kawa as observed by the prince). The heart of his Majesty was in sadness about it until his Majesty became king, crowned as King of Upper and Lower Egypt (...). It was during the first year of his reign he remembered what he had seen of the temple when he was young.<ref>[52 – JWIS III 132-135; FHN I, number 21, 135-144.]</ref>}}

[[File:Taharqa, Boston Museum of Fine Arts.jpg|thumb|Statue of Taharqa, in the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]]]]
In Kawa V: line 15, Taharqa states
{{Blockquote|I was brought from Nubia amongst the royal brothers that his Majesty had brought. As I was with him, he liked me more than all his brothers and all his children, so that he distinguished me. I won the heart of the nobles and was loved by all. It was only after the hawk had flown to heaven that I received the crown in Memphis.<ref>[53 – JWIS III 135-138; FHN I, number 22, 145-158.]</ref>}}

Therefore, Taharqa says that King [[Shebitku]], who was very fond of him, brought him with him to Egypt and during that trip he had the opportunity to see the deplorable state of the temple of Amun at Kawa, an event he remembered after becoming king. But on Kawa V Taharqa says that sometime after his arrival in Egypt under a different king whom this time he chose not to name, there occurred the death of this monarch ([[Shabaka]] here) and then his own accession to the throne occurred. Taharqa's evasiveness on the identity of his predecessor suggests that he assumed power in an irregular fashion and chose to legitimise his kingship by conveniently stating the possible fact or propaganda that Shebitku favoured him "more than all his brothers and all his children."{{sfn|Payraudeau|2014|p=115-127}}

Moreover, in lines 13 – 14 of Kawa stela V, His Majesty (who can be none other but Shebitku), is mentioned twice, and at first sight the falcon or hawk that flew to heaven, mentioned in the very next line 15, seems to be identical with His Majesty referred to directly before (i.e. Shebitku).<ref name=Broekman>{{cite book |first=G.P.F. |last=Broekman |title=The order of succession between Shabaka and Shabataka. A different view on the chronology of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty |publisher=GM 245 |year=2015 |page=29}}</ref> However, in the critical line 15 which recorded Taharqa's accession to power, a new stage of the narrative begins, separated from the previous one by a period of many years, and the king or hawk/falcon that flew to heaven is conspicuously left unnamed in order to distinguish him from His Majesty, Shebitku. Moreover, the purpose of Kawa V, was to describe several separate events that occurred at distinct stages of Taharqa's life, instead of telling a continuous story about it.<ref name=Broekman /> Therefore, the Kawa V text began with the 6th year of Taharqa and referred to the High Nile flood of that year before abruptly jumping back to Taharqa's youth at the end of line 13.<ref name=Broekman /> In the beginning of line 15, Taharqa's coronation is mentioned (with the identity of the hawk/falcon—now known to be [[Shabaka]]—left unnamed but if it was Shebitku, Taharqa's favourite king, Taharqa would clearly have identified him) and there is a description given of the extent of the lands and foreign countries under Egypt's control but then (in the middle of line 16) the narrative switches abruptly back again to Taharqa's youth: "My mother was in Ta-Sety …. Now I was far from her as a twenty year old recruit, as I went with His Majesty to the North Land".<ref name=Broekman /> However, immediately afterwards (around the middle of line 17) the text jumps forward again to the time of Taharqa's accession: "Then she came sailing downstream to see me after a long period of years. She found me after I had appeared on the throne of Horus...".<ref name=Broekman /> Hence, the Kawa V narrative switches from one event to another, and has little to no chronological coherence or value.

== Reign ==
[[File:Kushite heartland and Kushite Empire of the 25th dynasty circa 700 BCE.jpg|thumb|left|Kushite heartland, and [[Kushite Empire]] of the 25th dynasty of Egypt, under Taharqa<ref>{{cite journal |title=Dive beneath the pyramids of Sudan's black pharaohs |journal=National Geographic |date=2 July 2019 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/07/dive-ancient-pyramid-nuri-sudan/ |language=en |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829150404/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/07/dive-ancient-pyramid-nuri-sudan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>]]
Although Taharqa's reign was filled with conflict with the [[Assyria]]ns, it was also a prosperous renaissance period in Egypt and [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]].<ref name=Welsby>{{cite book |last1=Welsby |first1=Derek A. |title=The Kingdom of Kush |date=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London, UK |isbn=0-7141-0986-X |pages=158 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Torok>{{cite book |author=Török, László |title=The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=1998 |isbn=90-04-10448-8 |pages=132–133, 170–184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i54rPFeGKewC&pg=PA132 }}</ref> The empire flourished under Taharqa, due in part to a particularly large Nile river flood, abundant crops,<ref name="Welsby" /> and the "intellectual and material resources set free by an efficient central government."<ref name="Torok" /> Taharqa's inscriptions indicate that he gave large amounts of gold to the temple of Amun at Kawa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welsby |first1=Derek A. |title=The Kingdom of Kush |date=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London, UK |isbn=0-7141-0986-X |pages=169 |language=en}}</ref> The Nile valley empire was as large as it had been since the New Kingdom.<ref name="Török, László 1997">Török, László. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Leiden: Brill, 1997. Google Scholar. Web. 20 Oct. 2011.</ref> Taharqa and the 25th dynasty revived Egyptian culture.<ref name="Diop 219–221">{{cite book|last=Diop|first=Cheikh Anta|title=The African Origin of Civilization|year=1974|publisher=Lawrence Hill Books|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=1-55652-072-7|pages=219–221}}</ref> Religion, arts, and architecture were restored to their glorious Old, Middle, and New Kingdom forms. During Taharqa's reign, the "central features of Theban theology were merged with Egyptian Middle and New Kingdom imperial ideology.".<ref name="Torok" /> Under Taharqa, the cultural integration of Egypt and Kush reached such a point that it could not be reversed, even after the Assyrian conquest.<ref name="Torok" />
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
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| image1 = Taharqo, Black Pharaohs Cache (Dukki Gel ) , Kerma Museum,Sudan (3).jpg
| caption1 = Portrait of Taharqa, [[Kerma Museum]]
| image2 = Taharqa reconstructed 2.jpg
| caption2 = Reconstruction with original colors ([[Louvre Museum]]).
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}}
Taharqa restored existing temples and built new ones. Particularly impressive were his additions to the Temple at Karnak, new temple at Kawa, and temples at [[Jebel Barkal]].<ref name="Diop 219–221" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Bonnet|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Bonnet (archeologist)|title=The Nubian Pharaohs|year=2006|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|location=New York|isbn=978-977-416-010-3|pages=142–154}}</ref><ref name="Mokhtar1990" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Emberling|first=Geoff|title=Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa|year=2011|publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|location=New York|isbn=978-0-615-48102-9|pages=9–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=David|title=Ancient Egypt|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-521270-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36 36–37]|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36}}</ref> Taharqa continued the 25th dynasty's ambitious program to develop Jebel Barkal into a "monumental complex of sanctuaries...centered around the great temple of...Amun."<ref name="Torok" /> The similarity of Jebel Barkal to Karnak "seems to be central to the builders at Jebel Barkal.".<ref name="Torok" /> The rest of Taharqa's constructions served to create "Temple Towns", which were "local centers of government, production, and redistribution."<ref name="Torok" />

It was during the 25th dynasty that the Nile valley saw the first widespread construction of pyramids (many in modern Sudan) since the Middle Kingdom.<ref name="Mokhtar1990">{{cite book|last=Mokhtar|first=G.|title=General History of Africa|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=California, USA|isbn=0-520-06697-9|pages=161–163}}</ref><ref name="Emberling2011">{{cite book|last=Emberling|first=Geoff|title=Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa|year=2011|publisher=Institute for the Study of the Ancient World|location=New York|pages=9–11}}</ref><ref name="Silverman1997">{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=David|title=Ancient Egypt|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-521270-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36 36–37]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegypt00davi_0/page/36}}</ref> Taharqa built the largest pyramid (~52 meters square at base) in the Nubian region at [[Nuri]] (near [[El-Kurru]]) with the most elaborate Kushite rock-cut tomb.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welsby |first1=Derek A. |title=The Kingdom of Kush |date=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London, UK |isbn=0-7141-0986-X |pages=103, 107–108 |language=en}}</ref> Taharqa was buried with "over 1070 shabtis of varying sizes and made of granite, green ankerite, and alabaster."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Welsby |first1=Derek A. |title=The Kingdom of Kush |date=1996 |publisher=British Museum Press |location=London, UK |isbn=0-7141-0986-X |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref>

== War between Taharqa and Assyria ==
{{Main|Assyrian conquest of Egypt}}
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=340|caption_align=center| align = right| direction =horizontal| image1 = Asarhadon Berlín 04.JPG| image2 = Ushankhuru.jpg| footer=The [[Victory stele of Esarhaddon]] was created following the king's victory in Egypt and depicts Esarhaddon in a majestic pose with a war mace in his hand and royal captives kneeling before him. One is Ushankhuru, the son of Taharqa, shackled with a rope around his neck, but wearing the Kushite crown. The other may be [[Abdi-Milkutti]], King of [[Sidon]].}}
Taharqa began cultivating alliances with elements in Phoenicia and [[Philistia]] who were prepared to take a more independent position against Assyria.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Coogan|first1=Michael David|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|last2=Coogan|first2=Michael D.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-513937-2|location=Oxford|pages=253}}</ref> Taharqa's army undertook successful military campaigns, as attested by the "list of conquered Asiatic principalities" from the Mut temple at Karnak and "conquered peoples and countries (Libyans, Shasu nomads, Phoenicians?, [[Khor]] in Palestine)" from Sanam temple inscriptions.<ref name="Torok" /> Torok mentions the military success was due to Taharqa's efforts to strengthen the army through daily training in long-distance running, as well as Assyria's preoccupation with Babylon and Elam.<ref name="Torok" /> Taharqa also built military settlements at the Semna and Buhen forts and the fortified site of Qasr Ibrim.<ref name="Torok" />

Imperial ambitions of the [[Mesopotamian]]-based [[Assyrian Empire]] made war with the 25th dynasty inevitable. In 701 BC, the Kushites aided [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] and King [[Hezekiah]] in withstanding the siege of Jerusalem by King [[Sennacherib]] of the Assyrians (2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9).<ref name=Aubin>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 141–144|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.|url=https://archive.org/details/rescueofjerusale0000aubi/page/142/mode/2up}}</ref> There are various theories (Taharqa's army,<ref name="The Rescue of Jerusalem">{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 127, 129–130, 139–152|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.|url=https://archive.org/details/rescueofjerusale0000aubi/page/127/mode/2up}}</ref> disease, divine intervention, Hezekiah's surrender, Herodotus' mice theory) as to why the Assyrians failed to take Jerusalem and withdrew to Assyria.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 119|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> historians claim that Sennacherib was the overlord of Khor following the siege in 701 BC. Sennacherib's annals record Judah was forced into tribute after the siege.<ref name="Roux">{{cite book |last=Roux |first=Georges |title=Ancient Iraq |location=London |publisher=Penguin |edition=Third |year=1992 |isbn=0-14-012523-X }}</ref> However, this is contradicted by Khor's frequent utilization of an Egyptian system of weights for trade,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 155–156|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> the 20 year cessation in Assyria's pattern (before 701 and after Sennacherib's death) of repeatedly invading Khor,<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 152–153|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> Khor paying tribute to Amun of Karnak in the first half of Taharqa's reign,<ref name="Torok" /> and Taharqa flouting Assyria's ban on Lebanese cedar exports to Egypt, while Taharqa was building his temple to Amun at Kawa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 155|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref>

[[File:SNMTaharqo.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Statue of Pharaoh Taharqa from [[Jebel Barkal]] (3.6 meters). [[National Museum of Sudan]].<ref name="Yale University Press"/>]]
In 679 BC, Sennacherib's successor, King [[Esarhaddon]], campaigned into Khor and took a town loyal to Egypt. After destroying Sidon and forcing Tyre into tribute in 677-676 BC, Esarhaddon invaded Egypt proper in 674 BC. Taharqa and his army defeated the Assyrians outright in 674 BC, according to Babylonian records.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 158–161|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> This invasion, which only a few Assyrian sources discuss, ended in what some scholars have assumed was possibly one of Assyria's worst defeats.{{Sfn|Ephʿal|2005|p=99}} In 672 BC, Taharqa brought reserve troops from Kush, as mentioned in rock inscriptions.<ref name="Torok" /> Taharqa's Egypt still held sway in Khor during this period as evidenced by Esarhaddon's 671 BC annal mentioning that Tyre's King Ba'lu had "put his trust upon his friend Taharqa", Ashkelon's alliance with Egypt, and Esarhaddon's inscription asking "if the Kushite-Egyptian forces 'plan and strive to wage war in any way' and if the Egyptian forces will defeat Esarhaddon at Ashkelon."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 159–161|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> However, Taharqa was defeated in Egypt in 671 BC when Esarhaddon conquered Northern Egypt, captured Memphis, imposed tribute, and then withdrew.<ref name="Welsby" /> Although the Pharaoh Taharqa had escaped to the south, Esarhaddon captured the Pharaoh's family, including "Prince Nes-Anhuret, royal wives,"<ref name="Torok" /> and most of the royal court{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}, which were sent to Assyria as hostages. Cuneiform tablets mention numerous horses and gold headdresses were taken back to Assyria.<ref name="Torok" /> In 669 BC, Taharqa reoccupied Memphis, as well as the Delta, and recommenced intrigues with the king of Tyre.<ref name="Welsby" /> Taharqa intrigued in the affairs of [[Lower Egypt]], and fanned numerous revolts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Budge|first=E. A. Wallis|title=Egyptian Literature (Routledge Revivals): Vol. II: Annals of Nubian Kings|date=2014-07-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-07813-3|language=en}}</ref> [[Esarhaddon]] again led his army to Egypt and on his death in 668 BC, the command passed to [[Ashurbanipal]]. Ashurbanipal and the Assyrians again defeated Taharqa and advanced as far south as Thebes, but direct Assyrian control was not established."<ref name="Welsby" /> The rebellion was stopped and Ashurbanipal appointed as his vassal ruler in Egypt [[Necho I]], who had been king of the city Sais. Necho's son, [[Psamtik I]] was educated at the Assyrian capital of [[Nineveh]] during Esarhaddon's reign.{{Sfn|Mark|2009|p=}} As late as 665 BC, the vassal rulers of Sais, Mendes, and Pelusium were still making overtures to Taharqa in Kush.<ref name="Torok" /> The vassal's plot was uncovered by Ashurbanipal and all rebels but Necho of Sais were executed.<ref name="Torok" />

The remains of three colossal statues of Taharqa were found at the entrance of the palace at [[Nineveh]]. These statues were probably brought back as war trophies by [[Esarhaddon]], who also brought back royal hostages and numerous luxury objects from Egypt.<ref name="Yale University Press"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomason |first1=Allison Karmel |title=From Sennacherib's bronzes to Taharqa's feet: Conceptions of the material world at Nineveh |journal=IRAQ |date=2004 |volume=66 |page=155 |doi=10.2307/4200570 |jstor=4200570 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iraq/article/abs/from-sennacheribs-bronzes-to-taharqas-feet-conceptions-of-the-material-world-at-nineveh/D17D4A6C2CCD658A6B6985EA8D389BC8 |language=en |issn=0021-0889|quote=Related to the subject of entrances to buildings, the final case study that allows insight into conceptions of the material world at Nineveh and in Assyria concerns the statues of the 25th Dynasty Egyptian king Taharqa excavated at the entrance to the arsenal on Nebi Yunus. I have argued elsewhere that Egypt was a site of fascination to the Neo-Assyrian kings, and that its material culture was collected throughout the period.}}</ref>

== Death ==
Taharqa died in the city of [[Thebes (Egypt)|Thebes]]<ref>[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/as5.pdf ''Historical Prism inscription of Ashurbanipal I''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319214845/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/as5.pdf |date=19 March 2012 }} by Arthur Carl Piepkorn page 36. Published by University of Chicago Press</ref> in 664 BC. He was followed by his appointed successor [[Tantamani]], a son of [[Shabaka]], who invaded Lower Egypt in hopes of restoring his family's control. This led to a renewed conflict with [[Ashurbanipal]] and the [[Sack of Thebes]] by the Assyrians in 663 BCE. He was himself succeeded by a son of Taharqa, [[Atlanersa]].

=== Nuri pyramid ===
[[File:Taharqo's pyramid, Nuri, Sudan, North-east Africa.jpg|thumb|right|The ruins of the pyramid of Taharqa at [[Nuri]]. It is the earliest and largest pyramid of the Nuri site.]]
{{Main|Nuri}}
Taharqa chose the site of [[Nuri]] in North Sudan to build his pyramid, away from the traditional burial site of [[El-Kurru]]. It was the first and the largest pyramid of Nuri, and he was followed by close to twenty later kings at the site.<ref>[http://www.nubia2006.uw.edu.pl/nubia/abstract.php?abstract_nr=69&PHPSESSID=472ec4534c78263b6d4a0194e6349d8b Why did Taharqa build his tomb at Nuri?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200711/http://www.nubia2006.uw.edu.pl/nubia/abstract.php?abstract_nr=69&PHPSESSID=472ec4534c78263b6d4a0194e6349d8b |date=3 March 2016 }} Conference of Nubian Studies</ref>
[[File:Nuri Pyramids from the top of the pyramid of Taharqa.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3|Pyramids of the successors of Taharqa, seen from the top of his pyramid at Nuri, the first pyramid to be built, and the largest, at the site]]

== Biblical references ==
Mainstream scholars agree that Taharqa is the Biblical "Tirhakah" (Heb: תִּרְהָקָה), king of [[Kingdom of Kush|Nubia]] (Kush), who waged war against [[Sennacherib]] during the reign of King [[Hezekiah]] of [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]] ([[Books of Kings|2 Kings]] [[2 Kings 19|19:9]]; [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] [[Isaiah 37|37:9]]).<ref>{{JewishEncyclopedia|title=Tirhakah |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14403-tirhakah}}</ref><ref name="The Rescue of Jerusalem" />

The events in the [[biblical]] account are believed to have taken place in 701 BC, whereas Taharqa came to the throne some ten years later. If the title of king in the biblical text refers to his future royal title, he still may have been too young to be a military [[commander]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stiebing |first1=William H. Jr. |title=Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-51116-0 |page=279 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoyTDAAAQBAJ&q=Taharqa+Tirhaka&pg=PA279 |access-date=23 December 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093951/https://books.google.com/books?id=DoyTDAAAQBAJ&q=Taharqa+Tirhaka&pg=PA279 |url-status=live }}</ref> although this is disputed.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Ancient Israelite World |last=Pope |first=Jeremy |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-000-77324-8 |pages=675–92 |editor-last=Keimer |editor-first=Kyle H. |chapter=Reconstructing the Kushite Royal House |doi=10.4324/9780367815691-48 |editor-last2=Pierce |editor-first2=George A. |chapter-url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/pdf/doi/10.4324/9780367815691-48}}</ref> According to the egyptologist Jeremy Pope, Taharqa was probably between 25 and 33 years old in 701 BC and, following Kushite custom to delegate actual leadership in combat to a subordinate, was sent by his predecessor	Shabako as a military commander to fight against the Assyrians.{{sfn|Pope|2022|p=689}}

Aubin mentions that the biblical account in Genesis 10:6-7 (Table of Nations) lists Taharqa's predecessors, Shebitku and
Shabako (סַבְתְּכָ֑א and סַבְתָּ֥ה).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 178|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> Concerning Taharqa's successor, the sack of Thebes was a momentous event that reverberated throughout the Ancient Near East. It is mentioned in the [[Book of Nahum]] chapter 3:8-10:

[[File:Pharaoh Taharqa of Ancient Egypt's 25th Dynasty.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Profile of Taharqa on the Taharqa Shrine, Ashmolean Museum]]
{{cquote|text=Art thou better than populous No, that was situate among the rivers, that had the waters round about it, whose rampart was the sea, and her wall was from the sea? Ethiopia and Egypt were her strength, and it was infinite; Put and Lubim were thy helpers. Yet was she carried away, she went into captivity: her young children also were dashed in pieces at the top of all the streets: and they cast lots for her honourable men, and all her great men were bound in chains}}

== Depictions ==
Taharqa, under the name "Tearco the Aethiopian", was described by the Ancient [[Ancient Greeks|Greek]] historian [[Strabo]]. Strabo mentioned Taharqa in a list of other notable conquerors (Cyrus the Great, Xerxes, Sesotris) and mentioned that these princes had undertaken "expeditions to lands far remote."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Rescue of Jerusalem|date=2002|publisher=Soho Press, Inc.|isbn=1-56947-275-0|location=New York, NY|pages=x, 162|last1=Aubin|first1=Henry T.}}</ref> Strabo mentions Taharqa as having "Advanced as far as Europe",<ref>{{cite book|last=Strabo|title=Geography|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-99266-0|pages=7}}</ref> and (citing [[Megasthenes]]), even as far as the [[Pillars of Hercules]] in [[Spain]]:<ref>[[Frank Snowden|Snowden]], ''Before Color Prejudice: The Ancient View of Blacks.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, p.52</ref> Similarly, in 1534 the Muslim scholar Ibn-l-Khattib al-Makkary wrote an account of Taharqa's "establishment of a garrison in the south of Spain in approximately 702 BC."<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peggy Brooks-Bertram |author-link1=King Taharqa of Kush |editor1-last=Celenko |editor1-first=Theodore |title=Egypt in Africa |date=1996 |publisher=Indianapolis Museum of Art |location=Indiana, USA |isbn=0-253-33269-9 |pages=101–102}}</ref>

{{blockquote|However, [[Senusret III|Sesostris]], the Aegyptian, he adds, and Tearco the Aethiopian advanced as far as Europe; and [[Nabuchodonosor|Nabocodrosor]], who enjoyed greater repute among the Chaldaeans than Heracles, led an army even as far as the Pillars. Thus far, he says, also Tearco went.|[[Strabo]], ''Geographia'', XV.1.6.<ref>{{cite web|title=LacusCurtius Strabo Geography Book XV Chapter 1 (§§&nbsp;1-25)|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A1*.html|website=penelope.uchicago.edu|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093957/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A1%2A.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

The two snakes in the crown of pharaoh Taharqa show that he was the king of both the lands of Egypt and [[Nubia]].

== Monuments of Taharqa ==
{{Location map+
|Nile
|float = right
|width = 220
|caption = Location of Taharqa's monuments
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=25.718611|N |long=32.658611|E |label=[[Karnak]]|position=bottom |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=19.116667|N |long=30.491333|E |label=[[Kawa (Sudan)|Kawa]]|position=top |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=18.536667|N |long=31.828333|E |label=[[Jebel Barkal]]|position=bottom |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=25.720556|N |long=32.610278|E |label=[[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]]|position=top|label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=29.844722|N |long=31.250833|E |label=[[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]]|position=left|label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=18.564372|N |long=31.916386|E |label=[[Nuri]]|position=right|label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=29.871111|N |long=31.216389|E |label=[[Saqqara]]|position=bottom|label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |Nile |lat=30.976944|N |long=31.88|E |label=[[Tanis]]|position=right|label_size=70}}
}}
[[File:Apis Psammetichus1 20 Taharqa Mariette.jpg|thumb|Stele commemorating the death of an [[Apis bull]] enthroned in "Year 26 of Taharqa". Found in the [[Serapeum of Saqqara]], [[Saqqara]]. [[Louvre Museum]].]]
[[File:Stele Taharqa Tanis Petrie.jpg|thumb|upright|Stele of the Great Temple of [[Tanis]], written in the "Year 6 of Taharqa"<ref>{{cite journal |title=L'An 6 de Taharqa |url=http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2019/13/Perdriaud_ENiM12_p281-298.swf.pdf |journal= |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617071143/http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2019/13/Perdriaud_ENiM12_p281-298.swf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Taharqa has left monuments throughout Egypt and Nubia. In [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], Thebes, and Napata he rebuilt or restored the [[Memphis, Egypt#Temple of Amun|Temple of Amon]].<ref>Cf. [[#DM|D. Meeks, ''Hommage à Serge Sauneron I'', 1979]], ''Une fondation Memphite de Taharqa (Stèle du Caire JE 36861)'', {{p.|221-259}}.</ref>

=== Taharqa in Karnak ===
Taharqa is known for various monuments in [[Karnak]].

<gallery>
File:Karnak R03.jpg|Taharqa column
File:Karnak Tempel Vorhof 25.JPG|Kiosk of Taharqa in Karnak
File:Chapelle Taharka Chepenoupet.jpg|Chapel of Taharqa and [[Shepenupet II|Shepenwepet]] in Karnak
File:Taharqa's kiosk. Karnak Temple.jpg|Taharqa's kiosk. Karnak Temple
</gallery>

=== Shrine of Taharqa in Kawa ===

A small temple of Taharqa was once located at [[Kawa (Sudan)|Kawa]] in [[Nubia]] (modern [[Sudan]]). It is located today in the [[Ashmolean Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Taharqa Shrine |url=https://www.ashmolean.org/file/618081 |website=Ashmolean Museum |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506141848/https://www.ashmolean.org/file/618081 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Shrine of the 25th dynasty pharaoh and Kushite King Taharqa Egypt 7th century BCE.jpg|The [[Shrine of Taharqa]], [[Ashmolean Museum]]
File:Shrine & Sphinx of Taharqa.jpg|Shrine and Sphinx of Taharqa. Taharqa appears between the legs of the Ram-Spinx
File:Ram-Sphinx of Amun-Ra.jpg|The Ram-Spinx and Taharqa
File:Taharqa relief.jpg|Relief of Taharqa on the shrine
File:Taharqa cartouche.jpg|Taharqa [[cartouche]] on the Shrine
File:Pharaoh Taharqa and the gods of Thebes. Standing on the left, he offers "a white loaf" to his father Amun-Re, who is accompanied by Mut, Khonsu and Montu, Kawa Temple.jpg|King Taharqa and the gods of Thebes. Standing on the left, he offers "a white loaf" to his father [[Amun-Re]], who is accompanied by [[Mut]], [[Khonsu]] and [[Montu]], Kawa shrine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/38092871806/in/photostream/ |title=Museum notice |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093958/https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/38092871806/in/photostream/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Taharqa and the gods of Gematen (the Temple of Kawa). He makes an offering to the ram-headed god Amun-Re. Kawa shrine.jpg|Taharqa and the gods of Gematen (the Temple of Kawa). He makes an offering to the ram-headed god [[Amun-Re]]. Kawa shrine.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/37438427644/in/photostream/ |title=Museum notice |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125094001/https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/37438427644/in/photostream/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
File:Closeup of Taharqa embracing Horus on the Shrine of the 25th dynasty pharaoh and Kushite King Taharqa Egypt 7th century BCE.jpg|Taharqa (left) embracing [[Horus]] ([[Re-Horakhty]]) on the Kawa shrine<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/24296033428 |title=Museum notice |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125093959/https://www.flickr.com/photos/anthonyhuan/24296033428 |url-status=live }}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Taharqa in Jebel Barkal ===
Taharqa is depicted in various reliefs in [[Jebel Barkal]], particularly in the [[Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal|Temple of Mut]].

<gallery>
File:Interior, Temple of Mut (B 300), Jebel Barkal, Sudan, North-east Africa.jpg|Taharqa in the Temple of Mut
File:Amun in Barkal.jpg|Taharqa before the god Amun in Gebel Barkal (Sudan), in [[Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal]]
File:Abar.jpg|Taharqa followed by his mother Queen Abar. Gebel Barkal – room C
File:Taharqa-queen.jpg|Taharqa with Queen Takahatamun at Gebel Barkal
File:JebelBarkalMutTemple3.jpg|Lion-headed God Appademak with Pharaoh Taharqa (right) in the [[Jebel Barkal]] [[Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal|Temple of Mut]]
File:JebelBarkalMutTemple2.jpg|Taharqa, followed by the sistrum shaking queen [[Takahatenamun]] in the [[Jebel Barkal]] [[Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal|Temple of Mut]]
File:Taharqa in the Temple of Mut, Jebel Barkal, Sudan.jpg|Taharqa making dedications to Egyptian Gods, in the Temple of Mut, [[Jebel Barkal]], Sudan. His name appears in the second [[cartouche]]: <big><big><big><big>'''𓇿𓉔𓃭𓈎'''</big></big></big></big> (''tꜣ-h-rw-k'', "Taharqa").
</gallery>

== Museum artifacts ==
[[File:Menat of Taharqo- the King Being Nursed by the Lion-Headed Goddess Bastet MET EG123.jpg|thumb|156x156px|Menat of Taharqo- the King Being Nursed by the Lion-Headed Goddess Bastet]]
<gallery>
File:Egypte louvre 062 offrande.jpg|Taharqa offering wine jars to Falcon-god Hemen
File:Taharqa, ca. 690-64 BCE, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (36420740125).jpg|Taharqa, {{Circa|690}}-64 BCE, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen
File:Taharqo under a sphinx.jpg|Taharqa under a sphinx, [[British Museum]]
File:Rulers of Kush, Kerma Museum.jpg|Taharqa appears as the tallest statue in the back (2.7 meters), [[Kerma Museum]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Elshazly|first1=Hesham|title=Kerma and the royal cache|url=https://www.academia.edu/3714044|language=en|journal=|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=3 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403114326/https://www.academia.edu/3714044/Ducommun_Elshazly_Kerma_and_the_royal_cache|url-status=live}}</ref>
File:SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg|Granite [[Sphinx of Taharqo|sphinx of Taharqa]] from Kawa in [[Sudan]]
File:Serpentine weight of 10 daric. Inscribed for Taharqa in the midst of Sais. 25th Dynasty. From Egypt, probably from Nesaft. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|Serpentine weight of 10 daric. Inscribed for Taharqa in the midst of Sais. 25th Dynasty. From Egypt, probably from Nesaft. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
File:Egypte louvre 063 crosse.jpg|Taharqa as a sphinx
File:Louvre 042005 10.jpg|Taharqa close-up
File:Taharqa in double uraeus cap.jpg|Pharaoh Taharqa. 25th dynasty of Egypt
File:Shabti of King Taharqa.jpg|Shabti of King Taharqa
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Taharqa}}
*[[List of monarchs of Kush]]
*[[List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources]]
*[[Takhar]] (the deity)
*[[Victory stele of Esarhaddon]]
*[[Statues of Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa]]
*[[Sphinx of Taharqo]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Ashurbanipal/|title=Ashurbanipal|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2009|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=28 November 2019}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Ephʿal|first=Israel|date=2005|title=Esarhaddon, Egypt, and Shubria: Politics and Propaganda|journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=57|issue=1|pages=99–111|doi=10.1086/JCS40025994|s2cid=156663868}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Esarhaddon/|title=Esarhaddon|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2014|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=23 November 2019}}
*{{cite book |first=Kenneth Anderson |last=Kitchen |author-link=Kenneth Anderson Kitchen |title=The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vde0QgAACAAJ |edition=3rd |year=1996 |publisher=Aris & Phillips Ltd |pages=608 |isbn=978-0-85668-298-8 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820003021/https://books.google.com/books?id=vde0QgAACAAJ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite book |last=Payraudeau |first=Frédéric |title=Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo |url=https://www.academia.edu/11021678 |year=2014 |pages=115–127 |language=fr }}
*{{cite book |title=The Double Kingdom Under Taharqo: Studies in the History of Kush and Egypt, c. 690 – 664 BC |last=Pope |first=Jeremy W. |publisher=BRILL |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-26295-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_AAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Radner|first=Karen|date=2012|title=After Eltekeh: Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316233295|journal=Stories of long ago. Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|pages=471–479}}
*{{Cite book|title=Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction|last=Radner|first=Karen|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-871590-0}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |title=Jerusalem's Survival, Sennacherib's Departure, and the Kushite Role in 701 BCE: An Examination of Henry Aubin's Rescue of Jerusalem |journal=Journal of Hebrew Scriptures |volume=19 |pages=1–297 |publisher=Swiss French Institute for Biblical Studies |doi=10.5508/jhs29552 |year=2019 |editor-last=Bellis |editor-first=Alice Ogden |location=Lausanne |issn=1203-1542|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGBGauNBK8kC&q=abdi+milkutti+Sanduarri&pg=PA125|title=The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC|last=Grayson|first=A. K.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970|isbn=978-3-11-103358-7|chapter=Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon (704–669 BC)}}
* {{cite book |first=Robert |last=Morkot |author-link=Robert Morkot |title=The Black Pharaohs: Egypt's Nubian Rulers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9bdxAAAAMAAJ |publisher=The Rubicon Press |year=2000 |pages=342 |isbn=0-948695-23-4 }}
{{refend}}{{Kushite Monarchs footer}}{{Pharaohs}}
{{Rulers of the Ancient Near East}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Taharqa| ]]
[[Category:Nubian monarchs]]
[[Category:7th-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:7th-century BC monarchs of Kush]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Egyptian people of Nubian descent]]
[[Category:660s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Kush]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Pharaohs in the Bible]]