Editing T. E. Lawrence

{{Short description|British Army officer, diplomat and writer (1888–1935)}}
{{Redirect|Lawrence of Arabia|the 1962 film|Lawrence of Arabia (film){{!}}Lawrence of Arabia (film)|the 1989 book|Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence{{!}}Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date= November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= May 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = T. E. Lawrence
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CB|DSO|}}
| image         = Te lawrence.jpg
| caption       = Lawrence in 1918
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|df= y|1888|08|16}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|df= y|1935|05|19|1888|08|16}}
| birth_place   = [[Tremadog]], [[Caernarfonshire|Carnarvonshire]], Wales
| death_place   = [[Bovington Camp]], [[Dorset]], England
| placeofburial = [[St Nicholas' Church, Moreton]], Dorset
| nickname      = Lawrence of Arabia
| birth_name    = Thomas Edward Lawrence
| alma_mater    = [[Jesus College, Oxford]]
| allegiance    = United Kingdom
| branch        = {{ubl|[[British Army]]|[[Royal Air Force]]}}
| serviceyears  = {{ubl|1914–1918|1923–1935}}
| rank          = {{ubl|[[Colonel (British Army)]]|[[Aircraftman|Aircraftman (RAF)]]}}
| battles       = {{tree list}}
* [[First World War]]
** [[Arab Revolt]]
** [[Siege of Medina]]
** [[Battle of Aqaba]]
** [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Capture of Damascus]]
** [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]]{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = {{ubl|[[Companion of the Order of the Bath]]<ref name=cb>{{London Gazette|issue= 30222 |supp= y| date=7 August 1917|page=8103}}</ref>|[[Distinguished Service Order]]<ref name=dso>{{London Gazette|issue=30681 |supp=y|date=10 May 1918|page=5694}}</ref>|[[Knight of the Legion of Honour]] (France)<ref name=loh>{{London Gazette|issue=29600|date= 30 May 1916|page=5321}}</ref>|{{lang|fr|[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]]}} (France)<ref name=cdeg>{{London Gazette|issue= 30638 |supp=y|date=16 April 1918|page=4716}}</ref>}}
| other_name    = T. E. Shaw, John Hume Ross
}}

'''Thomas Edward Lawrence''' {{postnominals|country= GBR|size=100%|CB|DSO}} (16 August 1888&nbsp;– 19 May 1935) was a [[British Army]] officer, archaeologist, diplomat and writer known for his role during the [[Arab Revolt]] and [[Sinai and Palestine campaign]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[First World War]]. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and Lawrence's ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as '''Lawrence of Arabia''', a title used for [[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|the 1962 film]] based on his wartime activities.

Lawrence was born in [[Tremadog]], [[Caernarfonshire|Carnarvonshire]], Wales, the [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]] son of [[Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet|Sir Thomas Chapman]], an [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] landowner, and Sarah Junner, a governess in Chapman's employ. In 1896, Lawrence moved to [[Oxford]], attending the [[City of Oxford High School for Boys]] and read history at [[Jesus College, Oxford]] from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914, he worked as an archaeologist for the [[British Museum]], chiefly at [[Carchemish]] in [[Ottoman Syria]].

After the outbreak of war in 1914, Lawrence joined the [[British Army during the First World War|British Army]] and was stationed at the [[Arab Bureau]], a [[military intelligence]] unit in [[Sultanate of Egypt|Egypt]]. In 1916, he travelled to [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] on intelligence missions and became involved with the Arab revolt against Ottoman rule. Lawrence was ultimately assigned to the British Military Mission in the [[Hejaz]] as a liaison to [[Faisal I of Iraq|Emir Faisal]], a leader of the revolt. He participated in engagements with the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman military]] culminating in the [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|capture of Damascus]] in October 1918.

After the war's end, he joined the [[Foreign Office]], working with Faisal. In 1922, Lawrence retreated from public life and served as an enlisted man in the Army and [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) until 1935. He published the ''[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]'' in 1926, an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. Lawrence also translated books into English and wrote [[The Mint (book)|''The Mint'']], which detailed his service in the RAF. He corresponded extensively with prominent artists, writers and politicians, and also participated in the development of rescue motorboats for the RAF. Lawrence's public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab Revolt by American journalist [[Lowell Thomas]], as well as from ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''. In 1935, Lawrence died at the age of 46 after being injured in a motorcycle accident in [[Dorset]].

His exploits in the First World War were dramatized in the 1962 [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'', widely regarded as one of the [[List of films voted the best|greatest films of all time]]. 

==Early life==
[[File:Thomas Edward Lawrence birth-place Gorphwysfa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Lawrence's birthplace, Gorphwysfa, in [[Tremadog]], [[Carnarvonshire]]]]
[[File:2 Polstead Road, Oxford - geograph.org.uk - 1984429.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Lawrence family lived at 2 [[Polstead Road]], Oxford from 1896 to 1921]]
Thomas Edward Lawrence was born on 16 August 1888 in [[Tremadog]], [[Caernarfonshire|Carnarvonshire]],{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=25}} in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge.{{sfn|Axelrod|2009|p=237}}{{sfn|Barnes|2005|p=280}} His Anglo-Irish father [[Sir Thomas Chapman, 7th Baronet|Thomas Chapman]] had left his wife Edith, after he had a first son with Sarah Junner, who had been governess to his daughters.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=5}} Sarah was herself an illegitimate child, born in [[Sunderland]] to Elizabeth Junner, a servant employed by a family named Lawrence. She was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, and identified Sarah's father as "John Junner, Shipwright journeyman".{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=19}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=942–943}}

Lawrence's parents did not marry, but lived together under the [[pseudonym]] Lawrence.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=9}} In 1914, his father inherited the [[Chapman baronets|Chapman baronetcy]] based at [[Killua Castle]], the ancestral family home in [[County Westmeath]], Ireland.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=9}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=Appendix 1}} The couple had five sons, Thomas, called "Ned" by his immediate family, being the second eldest. In 1889, the family moved from Wales to [[Kirkcudbright]], [[Galloway]], in southwestern Scotland, then to the [[Isle of Wight]], then to the [[New Forest]], then to [[Dinard]] in Brittany, and then to [[Jersey]].{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=6}}

The family lived at Langley Lodge, now demolished, from 1894 to 1896, set in private woods between the eastern borders of the [[New Forest]] and [[Southampton Water]] in [[Hampshire]].{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=22}} The residence was isolated, and young Lawrence had many opportunities for outdoor activities and waterfront visits.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=24}}

In the summer of 1896, the family moved to 2 [[Polstead Road]] in [[Oxford]], where they lived until 1921.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=9}} 
The wooden shed built in the garden for Lawrence to study when a schoolboy is still standing.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://telsociety.org.uk/places-to-visit/oxford/|title=Oxford|publisher=T. E. Lawrence Society |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> From 1896 until 1907, Lawrence attended the [[City of Oxford High School for Boys]],{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=22}} where one of the four [[House system|houses]] was later named "Lawrence" in his honour. The school closed in 1966.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/resources/obs/boys_school_history.htm|title=Brief history of the City of Oxford High School for Boys, George Street|publisher=University of Oxford Faculty of History|access-date=25 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418140326/http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/resources/obs/boys_school_history.htm|archive-date=18 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lawrence and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the [[Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade|Church Lads' Brigade]] at [[St Aldate's Church]].{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=53}}

Lawrence claimed that he ran away from home around 1905, and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] at [[St Mawes Castle]] in Cornwall, from which he was bought out.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=32–33}} However, no evidence of this appears in army records.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=33|ps=: In note 34, Wilson discusses a painting in Lawrence's possession at the time of his death which appears to show him as a boy in RGA uniform.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telawrence.info/telawrenceinfo/legacy3/analysis/asher022.htm |title=T. E. Lawrence Studies |publisher=Telawrence.info |access-date=9 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929015251/http://www.telawrence.info/telawrenceinfo/legacy3/analysis/asher022.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>

==Travels, antiquities, and archaeology==
[[File:Woolley & Lawrence at Carchemish.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Leonard Woolley]] (''left'') and Lawrence at the excavation of [[Carchemish]], {{circa|1912}}]]

At the age of 15, Lawrence cycled with his schoolfriend [[Cyril Beeson]] around [[Berkshire]], [[Buckinghamshire]], and [[Oxfordshire]], visiting almost every village's parish church, studying their monuments and antiquities, and making [[Brass rubbing|rubbings]] of their [[monumental brasses]].{{sfn|Beeson|1989|p=3}} Lawrence and Beeson monitored building sites in Oxford and presented the [[Ashmolean Museum]] with anything that they found.{{sfn|Beeson|1989|p=3}} The Ashmolean's ''Annual Report'' for 1906 said that the two teenage boys "by incessant watchfulness secured everything of antiquarian value which has been found."{{sfn|Beeson|1989|p=3}} In the summers of 1906 and 1907, Lawrence toured France by bicycle, sometimes with Beeson, collecting photographs, drawings, and measurements of medieval castles.{{sfn|Beeson|1989|p=3}} In August 1907, Lawrence wrote home: "The Chaignons & the [[Lamballe]] people complimented me on my wonderful French: I have been asked twice since I arrived what part of France I came from".{{sfn|Tabachnick|1984|p=222}}

From 1907 to 1910, Lawrence read history at [[Jesus College, Oxford]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=42}} In July and August 1908, he cycled {{Convert|2200|mi|km|abbr=out}} solo through France to the Mediterranean and back, researching French castles.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=45–51}}{{sfn|Penaud|2007}} In the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of [[List of Crusader castles|crusader castles]] in [[Ottoman Syria]], during which he travelled {{convert|1000|mi|km|abbr=out}} on foot.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=57–61}} While at Jesus he was a keen member of the [[University Officers' Training Corps]] (OTC).{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=58}} He graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis titled ''The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century'',{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=67}} partly based on his field research with Beeson in France,{{sfn|Beeson|1989|p=3}} and his solo research in France and the Middle East.{{sfn|Allen|1991|p=29}} Lawrence was fascinated by the Middle Ages. His brother [[A. W. Lawrence|Arnold]] wrote in 1937 that "medieval researches" were a "dream way of escape from bourgeois England".{{sfn|Tabachnick|1984|p=53}}

In 1910, Lawrence was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist at [[Carchemish]], in the expedition that [[David George Hogarth|D. G. Hogarth]] was setting up on behalf of the [[British Museum]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=70}} Hogarth arranged a "Senior [[Demyship]]", a form of scholarship, for Lawrence at [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], to fund his work at £100 a year.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=73}} In December 1910, he sailed for [[Beirut]], and went to [[Byblos]] in Lebanon, where he studied Arabic.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=76–77}} He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near [[Jerablus]] in northern Syria, where he worked under Hogarth, [[Reginald Campbell Thompson|R. Campbell Thompson]] of the British Museum, and [[Leonard Woolley]] until 1914.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=76–134}} He later stated that everything that he had accomplished, he owed to Hogarth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telawrence.net/telawrencenet/letters/1927/271207_d_knowles.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211151322/http://telawrence.net/telawrencenet/letters/1927/271207_d_knowles.htm|url-status=dead|title=T. E. Lawrence letters, 1927<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> Lawrence met [[Gertrude Bell]] while excavating at Carchemish.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=88}} In 1912, he worked briefly with [[Flinders Petrie]] at [[Tarkhan (Egypt)|Kafr Ammar]] in Egypt.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=99–100}}

At Carchemish, Lawrence was involved in a high-tension relationship with a German-led team working nearby on the [[Baghdad Railway]] at Jerablus. While there was never open combat, there was regular conflict over access to land and treatment of the local workforce. Lawrence gained experience in Middle Eastern leadership practices and conflict resolution.{{sfn|Woolley|1954|pp=85-95}}

In January 1914, Woolley and Lawrence were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the [[Negev]] desert.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=136|ps=: Lawrence wrote to his parents, "We are obviously only meant as red herrings to give an archaeological colour to a political job."}} They were funded by the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the [[Zin Desert|Wilderness of Zin]],{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=153}} and they made an archaeological survey of the Negev desert along the way. The Negev was strategically important because an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army attacking Egypt would have to cross it. Woolley and Lawrence published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings,<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2006 |title=The Re-publication of The Wilderness of Zin |url=http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/WildZin.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018191000/http://www.pef.org.uk/Pages/WildZin.htm |archive-date=18 October 2006 |access-date=9 September 2012 |website=[[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}</ref> but a more important result was their updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. Lawrence also visited [[Aqaba]] and Shobek, not far from [[Petra]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Richardson |first=Nigel |date=24 October 2016 |title=Adventure in the desert on the trail of Lawrence of Arabia |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/articles/jordan-lawrence-of-arabia-adventure/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/middle-east/articles/jordan-lawrence-of-arabia-adventure/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=19 January 2020 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Military intelligence==
[[File:T. E. Lawrence and L. Woolley at Carchemish (1913).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Early Hittite carving found by Lawrence (centre) and [[Leonard Woolley]] (right) in [[Carchemish]]]]

Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, Lawrence did not immediately enlist in the British Army. He held back until October on the advice of [[S. F. Newcombe]], when he was commissioned on the [[General List]] as temporary second lieutenant-interpreter.{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=251}} Before the end of the year, he was summoned by renowned archaeologist and historian [[Lieutenant commander|Lieutenant Commander]] David Hogarth, his mentor at Carchemish, to the new [[Arab Bureau]] intelligence unit in Cairo, and he arrived in Cairo on 15 December 1914.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=166}} The Bureau's chief was [[Brigadier general|Brigadier-General]] [[Gilbert Clayton]] who reported to [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt|Egyptian High Commissioner]] [[Henry McMahon]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=152–154}}

The situation was complex during 1915. There was a growing Arab nationalist movement within the Arabic-speaking Ottoman territories, including many Arabs serving in the Ottoman armed forces.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=158}} They were in contact with [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Sharif Hussein]], [[Sharif of Mecca|Emir of Mecca]],{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=199}} who was negotiating with the British and offering to lead an Arab uprising against the Ottomans. In exchange, he wanted a British guarantee of an independent Arab state including the [[Hejaz]], Syria, and [[Mesopotamia]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=195}} Such an uprising would have been helpful to Britain in its war against the Ottomans, lessening the threat against the [[Suez Canal]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=171–173}} However, there was resistance from French diplomats who insisted that Syria's future was as a French colony, not an independent Arab state.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=169–170}} There were also strong objections from the [[British Raj|Government of India]], which was nominally part of the British government but acted independently.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=160}} Its vision was of Mesopotamia under British control serving as a granary for India; furthermore, it wanted to hold on to its Arabian outpost in [[Aden Province|Aden]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=161}}

At the Arab Bureau, Lawrence supervised the preparation of maps,{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=189}} produced a daily bulletin for the British generals operating in the theatre,{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=188}} and interviewed prisoners.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=189}} He was an advocate of a British landing at [[Alexandretta]] (now [[İskenderun]] in Turkey) that never came to pass.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=181}} He was also a consistent advocate of an independent Arab Syria.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=186}}

The situation came to a crisis in October 1915, as Sharif Hussein demanded an immediate commitment from Britain, with the threat that he would otherwise throw his weight behind the Ottomans.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=211–212}} This would create a credible [[Pan-Islamism|Pan-Islamic]] message that could have been dangerous for Britain, which was in severe difficulties in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=211}} The British replied with a [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence|letter from High Commissioner McMahon]] that was generally agreeable while reserving commitments concerning the Mediterranean coastline and [[Holy Land]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=McMahon |first1=Henry |last2=bin Ali |first2=Hussein |year=1939 |title=Cmd.5957; Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, G.C.M.G., His Majesty's High Commissioner at. Cairo and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July, 1915–March, 1916 (with map) |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Correspondence_between_Sir_Henry_McMahon_and_the_Sherif_Hussein_of_Mecca_Cmd_5957.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Correspondence_between_Sir_Henry_McMahon_and_the_Sherif_Hussein_of_Mecca_Cmd_5957.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|HMSO]]}}</ref>

In the spring of 1916, Lawrence was dispatched to Mesopotamia to assist in relieving the [[Siege of Kut]] by some combination of starting an Arab uprising and bribing Ottoman officials. This mission produced no useful result.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=256–276}} Meanwhile, the [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] was being negotiated in London, without the knowledge of British officials in Cairo, which awarded a large proportion of Syria to France. Further, it implied that the Arabs would have to conquer Syria's four great cities if they were to have any sort of state there: Damascus, [[Homs]], [[Hama]], and [[Aleppo]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=236–245}} It is unclear at what point Lawrence became aware of the treaty's contents.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=313|ps=: In note 24, Wilson argues that Lawrence must have known about Sykes–Picot prior to his relationship with Faisal, contrary to a later statement.}}

==Arab Revolt==
{{Main|Arab Revolt}}
[[File:Ljidda.jpg|thumb|upright|Lawrence at [[Rabigh]], north of [[Jeddah]], 1917]]

The Arab Revolt began in June 1916, but it bogged down after a few successes, with a real risk that the Ottoman forces would advance along the coast of the Red Sea and recapture Mecca.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=300}} On 16 October 1916, Lawrence was sent to the Hejaz on an intelligence-gathering mission led by [[Ronald Storrs]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=302}} He interviewed Sharif Hussein's sons [[Ali of Hejaz|Ali]], [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah]], and [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]],{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=307–311}} and concluded that Faisal was the best candidate to lead the Revolt.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=312}}

In November, [[S. F. Newcombe]] was assigned to lead a permanent British liaison to Faisal's staff.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=321}} Newcombe had not yet arrived in the area and the matter was of some urgency, so Lawrence was sent in his place.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=323}} In late December 1916, Faisal and Lawrence worked out a plan for repositioning the Arab forces to put the railway from Syria under threat while preventing the Ottoman forces around Medina from threatening Arab positions.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=347|ps=: Also see note 43, where the origin of the repositioning idea is examined closely.}} Newcombe arrived while Lawrence was preparing to leave Arabia, but Faisal intervened urgently, asking that Lawrence's assignment become permanent.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=358}}

Lawrence's most important contributions to the Arab Revolt were in the area of strategy and liaison with British Armed Forces, but he also participated personally in several military engagements:
* 3 January 1917: Attack on an Ottoman outpost in the [[Hejaz]]{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=348}}
* 26 March 1917: Attack on the railway at Aba el Naam{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=388}}<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last=Alleyne |first=Richard |date=30 July 2010 |title=Garland of Arabia: the forgotten story of TE Lawrence's brother-in-arms |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7918929/Garland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-in-arms.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7918929/Garland-of-Arabia-the-forgotten-story-of-TE-Lawrences-brother-in-arms.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* 11 June 1917: Attack on a bridge at [[Ras Baalbek]]{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=412}}
* 2 July 1917: Defeat of the Ottoman forces at Aba el Lissan, an outpost of Aqaba{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=416}}
* 18 September 1917: Attack on the railway near [[Mudawwara|Mudawara]]{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=446}}
* 27 September 1917: Attack on the railway, destroyed an engine{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=448}}<!-- Wilson doesn't say where - TODO: Consult other bios and 7PW -->
* 7 November 1917: Following a failed attack on the [[Yarmouk River|Yarmuk]] bridges, blew up a train on the railway between [[Dera'a]] and [[Amman]], suffering several wounds in the explosion and ensuing combat{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=455–457}}
* 25–26 January 1918: [[Tafilah#Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule|The Battle of Tafilah]],{{sfn|Barr|2008|pp=225–227}} a region southeast of the [[Dead Sea]], with Arab regulars under the command of [[Jafar Pasha al-Askari]];{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=158–161}} the battle was a defensive engagement that turned into an offensive rout,{{sfn|Lawrence|1926|pp=537–546}} and was described in the official history of the war as a "brilliant feat of arms".{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=158–161}} Lawrence was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] for his leadership at Tafilah and was promoted to lieutenant colonel.{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=158–161}}
* March 1918: Attack on the railway near Aqaba{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=495}}
* 19 April 1918: Attack using British armoured cars on Tell Shahm{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=498}}
* 16 September 1918: Destruction of railway bridge between Amman and Dera'a{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=546}}
* 26 September 1918: Attack on retreating Ottomans and Germans near the village of [[Tafas]]. The Ottoman forces [[Tafas massacre|massacred the villagers]] and then Arab forces in return massacred their prisoners with Lawrence's encouragement.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=556–557}}

Lawrence made a {{Convert|300|mi|km|abbr=out|adj=on}} personal journey northward in June 1917, on the way to Aqaba, visiting [[Ras Baalbek]], the outskirts of Damascus, and [[Azraq, Jordan]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=412–413}} He met Arab nationalists, counselling them to avoid revolt until the arrival of Faisal's forces, and he attacked a bridge to create the impression of guerrilla activity.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=413–417}} His findings were regarded by the British as extremely valuable and there was serious consideration of awarding him a [[Victoria Cross]]; in the end, he was invested as a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] and promoted to major.<ref name=cb/>{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=424–425}}

Lawrence travelled regularly between British headquarters and Faisal, co-ordinating military action.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=491}} But by early 1918, Faisal's chief British liaison was Lieutenant Colonel Pierce Charles Joyce, and Lawrence's time was chiefly devoted to raiding and intelligence-gathering.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=479}}

===Strategy===
The chief elements of the Arab strategy that Faisal and Lawrence developed were to avoid capturing [[Medina]], and to extend northward through Maan and Dera'a to Damascus and beyond. Faisal wanted to lead regular attacks against the Ottomans, but Lawrence persuaded him to drop that tactic.{{sfn|Tabachnick|1984|p=194}} Lawrence wrote about the [[Bedouin]] as a fighting force:
<blockquote>The value of the tribes is defensive only and their real sphere is guerilla warfare. They are intelligent, and very lively, almost reckless, but too individualistic to endure commands, or fight in line, or to help each other. It would, I think, be impossible to make an organized force out of them.… The Hejaz war is one of dervishes against regular forces—and we are on the side of the dervishes. Our text-books do not apply to its conditions at all.{{sfn|Tabachnick|1984|p=194}}</blockquote>

Medina was an attractive target for the revolt as Islam's second-holiest site, and because its Ottoman garrison was weakened by disease and isolation.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=353}} It became clear that it was advantageous to leave it there rather than try to capture it, while attacking the [[Hejaz railway]] south from Damascus without permanently destroying it.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=36}} This prevented the Ottomans from making effective use of their troops at Medina, and forced them to dedicate many resources to defending and repairing the railway line.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=36}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=329|ps=: Describes a very early argument for letting the Ottomans stay in Medina in a November 1916 letter from Clayton.}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=383–384|ps=: Describes Lawrence's arrival at this conclusion.}} However, Aldington strongly disagrees with the value of the strategy.{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=178}}

It is not known when Lawrence learned the details of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, nor if or when he briefed Faisal on what he knew, however, there is good reason to think that both these things happened, and earlier rather than later.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=361–362|ps=: Argues that Lawrence knew the details and briefed Faisal in February 1917.}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|ps=: Shows Lawrence definitely knew of Sykes–Picot in September 1917.|p=444}} In particular, the Arab strategy of northward extension makes perfect sense given the Sykes–Picot language that spoke of an independent Arab entity in Syria, which would be granted only if the Arabs liberated the territory themselves.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=360–367}} The French and some of their British Liaison officers were specifically uncomfortable about the northward movement, as it would weaken French colonial claims.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=309}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=390–391}}
<!-- (encyclopedic, but needs to go somewhere else) In December 1926 Lawrence obtained assistance from the [[Royal Navy]] to turn back an Ottoman attack on [[Yanbu]].<ref name="Parnell">Parnell, Charles L., CDR USN "Lawrence of Arabia's Debt to Seapower" US Naval Institute Proceedings (August 1979) pp. 76, 78</ref> -->

===Capture of Aqaba===
{{Main|Battle of Aqaba}}
[[File:Lcamel.jpg|thumb|upright|Lawrence at [[Aqaba]], 1917]]

In 1917, Lawrence proposed a joint action with the Arab [[Irregular military|irregulars]] and forces including [[Auda Abu Tayi]], who had previously been in the employ of the Ottomans, against the strategically located but lightly defended town of Aqaba on the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKpAAQAAMAAJ |title=The Naval Review |publisher=[[Naval Review (magazine)|Naval Review]] |year=1911 |volume=4–6 |pages=103–105 |chapter=The bombardment of Akaba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Naval Review |publisher=[[Naval Review (magazine)|Naval Review]] |year=1925 |edition=4th |volume=13 |pages=648–666 |chapter=Naval Operation in the Red Sea 1916–1917}}</ref><ref>"Egyptian Expeditionary Force". ''Operations in the Gulf of Akaba, Red Sea HMS ''Raven'' II''. July—August 1916. National Archives, Kew London. File: AIR 1 /2284/ 209/75/8.</ref> Aqaba could have been attacked from the sea but, assuming it were captured, the narrow defiles leading inland through the mountains were strongly defended and would have been very difficult to assault.{{sfn|Graves|1934|p=161|ps=: "Akaba was so strongly protected by the hills, elaborately fortified for miles back, that if a landing were attempted from the sea a small Turkish force could hold up a whole Allied division in the defiles."}} The expedition was led by Sharif Nasir of Medina.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=400}}

Lawrence avoided informing his British superiors about the details of the planned inland attack, due to concern that it would be blocked as contrary to French interests.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=397}} The expedition departed from [[Wejh]] on 9 May,{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=406}} and Aqaba fell to the Arab forces on 6 July, after a surprise overland attack that took the Turkish defences from behind. After Aqaba, [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|General Sir Edmund Allenby]], the new commander-in-chief of the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], agreed to Lawrence's strategy for the revolt.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=420–426}} Lawrence now held a powerful position as an adviser to Faisal and a person who had Allenby's confidence, as Allenby acknowledged after the war:

{{blockquote|I gave him a free hand. His cooperation was marked by the utmost loyalty, and I never had anything but praise for his work, which, indeed, was invaluable throughout the campaign. He was the mainspring of the Arab movement and knew their language, their manners and their mentality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 1935 |title=Strategist of the Desert Dies in Military Hospital |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1935/may/19/fromthearchive |access-date=16 August 2012}}</ref>}}

===Dera'a===
Lawrence describes an episode on 20 November 1917 while reconnoitring [[Daraa|Dera'a]] in disguise, when he was captured by the Ottoman military, beaten, and sexually assaulted by the local [[bey]] and his guardsmen,<ref>Letter to W.F. Stirling, Deputy Chief Political Officer, Cairo, 28 June 1919, in Brown, 1988.</ref> though he does not specify the nature of the sexual contact. Some scholars have stated that he exaggerated the severity of the injuries that he suffered,{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=231–232}} or alleged that the episode never happened.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawrence of Arabia 'made up' sex attack by Turk troops |first=Elizabeth |last=Day |date=14 May 2006 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1518314/Lawrence-of-Arabia-made-up-sex-attack-by-Turk-troops.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1518314/Lawrence-of-Arabia-made-up-sex-attack-by-Turk-troops.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{sfn|Barr|2008|pp=201–206}} There is no independent testimony, but the multiple consistent reports and the absence of evidence for outright invention in Lawrence's works make the account believable to some of his biographers.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|ps=: note 49 to Chapter 21.}} Malcolm Brown, [[John E. Mack]], and [[Jeremy Wilson]] have argued that this episode had strong psychological effects on Lawrence, which may explain some of his unconventional behaviour in later life.{{sfn|Brown|2005|p=100}}{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=226–229}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=461}} Lawrence ended his account of the episode in ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' with the statement: "In Dera'a that night the citadel of my integrity had been irrevocably lost."{{sfn|Lawrence|1935|p=447}}

The son of the Governor resident in Dera'a at the time has been quoted as saying the narrative must be false, because Lawrence describes the Bey's hair, while in fact his father was bald.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/lawrence/perspectives/carikli-korda|title=Perspectives: Carikli and Korda on Deraa |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> In fact, Lawrence describes (in the 1922 text) the Bey's head as shaven, with stubble standing up. There is also uncertainty about the identity of the individual that Lawrence refers to as "the Bey".{{sfn|Korda|2010|pp=242–243}}

===Fall of Damascus===
{{main|Capture of Damascus (1918)}}
[[File:With Lawrence in Arabia.jpg|thumb|upright|Lawrence in 1919]]

Lawrence was involved in the build-up to the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war, but he was not present at the city's formal surrender. He arrived several hours after the city had fallen, entering Damascus around 9&nbsp;am on 1 October 1918; the first to arrive was the [[10th Light Horse Regiment (Australia)|10th Light Horse Regiment]] led by Major A. C. N. "Harry" Olden, who accepted the formal surrender of the city from acting Governor Emir Said.{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=166–168}}<ref>{{cite journal| author=Barker, A|year=1998 |title =The Allies Enter Damascus|journal= History Today| volume= 48}}</ref> Lawrence was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal in newly liberated Damascus, which he had envisioned as the capital of an Arab state.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=647}} Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the [[battle of Maysaloun]] when the French Forces of [[Henri Gouraud (general)|General Henri Gouraud]] entered Damascus under the command of General [[Mariano Goybet]], destroying Lawrence's dream of an independent Arabia.<ref>Eliezer Tauber. The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq. Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. Portland, Oregon. 1995.</ref>

During the closing years of the war, Lawrence sought to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests, but he met with mixed success.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=598}} The secret Sykes–Picot Agreement between France and Britain contradicted the promises of independence that he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work.<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00qgtjk/The_Legacy_of_Lawrence_of_Arabia_Episode_2/|title=The Legacy of Lawrence of Arabia|volume=2|people=Rory Stewart (presenter)|publisher=BBC|date=23 January 2010}}</ref>

==Post-war years==
Lawrence returned to the United Kingdom a full colonel.{{sfn|Asher|1998|p=343}} Immediately after the war, he worked for the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]], attending the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. On 17 May 1919, a [[Handley Page Type O/400]] taking Lawrence to Egypt crashed at the airport of [[Centocelle Airport|Roma-Centocelle]]. The pilot and co-pilot were killed; Lawrence survived with a broken shoulder blade and two broken ribs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.protestantcemetery.it/press/webnewsletter-eng/no5-2008.pdf|title=Newsletter: Friends of the Protestant Cemetery|publisher=Friends of the Protestant Cemetery|location=Rome|year=2008|website=protestantcemetery.it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66WbaWVSO?url=http://www.protestantcemetery.it/press/webnewsletter-eng/no5-2008.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> During his brief hospitalisation, he was visited by King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]].<ref>RID Marzo 2012, ''Storia dell'Handley'' Page type 0</ref>

[[File:Lawrence of Arabia's map, presented to the Eastern Committee of the War Cabinet in November 1918.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Map presented by Lawrence to the [[Eastern Committee]] of the War Cabinet in November 1918<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4332702.stm|title=UK – Lawrence's Mid-East map on show|date=11 October 2005}}</ref>]]

In 1918, [[Lowell Thomas]] went to Jerusalem where he met Lawrence, "whose enigmatic figure in Arab uniform fired his imagination", in the words of author Rex Hall.<ref name="Hall, Rex 1975 120–121">{{cite book| author = Hall, Rex | date=1975| title= The Desert Hath Pearls| location=Melbourne| publisher= Hawthorn Press| pages= 120–121}}</ref> Thomas and his cameraman Harry Chase shot a great deal of film and many photographs involving Lawrence. Thomas produced a stage presentation entitled ''With Allenby in Palestine'' which included a lecture, dancing, and music{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=86}} and depicted the Middle East as exotic, mysterious, sensuous, and violent.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=86}}
The show premiered in New York in March 1919.{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=283}} He was invited to take his show to England, and he agreed to do so provided that he was personally invited by the King and provided the use of either [[Drury Lane]] or [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]].{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=274}} He opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919 and continued for hundreds of lectures, "attended by the highest in the land".<ref name="Hall, Rex 1975 120–121"/>{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=284}}

Initially, Lawrence played only a supporting role in the show, as the main focus was on Allenby's campaigns; but then Thomas realised that it was the photos of Lawrence dressed as a Bedouin which had captured the public's imagination, so he had Lawrence photographed again in London in Arab dress.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=86}} With the new photos, Thomas re-launched his show under the new title ''With Allenby in Palestine and Lawrence in Arabia'' in early 1920, which proved to be extremely popular.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=86}} The new title elevated Lawrence from a supporting role to a co-star of the Near Eastern campaign and reflected a changed emphasis. Thomas' shows made the previously obscure Lawrence into a household name.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=86}} Lawrence worked with Thomas on the creation of the presentation, answering many questions and posing for many photographs.{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=108}} After its success, however, he expressed regret about having been featured in it.{{sfn|Aldington|1955|pp=293, 295}}

[[File:FeisalPartyAtVersaillesCopy.jpg|left|thumb|Emir [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal's]] party at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], during the [[Paris Peace Conference of 1919]]; left to right: [[Rustum Haidar]], [[Nuri al-Said]], [[Faisal I of Iraq|Prince Faisal]] (front), [[Rosario Pisani|Captain Pisani (rear)]], Lawrence, Faisal's servant (name unknown), Captain Hassan Khadri]]
Lawrence served as an advisor to [[Winston Churchill]] at the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Office]] for just over a year starting in February 1920.{{sfn|Korda|2010|pp=513, 515}} He hated bureaucratic work, writing on 21 May 1921 to [[Robert Graves]]: "I wish I hadn't gone out there: the Arabs are like a page I have turned over; and sequels are rotten things. I'm locked up here: office every day and much of it".<ref>[[Klieman, Aaron]] "Lawrence as a Bureaucrat" pages 243–268 from ''The T. E. Lawrence Puzzle'' edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 253.</ref> He travelled to the Middle East on multiple occasions during this period, at one time holding the title of "chief political officer for [[Emirate of Transjordan|Trans-Jordania]]".{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=519}} He campaigned for his and Churchill's vision of the Middle East, publishing pieces in multiple newspapers, including ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The Observer]]'', ''[[Daily Mail|The Daily Mail]]'', and ''[[Daily Express|The Daily Express]]''.{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=505}}

Lawrence had a sinister reputation in France during his lifetime and even today as an implacable "enemy of France", the man who was constantly stirring up the Syrians to rebel against [[Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French rule]] throughout the 1920s.<ref>Larès, Maurice "T. E. Lawrence and France: Friends or Foes?" pages 220–242 from ''The T. E. Lawrence Puzzle'' edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 224 & 236–237.</ref> However, French historian Maurice Larès wrote that the real reason for France's problems in Syria was that the Syrians did not want to be ruled by France, and the French needed a scapegoat to blame for their difficulties in ruling the country.<ref name="Larès pages 220">Larès, Maurice "T. E. Lawrence and France: Friends or Foes?" pages 220–242 from ''The T. E. Lawrence Puzzle'' edited by Stephen Tabachnick, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984 page 236.</ref> Larès wrote that Lawrence is usually pictured in France as a Francophobe, but he was really a Francophile.<ref name="Larès pages 220"/>

[[File:Samuelarrival.jpg|thumb|upright|Lawrence, [[Emir Abdullah]], Air Marshal Sir [[Geoffrey Salmond]], Sir [[Wyndham Deedes]], and others in Jerusalem]]
Having seen and admired the effective use of air power during the war,<ref name=rsd>{{Cite journal|last=Dudney|first=Robert S.|date=April 2012|title=Lawrence of Airpower|url=https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2012/April%202012/0412lawrence.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2012/April%202012/0412lawrence.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live|journal=[[Air Force Magazine]]|pages=66–70}}</ref> Lawrence enlisted in the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman, under the name ''John Hume Ross'' in August 1922.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=332}} At the RAF recruiting centre in Covent Garden, London, he was interviewed by recruiting officer Flying Officer [[W. E. Johns]], later known as the author of the [[Biggles]] series of novels.<ref>Biography of Johns, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''</ref> Johns rejected Lawrence's application, as he suspected that "Ross" was a false name. Lawrence admitted that this was so and that he had provided false documents. He left, but returned some time later with an RAF messenger who carried a written order that Johns must accept Lawrence.{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=55}}

However, Lawrence was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to ''T. E. Shaw'' (apparently as a consequence of his friendship with [[George Bernard Shaw]] and Charlotte Shaw{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=577}}) and joined the [[Royal Tank Corps]] later that year.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=710}} He was unhappy there and repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally readmitted him in August 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/index.jsp?articleid=8998 |title=T. E. Lawrence |date=23 October 2007 |publisher=London Borough of Hillingdon |access-date=12 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104195535/http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/index.jsp?articleid=8998 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of ''[[Revolt in the Desert]]'' resulted in his assignment to bases at [[Karachi]] and [[Miramshah]] in [[British Raj|British India]] (now Pakistan) in late 1926,<ref name="SydneySmith">{{cite book |last1=Sydney Smith |first1=Clare |title=The Golden Reign – The story of my friendship with Lawrence of Arabia |date=1940 |publisher=Cassell & Company |location=London |page=16}}</ref>{{sfn|Korda|2010|pp=620, 631}} where he remained until the end of 1928. At that time, he was forced to return to Britain after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities.<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=27 September 1928|page=1|title=Report Lawrence now a Muslim Saint, Spying on the Bolshevist Agents in India}}</ref>

He purchased several small plots of land in [[Chingford]], built a hut and swimming pool there, and visited frequently. The hut was removed in 1930 when Chingford Urban District Council acquired the land; it was given to the [[City of London Corporation]] which re-erected it in the grounds of The Warren, [[Loughton]]. Lawrence's tenure of the Chingford land has now been commemorated by a plaque fixed on the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] sighting obelisk on [[Pole Hill]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telsociety.org.uk/places-to-visit/pole-hill/|title=Pole Hill|publisher=T. E. Lawrence Society|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Lawrence of Arabia Brough Superior gif.gif|thumb|left|Lawrence on the [[Brough Superior SS100]] that he called "George V"]]

Lawrence continued serving at several RAF bases, notably at [[RAF Mount Batten]] near Plymouth, [[RAF Calshot]] near Southampton,{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=850–851}} and [[RAF Bridlington]] in the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]].{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=400–405}} In the inter-war period, the RAF's [[Royal Air Force Marine Branch|Marine Craft Section]] began to commission air-sea rescue launches capable of higher speeds and greater capacity. The arrival of high-speed craft into the MCS was driven in part by Lawrence. He had previously witnessed a seaplane crew drowning when the [[seaplane tender]] sent to their rescue was too slow in arriving. He worked with [[Hubert Scott-Paine]], the founder of the [[British Power Boat Company]] (BPBC), to introduce the {{convert|37.5|ft|m|1|abbr=out|adj=on}} long ST 200 Seaplane Tender Mk1 into service. These boats had a range of {{Convert|140|mi|km|abbr=out}} when cruising at 24 knots and could achieve a top speed of 29 knots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telawrencestudies.org/telawrencestudies/service_years/high-speed_craft.htm |title=Notes on the introduction to the RAF of high-speed craft |publisher=T. E. Lawrence Studies |access-date=11 April 2011 |last=Beauforte-Greenwood |first=W. E. G |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527002054/http://telawrencestudies.org/telawrencestudies/service_years/high-speed_craft.htm |url-status=usurped}}</ref>{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=642}}

He professed happiness, and he left the service with considerable regret at the end of his enlistment in March 1935.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/day-1935-death-lawrence-arabia/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/19/day-1935-death-lawrence-arabia/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=On this day in 1935: The death of Lawrence of Arabia|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=19 May 2017|access-date=19 January 2020|last1=Selwood|first1=Dominic}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In a tribute to Lawrence in 1936 Churchill wrote:
{{blockquote|He saw as clearly as anyone the vision of airpower and all that it would mean in traffic and war. ... He felt that in living the life of a private in the Royal Air Force he would dignify that honorable calling and help to attract all that is keenest in our youthful manhood to the sphere where it is most urgently needed. For this service and example, ... we owe him a separate debt. It was in itself a princely gift.<ref name=rsd/>}}

==Death==
[[File:The grave of T. E. Lawrence in the separate churchyard of St Nicholas' Church, Moreton.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Lawrence's grave is in the separate churchyard of [[St Nicholas' Church, Moreton]], Dorset. ''[[Dominus illuminatio mea]]'', from [[Psalm 27]], is the motto of the [[University of Oxford]]; it translates as "The Lord is my light." The verse on the headstone is {{bibleverse|John|5:25|KJV}}.]]
Lawrence was a keen motorcyclist and owned eight [[Brough Superior]] motorcycles at different times.<ref name="Tragatsch">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00trag/page/95 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Motorcycles |date=1979 |publisher=New Burlington Books |isbn=978-0-906286-07-4 |editor=Erwin Tragatsch |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00trag/page/95 95]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lawrence of Arabia |url=http://www.brough-superior.com/ws/frontend/seite/SeiteCms.php?coId=263&coType=navigation1 |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref> His last SS100 (Registration GW 2275) is privately owned but has been on loan to the [[National Motor Museum, Beaulieu]]<ref>[http://www.broughsuperiorclub.com/pages/news/tel_brough/tel_brough.htm Brough Superior Club>] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003220310/http://www.broughsuperiorclub.com/pages/news/tel_brough/tel_brough.htm|date=3 October 2011}}. Retrieved 5 May 2008.</ref> and the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2013 |title=Lawrence of Arabia? We're more into the Taliban now |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/londoners-diary/lawrence-of-arabia-we-re-more-into-the-taliban-now-8509967.html |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=London Evening Standard}}</ref> In 1934, he motorcycled over 200 miles from [[Manchester]] to [[Winchester]] to meet [[Eugène Vinaver]], editor of the [[Winchester Manuscript]] of [[Thomas Malory]]'s ''[[Le Morte d'Arthur]]'',<ref>Walter F. Oakeshott (1963). "The Finding of the Manuscript," ''Essays on Malory'', J. A. W. Bennett, ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 93: 1—6).</ref> a book which he admired and carried on his campaigns.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=42}}

On 13 May 1935, Lawrence was fatally injured in an accident on his [[Brough Superior SS100]] motorcycle in [[Dorset]] close to his cottage [[Clouds Hill]], near [[Bovington Camp]], just two months after leaving military service.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=409}} A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars.<ref name="BBC Lawrence">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/oxford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8130000/8130638.stm |publisher=BBC |title=T.E. Lawrence, To Arabia and back |access-date=24 August 2013}}</ref> He died six days later on 19 May 1935, aged 46.<ref name="BBC Lawrence" /> The location of the crash is marked by a small memorial at the roadside.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telsociety.org.uk/places-to-visit/dorset/|title=Dorset|publisher=T. E. Lawrence Society|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref> One of the doctors attending him was neurosurgeon [[Hugh Cairns (surgeon)|Hugh Cairns]], who consequently began a long study of the loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of [[crash helmet]]s by both military and civilian motorcyclists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maartens |first1=Nicholas F. |last2=Wills |first2=Andrew D. |last3=Adams |first3=Christopher B.T. |title=Lawrence of Arabia, Sir Hugh Cairns, and the Origin of Motorcycle Helmets |journal=Neurosurgery |date=1 January 2002 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=176–180 |doi=10.1097/00006123-200201000-00026 |pmid=11844248 |s2cid=28233149 }}</ref>

The [[Moreton, Dorset|Moreton]] estate borders Bovington Camp, and Lawrence bought Clouds Hill from his cousins, the Frampton family. He had been a frequent visitor to their home, Oakers Wood House, and had corresponded with Louisa Frampton for years. Lawrence's mother arranged with the Framptons to have his body buried in their family plot in the separate burial ground of [[St Nicholas' Church, Moreton]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kerrigan|first=Michael|title=Who Lies Where – A guide to famous graves|year=1998|publisher=Fourth Estate Limited|location=London|isbn=978-1-85702-258-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/wholieswhereguid00kerr/page/51 51]|url=https://archive.org/details/wholieswhereguid00kerr/page/51}}</ref><ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2. McFarland & Company (2016) {{ISBN|0786479922}}</ref> The coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier. Mourners included Winston Churchill, [[E. M. Forster]], [[Lady Astor]], and Lawrence's youngest brother Arnold.<ref>Moffat, W. "A Great Unrecorded History: A New Life of E.M. Forster", p. 240</ref> Churchill described him like this: "Lawrence was one of those beings whose pace of life was faster and more intense than what is normal."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-07 |title=Winston Churchill and T. E. Lawrence: a brilliant friendship |url=https://www.thearticle.com/winston-churchill-and-t-e-lawrence-a-brilliant-friendship |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=TheArticle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/lawrenceofarabia/players/churchill2.html|title=Winston Churchill|publisher=PBS|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>

The inquest into Lawrence's death was conducted hurriedly and there was conflicting testimony, particularly in the report of a "black car" which may or may not have been present at the scene of the accident, and the behaviour of the bicycling boys.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NiA7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |title=Another Life: Lawrence After Arabia|publisher=History Press|first= Andrew R. B.|last= Simpson|year=2011|isbn=978-0752466446|pages=244–252}}</ref> Some have speculated that Lawrence was assassinated but, due to a lack of supporting evidence, it is generally accepted that his death was an accident.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=NiA7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA263 |title=Another Life: Lawrence After Arabia|publisher=History Press|first= Andrew R. B.|last= Simpson|year=2011|isbn=978-0752466446|pages=283}}</ref>

==Writings==
{{further|English translations of Homer#Lawrence}}

Lawrence was a prolific writer throughout his life, a large portion of which was [[wikt:epistolary|epistolary]]; he often sent several letters a day, and a number of collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including [[George Bernard Shaw]], [[Edward Elgar]], Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, [[Noël Coward]], E. M. Forster, [[Siegfried Sassoon]], [[John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir|John Buchan]], [[Augustus John]], and [[Henry Williamson]].{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=327}} He met [[Joseph Conrad]] and commented perceptively on his works. Lawrence sent many letters to Shaw's wife, [[Charlotte Payne-Townshend|Charlotte]].<ref name="C-Shaw-Letters">{{cite book|author= T. E. Lawrence| title= Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw, 1922–1926 | volume= 1 |editor=Jeremy and Nicole Wilson |publisher= Castle Hill Press|year=2000}} Foreword by Jeremy Wilson.</ref>

Lawrence was a competent speaker of French and Arabic, and reader of Latin and [[Ancient Greek]].{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=137}} Lawrence published three major texts in his lifetime. The most significant was his account of the Arab Revolt in ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=246}} [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'' and [[The Forest Giant (book)|''The Forest Giant'']] were translations, the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction.{{sfn|Mack|1976|pp=319, 332}} He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the first.{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=132}}

===''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''===
{{main|Seven Pillars of Wisdom}}
[[File:Thomas Edward Lawrence-London Barton St.JPG|thumb|upright|left|14 [[Barton Street and Cowley Street, Westminster|Barton Street, Westminster]], London, where Lawrence lived while writing ''Seven Pillars'']]

Lawrence's major work is ''[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]'', an account of his war experiences. In 1919, he was elected to a seven-year research fellowship at [[All Souls College, Oxford]], providing him with support while he worked on the book.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=616}} Certain parts of the book also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. He rewrote ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' three times, once "blind" after he lost the manuscript.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/found-lawrence-of-arabias-lost-text-1266823.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/found-lawrence-of-arabias-lost-text-1266823.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Found: Lawrence of Arabia's lost text|date=13 April 1997|work=The Independent|access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

There are many alleged "embellishments" in ''Seven Pillars'', though some allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's [[Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence|authorised biography]].{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=4}} However, Lawrence's own notebooks refute his claim to have crossed the [[Sinai Peninsula]] from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep. In reality, this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping, which Lawrence omitted when he wrote his book.{{sfn|Asher|1998|p=259}}

In the preface, Lawrence acknowledged George Bernard Shaw's help in editing the book. The first edition was published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition, printed in London by [[Herbert John Hodgson]] and Roy Manning Pike, with illustrations by [[Eric Kennington]], Augustus John, [[Paul Nash (artist)|Paul Nash]], [[Blair Hughes-Stanton]],{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=759, 770}} and Hughes-Stanton's wife [[Gertrude Hermes]]. Lawrence was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs,{{sfn|Graves|1928|loc=chpt. 30}} leaving him in substantial debt.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=323}} He always took care not to give the impression that he had profited economically from the Arab revolt. In a 'deleted chapter' of the ''Seven Pillars'' which reappeared in 2022, Lawrence wrote:

{{blockquote|For my work on the Arab front I had determined to accept nothing. The cabinet raised the Arabs to fight for us by definite promises of self-government afterwards. Arabs believe in persons, not in institutions. They saw in me a free agent of the British government, and demanded from me an endorsement of its written promises. So I had to join the conspiracy, and, for what my word was worth, assured the men of their reward. In our two years' partnership under fire they grew accustomed to believing me and to think my government, like myself, sincere. In this hope they performed some fine things but, of course, instead of being proud of what we did together, I was continually and bitterly ashamed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revealed: T.E. Lawrence felt 'bitter shame' over UK's false promises of Arab self-rule |last=Barnett |first=David |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/30/revealed-te-lawrence-felt-bitter-shame-over-uks-false-promises-of-arab-self-rule |work=The Guardian |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref>}}

As a specialist in the Middle East, [[Fred Halliday]] praised Lawrence's ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' as a "fine work of prose" but described its relevance to the study of Arab history and society as "almost worthless."<ref>Halliday, ''100 Myths About the Middle East'', 2005, p. 147, {{ISBN|0-86356-529-8}}.</ref>

[[Stanford University|Stanford]] historian [[Priya Satia]] observes that ''Seven Pillars'' presents the Middle East with a broadly positive, yet 'Orientalist' perspective. Lawrence's romanticised and vivid depictions transformed him into a sought-after symbol of Britain's leadership and goodwill in the Middle East. This occurred during a time when Britain's global influence was waning, and the nation was grappling with the aftermath of the First World War. Therefore, his "...books evoked a vision of redemption from the troubled spirit of the age" and offered a "reassurance of continuity" with Britain's triumphant history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Satia |first=Priya |title=Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East |date=Apr 2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |pages=190–203}}</ref>

===''Revolt in the Desert''===
''[[Revolt in the Desert]]'' was an abridged version of ''Seven Pillars'' that he began in 1926 and that was published in March 1927 in both limited and trade editions.<ref>''Grand Strategies; Literature, Statecraft, and World Order'', Yale University Press, 2010, p. 8.</ref> He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to ''Seven Pillars'' who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from ''Seven Pillars'' was paid off.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=786}} As Lawrence left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D. G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of ''Revolt in the Desert''. He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if ''Revolt'' turned out a best seller."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telstudies.org/writings/letters/1927/270407_hogarth.shtml|title=T.E. Lawrence to D. G. Hogarth|date=7 April 1927|publisher=T. E. Lawrence Society|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=3 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803170754/http://www.telstudies.org/writings/letters/1927/270407_hogarth.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The resultant trust paid off the debt, and Lawrence then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgement in the United Kingdom. However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=786}} The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the [[RAF Benevolent Fund]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICT5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT96|title=T.E. Lawrence: Tormented Hero|first= Andrew|last= Norman|publisher=Fonthill Media |year=2014|isbn=978-1781550199}}</ref>

===Posthumous===
Lawrence left ''[[The Mint (book)|The Mint]]'' unpublished,<ref>Doubleday, Doran & Co, New York, 1936; rprnt Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1984 {{ISBN|0-14-004505-8}}</ref> a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force (RAF). For this, he worked from a notebook that he kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=810}} The book is stylistically different from ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'', using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in ''Seven Pillars''. It was published posthumously, edited by his brother [[A. W. Lawrence|Arnold]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mint, by 352087 A/c Ross A Day-book of the R.A.F. Depot between August and December 1922|first=T. E.|last=Lawrence|publisher=Jonathan Cape|year=1955}}</ref>

After Lawrence's death, Arnold Lawrence inherited Lawrence's estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the US copyright of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' (subscribers' text) outright to [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday Doran]] in 1935.{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=134}} Doubleday controlled publication rights of this version of the text of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' in the US until the copyright expired at the end of 2022 (publication plus 95 years). In 1936, A. W. Lawrence split the remaining assets of the estate, giving Clouds Hill and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], and then set up two trusts to control interests in his brother's residual copyrights.<ref name=SPOWF>{{cite web |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom Fund |url=https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=92933 |website=Research.britishmuseum.org |publisher=British Museum |access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> He assigned the copyright in ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' to the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust,<ref>{{EW charity |208669|Seven Pillars Of Wisdom Trust}}</ref> and it was given its first general publication as a result.{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=133}} He assigned the copyright in ''The Mint'' and all Lawrence's letters to the Letters and Symposium Trust,{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=134}} which he edited and published in the book ''T. E. Lawrence by his Friends'' in 1937. The work contained recollections and reminiscences by a large number of Lawrence's friends and colleagues.{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=134}}

A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent Fund and to archaeological, environmental, and academic projects.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=774}} The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986, and the unified trust acquired all the remaining rights to Lawrence's works that it had not owned on the death of A. W. Lawrence in 1991, plus rights to all of A. W. Lawrence's works.<ref name=SPOWF/> The UK copyrights on Lawrence's works published in his lifetime and within 20 years of his death expired on 1 January 2006. Works published more than 20 years after his death were protected for 50 years from publication or to 1 January 2040, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telstudies.org/writings/tel_uk_copyright.shtml |title=British copyright law and T.E. Lawrence's writings |publisher=T.E. Lawrence Society |access-date=19 January 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205094137/http://www.telstudies.org/writings/tel_uk_copyright.shtml |archive-date=5 December 2019}}</ref>

== Published works ==
===Autobiographical and war books===
* ''The 1911 Diary of a Journey across the [[Euphrates]] ''
* ''Military Report on the Sinai Peninsula'' (1914) restricted publication by the War Office General Staff. Published by Castle Hill Press (1990)
* ''Military Handbook on Palestine'' (1917)
* ''Arab Memorandum to the Paris Peace Conference'' (1919)
* ''Sidelights on the Arab War'' (1919) - article published in ''The Times'' on 4 September 1919.
* ''[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]],'' (1922, revised and shortened in 1926) - an account of Lawrence's part in the Arab Revolt. ({{ISBN|0-8488-0562-3}})
* ''Revolt in the Desert,'' a further abridged version of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' published for the general public. ({{ISBN|1-56619-275-7}})
* ''Guerrilla Warfare'', article in the 1929 ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lawrence|first1=T. E.|title=Guerilla Warfare|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/T-E-Lawrence-on-guerrilla-warfare-1984900|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref>

====Posthumous books and collections====
* ''Crusader Castles'', Lawrence's Oxford BA thesis in 1910. London: Michael Haag 1986 ({{ISBN|0-902743-53-8}}). The first edition was published in London in 1936 by the [[Golden Cockerel Press]], in 2 volumes, limited to 1000 copies.
* ''[[The Mint (book)|The Mint]],'' (1955) - an account of Lawrence's service in the Royal Air Force. ({{ISBN|0-393-00196-2}})
* ''Myself'' - obituary published in the ''Evening Standard'' 
* ''Oriental Assembly'' (1939)
* ''Secret Despatches from Arabia'' (1939) - expanded as ''Wartime Diaries and Letters'' (1990)
* ''The Essential T.E. Lawrence'' (1951)
* ''The Evolution of a Revolt: Early Post-War Writings'' (1968)
* ''Towards 'An English Fourth''' (2009)
* ''The Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force''
* ''War in the Desert'' (2016) - the abandoned abridgement of the 1922 Oxford Text of [[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]] that has never been published before, co-authored with [[Edward Garnett]] (Edited by Nicole and [[Jeremy Wilson]])

====Selected correspondence====
* ''Letters from T.E. Shaw to Viscount Carlow'' (1936) - 17 privately printed copies
* ''The Letters of T.E. Lawrence'' edited by [[David Garnett]]. (1938, corrected edition - 1964)
* ''T.E. Lawrence to his Biographer Robert Graves'', edited by [[Robert Graves]] and B. H. Liddell Hart
* ''The Letters of T.E. Lawrence'' selected and edited by Malcolm Brown. London, J. M Dent. 1988 ({{ISBN|0-460-04733-7}})
*Eight Letters from T.E.L. [to Harley Granville-Barker] - Privately printed, 1939, fifty copies.
*C. Sydney Smith, The Golden Reign (Contains fifty letters from Lawrence to Sydney Smith) London, Cassell, 1940.
*[[H. S. Ede]] (ed.), Shaw—Ede, T.E. Lawrence's Letters to H. S. Ede 1927-1935 London, Golden Cockerel Press, 1942, 500 copies.
*M. R. Lawrence (ed.), The Home Letters of T.E. Lawrence and his Brothers Oxford, Basil Blackwell; NY, Macmillan, 1954
*T.E.L. Five Hitherto Unpublished Letters [to R. V. Buxton] - Privately printed, 1975, fifty copies.
*[[H. Montgomery Hyde]], Solitary in the Ranks, Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier (An account of Lawrence's service life built around his correspondence with Lord Trenchard.) London, Constable, 1977; New York, Atheneum, 1978.

'''Edited by Jeremy and Nicole Wilson, Castle Hill Press'''
#Letters from T.E. Lawrence to E.T. Leeds Andoversford (1988). Whittington Press
# ''T.E. Lawrence. Letters''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.castlehillpress.com/|title=Castle Hill Press|website=www.castlehillpress.com|access-date=20 October 2009|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008073846/http://www.castlehillpress.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# ''Correspondence with Bernard and Charlotte Shaw'' (4 volumes) (1922–35)
# ''Boats for the RAF'' (1929–35)
# ''Correspondence with [[E. M. Forster]] and F.L. Lucas''
# ''More Correspondence with Writers''
# ''Correspondence with Edward and David Garnett''
# ''Correspondence with [[Henry Williamson]]''
# ''Correspondence with the Political Elite 1922-1935''
# ''Translating the Bruce Rogers Odyssey''
# ''T.E. Lawrence, Bruce Rogers, and Homer’s Odyssey''
# ''Printing and Illustrating [[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]''

===Archaeological books (co-authored with Leonard Woolley) ===
* ''The Wilderness of Zin'' London, Harrison and Sons, (1914)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_title.pl?callnum=DS111.A1P28_vol3_cop1|title=EOS|website=www3.lib.uchicago.edu|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717131844/http://www3.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_title.pl?callnum=DS111.A1P28_vol3_cop1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Carchemish - Report on the Excavations at Djerabis on Behalf of the British Museum'' (1914) - 2 volumes

===Essays and literary criticism===
* ''Men in Print'' (1940)

===Poetry===
* ''Minorities: Good Poems by Small Poets and Small Poems by Good Poets'', edited by Jeremy Wilson, 1971. Lawrence's [[commonplace book]] includes an introduction by Wilson that explains how the poems comprising the book reflected Lawrence's life and thoughts.

===As editor===
* ''Garroot: Adventures of a Clydeside Apprentice'' (1933) by Ian McKinnon (Pseudonym: I. Tyre). London. Jonathan Cape

===English translations===
* ''[[The Odyssey]] of [[Homer]]'' - translation from the Ancient Greek, first published in 1932. ({{ISBN|0-19-506818-1}})
* ''A Poem'' by [[Faisal I of Iraq]] Translation from the Arabic
* ''2 Arabic Folktales'' (1937) - posthumously published translation from the Arabic
* ''[[The Forest Giant]]'' by Adrien Le Corbeau, novel, translation from the French, 1924.

==Sexuality==
[[File:TE-Lawrence.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Lawrence in Miranshah 1928]]

Lawrence's biographers have discussed his sexuality at considerable length and this discussion has spilled into the popular press.<ref>''[[The Sunday Times]]'' pieces appeared on 9, 16, 23, and 30&nbsp;June 1968, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce.</ref> There is no direct evidence for consensual sexual intimacy between Lawrence and any person. His friends have expressed the opinion that he was [[Asexuality|asexual]],<ref>Lawrence, A. W. (1937) quoting E. H. R. Altounyan</ref>{{sfn|Knightley|Simpson|1970|p=29}} and Lawrence himself specifically denied any personal experience of sex in multiple private letters.<ref>Brown (1988) letters to [[E. M. Forster]], 21&nbsp;Dec 1927; [[Robert Graves]], 6&nbsp;Nov 1928; [[F. L. Lucas]], 26&nbsp;March 1929.</ref> There were suggestions that Lawrence had been intimate with his companion Selim Ahmed, "Dahoum", who worked with him at a pre-war archaeological dig in Carchemish,{{sfn|Lawrence|1937|p=89|ps=: quoting Leonard Woolley}} and fellow serviceman R. A. M. Guy,{{sfn|Wilson|1989|loc=chpt. 32}} but his biographers and contemporaries found them unconvincing.{{sfn|Lawrence|1937|p=89|ps=: quoting Leonard Woolley}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|loc=chpt. 32}}{{sfn|Wilson|1989|loc=chpt. 27}}

The dedication to his book ''Seven Pillars'' is a poem titled "To S.A." which opens:{{sfn|Lawrence|1926|p=vi}}

{{Poem quote|I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my hands
and wrote my will across the sky in stars
To earn you Freedom, the seven-pillared worthy house,
that your eyes might be shining for me
When we came.}}

[[File:Dahoum - Selim Ahmed 2.jpg|thumb|Selim "Dahoum" Ahmed]]

Lawrence was never specific about the identity of "S.A." Many theories argue in favour of individual men or women, and the Arab nation as a whole.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=673}} The most popular theory is that S.A. represents (at least in part) Dahoum, who apparently died of [[typhus]] before 1918.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|p=544}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Yagitani |first=Ryoko |title=An 'S.A.' Mystery |website=yagitani.na.coocan.jp |url=http://yagitani.na.coocan.jp/en/tpc_en12.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Benson-Gyles |first=Dick |date=2016 |title=The Boy in the Mask: The hidden world of Lawrence of Arabia |publisher=The Lilliput Press}} Benson-Gyles argues for Farida Al-Akle, a Lebanese woman from [[Byblos]] (now in Lebanon) who taught Arabic to Lawrence prior to his architectural career.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://lavanguardia.com/internacional/20160516/401820097105/maestra-lawrence-de-arabia.html|last=La Vanguardia|title=La maestra de Lawrence de Arabia|publisher=La Vanguardia|location=Barcelona|date=16 May 2016|accessdate=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Korda|2010|p=498}}

Lawrence lived in a period of strong official opposition to homosexuality, but his writing on the subject was tolerant. He wrote to Charlotte Shaw, "I've seen lots of man-and-man loves: very lovely and fortunate some of them were."{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=425|ps=: letter to Charlotte Shaw}} He refers to "the openness and honesty of perfect love" on one occasion in ''Seven Pillars'', when discussing relationships between young male fighters in the war.{{sfn|Lawrence|1926|p=508}} The passage in the front matter is referred to with the single-word tag "Sex".{{sfn|Lawrence|1935|pp=508–509}}

He wrote in Chapter&nbsp;1 of ''Seven Pillars'':

{{Blockquote|In horror of such sordid commerce [diseased female prostitutes] our youths began indifferently to slake one another's few needs in their own clean bodies — a cold convenience that, by comparison, seemed sexless and even pure. Later, some began to justify this sterile process, and swore that friends quivering together in the yielding sand with intimate hot limbs in supreme embrace, found there hidden in the darkness a sensual co-efficient of the mental passion which was welding our souls and spirits in one flaming effort [to secure Arab independence]. Several, thirsting to punish appetites they could not wholly prevent, took a savage pride in degrading the body, and offered themselves fiercely in any habit which promised physical pain or filth.<ref>{{cite book |first=T.E. |last=Lawrence |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom |section=Introduction, Chapter&nbsp;1 |section-url=http://www.limpidsoft.com/small/sevenpillars.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823223534/http://www.limpidsoft.com/small/sevenpillars.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

There is considerable evidence that Lawrence was a [[Sadomasochism|masochist]]. He wrote in his description of the Dera'a beating that "a delicious warmth, probably sexual, was swelling through me," and he also included a detailed description of the guards' whip in a style typical of masochists' writing.{{sfn|Knightley|Simpson|1970|p=221}} In later life, Lawrence arranged to pay a military colleague to administer beatings to him,<ref name="TimesBruce">{{cite news | last1 = Simpson | first1 = Colin | last2 = Knightley | first2 = Phillip | newspaper = [[The Sunday Times]] |date=June 1968 |title=John Bruce}} (The pieces appeared on 9, 16, 23, and 30&nbsp;June 1968, and were based mostly on the narrative of John Bruce.)</ref> and to be subjected to severe formal tests of fitness and stamina.{{sfn|Knightley|Simpson|1970|p=29}} John Bruce first wrote on this topic, including some other statements that were not credible, but Lawrence's biographers regard the beatings as established fact.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|loc=chpt. 34}} French novelist [[André Malraux]] admired Lawrence but wrote that he had a "taste for self-humiliation, now by discipline and now by veneration; a horror of respectability; a disgust for possessions".{{sfn|Tabachnick|1984|p=134}} Biographer [[Lawrence James]] wrote that the evidence suggested a "strong homosexual masochism", noting that he never sought punishment from women.<ref>{{cite book |first=E. L. |last=James |author-link=Lawrence James |date=2005 |title=The Golden Warrior: The life and legend of Lawrence of Arabia |publisher=Abacus |page=263}}</ref>

Psychiatrist [[John E. Mack]] sees a possible connection between Lawrence's masochism and the childhood beatings that he had received from his mother{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=420}} for routine misbehaviours.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=33}} His brother Arnold thought that the beatings had been given for the purpose of breaking his brother's will.{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=33}} [[Angus Calder]] suggested in 1997 that Lawrence's apparent masochism and self-loathing might have stemmed from a [[Survivor guilt|sense of guilt]] over losing his brothers Frank and Will on the Western Front, along with many other school friends, while he survived.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lawrence | first = T.E. | others = [[Angus Calder|Calder, A.]] (Introduction) | year = 1997 | title = Seven Pillars of Wisdom | series = Wordsworth Classics of World Literature | pages = vi–vii | publisher = Wordsworth | isbn = 978-1853264696}} [[Angus Calder|Calder]] writes in the "Introduction" that returning soldiers often felt intense guilt at having survived, when others did not – even to the point of self-harm.</ref>

==Aldington controversy==
In 1955 [[Richard Aldington]] published ''Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry'', a sustained attack on Lawrence's character, writing, accomplishments, and truthfulness. Aldington alleged that Lawrence lied and exaggerated continuously ("''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' is rather a work of quasi-fiction than history",{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=13}} "It was seldom that he reported any fact or episode involving himself without embellishing them and indeed in some cases entirely inventing them."),{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=27}} that he promoted a misguided policy in the Middle East, that his strategy of containing but not capturing Medina was incorrect, and that ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' was a bad book with few redeeming features.{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=2}}

Aldington argued that the French colonial administration of Syria (resisted by Lawrence) had benefited that country{{sfn|Aldington|1955|pp=266–267}} and that Arabia's peoples were "far enough advanced for some government though not for complete self-government."{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=253}} He was also a Francophile, railing against Lawrence's "Francophobia, a hatred and an envy so irrational, so irresponsible and so unscrupulous that it is fair to say his attitude towards Syria was determined more by hatred of France than by devotion to the 'Arabs' – a convenient propaganda word which grouped many disharmonious and even mutually hostile tribes and peoples."{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=134}}

Aldington wrote that Lawrence embellished many stories and invented others, and in particular that his claims involving numbers were usually inflated – for example claims of having read 50,000&nbsp;books in the Oxford Union library,{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=47}} of having blown up 79&nbsp;bridges,{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=181}} of having had a price of £50,000 on his head,{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=221}} and of having suffered 60&nbsp;or more injuries.{{sfn|Aldington|1955|p=227, 376}}

Prior to the publication of Aldington's book, its contents became known in London's literary community. A group Aldington and some subsequent authors referred to as "The Lawrence Bureau",{{sfn|Aldington|1955|pp=25–26}} led by [[B. H. Liddell Hart]],{{sfn|Crawford|1998|p=66}} tried energetically, starting in 1954, to have the book suppressed.<ref>{{cite news |title=T.E. Lawrence issue rallies his friends |date=February 15, 1954 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/02/15/84610820.html?pageNumber=21 |access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> When that effort failed, Hart prepared and distributed hundreds of copies of ''Aldington's 'Lawrence': His Charges – and Treatment of the Evidence'', a 7-page single-spaced document.{{sfn|Crawford|1998|p=119}} This worked: Aldington's book received many extremely negative and even abusive reviews, with strong evidence that some reviewers had read Liddell's rebuttal but not Aldington's book.{{sfn|Crawford|1998|pp=xii, 120}}

Notwithstanding the furore caused by Aldington's assault on the Lawrence legend, many of Aldington's specific claims against Lawrence have been accepted by subsequent biographers. In ''Richard Aldington and Lawrence of Arabia: A Cautionary Tale'', Fred D. Crawford writes "Much that shocked in 1955 is now standard knowledge – that TEL was illegitimate, that this profoundly troubled him, that he frequently resented his mother's dominance, that such reminiscences as ''T.E. Lawrence by His Friends'' are not reliable, that TEL's leg-pulling and other adolescent traits could be offensive, that TEL took liberties with the truth in his official reports and ''Seven Pillars'', that the significance of his exploits during the Arab Revolt was more political than military, that he contributed to his own myth, that when he vetted the books by Graves and Liddell Hart he let remain much that he knew was untrue, and that his feelings about publicity were ambiguous."{{sfn|Crawford|1998|p=174}}

This has not prevented most post-Aldington biographers (including Fred D. Crawford, who studied Aldington's claims intensely){{sfn|Crawford|1998|pp=ix–xi}} from expressing strong admiration for Lawrence's military, political, and writing achievements.{{sfn|Wilson|1989|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Mack|1976|p=459}} Despite the generally deprecatory tenor of his "biographical inquiry", Aldington himself was not without words of praise for Lawrence; in outlining his goal of "clearing the ground a little and removing some of the rubbish that lies in the way of knowledge", he says that his doing so is "not to deny that Lawrence was a man of peculiar abilities", and calls him an "extraordinary man".<ref>Lawrence of Arabia, Richard Aldington, Pelican Biographies, 1971, pp. 25-29</ref>

==Awards and commemorations==
[[File:Lawrence Bust in St. Paul.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Eric Kennington]]'s bust of Lawrence in [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London]]
[[File:Church of St Martin, Wareham - T E Lawrence effigy - geograph.org.uk - 722196.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The head of Lawrence's effigy in [[St Martin's Church, Wareham]], Dorset. He is buried in [[Moreton, Dorset]]]]
Lawrence was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 7 August 1917,<ref name=cb/> appointed a [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order]] on 10 May 1918,<ref name=dso/> awarded the [[Légion d'Honneur|Knight of the Legion of Honour]] (France) on 30 May 1916<ref name=loh/> and the [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France) on 16 April 1918.<ref name=cdeg/>

He was [[mentioned in despatches]] by [[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|Sir John Maxwell]] (General Officer Commanding, Egypt) on 16 March 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=29632|supp=3|page=6185|date=21 June 1916}}</ref> by [[Sir Percy Lake]] (Commanding [[Indian Expeditionary Force D]]) on 12 August 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=29782|supp=4|page=9857|date=12 October 1916}}</ref> and by [[Sir Reginald Wingate]] (General Officer Commanding, Hedjaz) on 27 December 1918.<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=31690|supp=5|page=15611|date=15 December 1919}}</ref>

[[King George V]] offered Lawrence a knighthood on 30 October 1918 at a private audience in [[Buckingham Palace]] for his services in the Arab Revolt, but he declined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telstudies.org/biography/chron_1918_2.shtml |title=Outline chronology: 1918 (Oct–Dec) |website=T.E. Lawrence Studies |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605092420/http://www.telstudies.org/biography/chron_1918_2.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Orlans|2002|p=7}} He was unwilling to accept the honour in light of how his country had betrayed the Arabs.<ref>{{cite news| last = Fraser | first = Giles | title = Lawrence of Arabia wouldn't have been surprised by the rise of Isis | newspaper = [[The Guardian]]| date = Apr 8, 2016 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2016/apr/08/lawrence-of-arabia-wouldnt-have-been-surprised-by-the-rise-of-isis| access-date = 2021-06-07 }}</ref>

A bronze bust of Lawrence by Eric Kennington was placed in the crypt of [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London, in January 1936, alongside the tombs of Britain's greatest military leaders.{{sfn|Murphy|2008|p=86}} In 1939, a recumbent stone effigy by Kennington was installed in [[St Martin's Church, Wareham]], Dorset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2006/03/03/st_martins_feature.shtml|title=Dorset's oldest church|date=5 August 2012|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=Richard |last=Knowles |title=Tale of an 'Arabian knight': the T.E. Lawrence effigy |journal=Church Monuments |volume=6 |year=1991 |pages=67–76 }}</ref>

Jesus College commissioned a close parallel of the portrait by Augustus John from the artist [[Alix Jennings]] as their official memorial to Lawrence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thackrah |first=John Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvqeAAAAMAAJ&q=alix+jennings |title=The University and Colleges of Oxford |date=1981 |publisher=Dalton |isbn=978-0-86138-002-2 |pages=116}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=John Norman Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDi7AAAAIAAJ&q=alix+jennings |title=Jesus College, Oxford, 1571-1971 |date=1971 |publisher=Jesus College, Oxford |isbn=978-0-9502164-0-9 |pages=111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7shAQAAIAAJ&q=alix+jennings |title=T.E. Lawrence Symposium Proceedings: A Collection of the Presentations Made at the T.E. Lawrence Symposium, Held May 20-21, 1988, at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, on the Occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Edward Lawrence, the Man and Legend Known as Lawrence of Arabia |date=1988 |publisher=Pepperdine University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TE Lawrence - Jesus College TE Lawrence or Lawrence of Arabia |url=https://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/history/telawrence/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Jesus College}}</ref>

An [[English Heritage]] [[blue plaque]] marks Lawrence's childhood home at 2 Polstead Road, Oxford. Another is on his London home at 14 Barton Street, Westminster.<ref>[http://openplaques.org/plaques/2869 "This house was the home of T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) from 1896–1921"]. Open Plaques. Retrieved 5 August 2012</ref><ref>[http://openplaques.org/plaques/1324 "T.E. Lawrence "Lawrence of Arabia" 1888–1935 lived here]. Open Plaques. Retrieved 5 August 2012</ref> In 2002, Lawrence was named 53rd in the [[BBC]]'s list of the [[100 Greatest Britons]], following a UK-wide vote.<ref>{{cite web|first=Matt | last = Wells|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/22/britishidentityandsociety.television |title=The 100 greatest Britons: lots of pop, not so much circumstance &#124; Media |work=The Guardian |date=22 August 2002 |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, Lawrence was featured on a £5 coin, issued in silver and gold, in a six-coin set commemorating the Centenary of the First World War, produced by the [[Royal Mint]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://onlinecoin.club/Coins/Country/United_Kingdom/Five_Pounds_2018_Lawrence_of_Arabia/ |title=Five Pounds 2018 Lawrence of Arabia |access-date=27 August 2020}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
===Film===
* [[Alexander Korda]] bought the film rights to ''The Seven Pillars'' in the 1930s. The production was in development, with various actors cast as the lead, such as [[Leslie Howard]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30091256 |title=Pictures and Personalities|newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]]|location=Hobart, Tas. |date=15 June 1935 |access-date=7 July 2012 |page=13}}</ref>
* [[Peter O'Toole]] was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his portrayal of Lawrence in the 1962 film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. In 2003, the [[American Film Institute]] ranked his portrayal as the [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains|10th greatest film hero of all time]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-heroes-villians/|title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains|publisher=American Film Institute|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>
* The 1990 television film ''[[A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia]]'', starring [[Ralph Fiennes]] as Lawrence, depicted events after those in ''Lawrence of Arabia'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/a-dangerous-man-lawrence-after-arabia/2030123918/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=TVGuide.com}}</ref>
* Peter O'Toole's portrayal of Lawrence inspired behavioural affectations in the android [[David 8|David]], portrayed by [[Michael Fassbender]] in the 2012 film ''[[Prometheus (2012 film)|Prometheus]]'' and its 2017 sequel ''[[Alien: Covenant]]'', both of which are part of the [[Alien (franchise)|Alien franchise]].<ref>{{cite news | last=McGurk | first=Stuart | date=12 May 2017 | title=Alien: Covenant is great – but the aliens are the worst thing about it | work=[[GQ]] | url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/alien-covenant-review-michael-fassbender | access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Robert Pattinson]] portrays Lawrence in [[Werner Herzog]]'s 2015 film ''[[Queen of the Desert (film)|Queen of the Desert]]'' which centres on Gertrude Bell's time in Arabia and depicts the friendship between the pair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen of the Desert (Official Site) |url=https://queenofthedesertmovie.com/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Queen of the Desert}}</ref>
* The 2021 film ''Lawrence: After Arabia'' discusses and advocates for numerous conspiracy theories surrounding Lawrence's death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawrence After Arabia 2021 {{!}} Lawrence The Movie {{!}} United Kingdom |url=https://www.lawrencethemovie.com/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Lawrence The Movie}}</ref>

===Literature===
* ''The T.E. Lawrence Poems'' was published by Canadian poet [[Gwendolyn MacEwen]] in 1982. The poems rely on, and quote directly from, primary material including ''Seven Pillars'' and the collected letters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jessop |first1=Paula |title=Gwendolyn MacEwen |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gwendolyn-macewen |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
*''Dreaming of Samarkand'', published by Martin Booth in 1989, is a fictionalised account of Lawrence's time in Carchemish, and his relationship with [[James Elroy Flecker]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=David |date=1990-06-03 |title=Loving Lawrence, Hating Arabia : DREAMING OF SAMARKAND by Martin Booth (William Morrow: $19.95; 333 pp.) |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-03-bk-962-story.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
*''The Waters of Babylon,'' published by David Stevens in 2000, is a novel concerning Lawrence's time in the RAF, in which he reflects on his past and enters into a relationship with a (fictional) airman named Slaney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Shaw |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/04/16/reviews/000416.16sackst.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*''Dreamers of the Day,'' written by Mary Doria Russell in 2008, follows fictional protagonist Agnes Shankin as she finds herself involved in the 1921 Cairo Peace Conference, and her interactions with Lawrence, as well as with Winston Churchill and Gertrude Bell.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dreamers of the Day |url=https://marydoriarussell.net/novels/dreamers-of-the-day/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Mary Doria Russell}}</ref>
*''Empire of Sand'', written by Robert Ryan in 2008, is a fictionalised take on his time in Cairo and his clashes with a German spy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Empire of Sand by Robert Ryan - TheBookbag.co.uk book review |url=https://www.thebookbag.co.uk/reviews/Empire_of_Sand_by_Robert_Ryan |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.thebookbag.co.uk}}</ref>
*''George: A Novel of T.E. Lawrence'', written by E.B. Lomax in 2017, postulates on an alternate universe in which Lawrence survived the fatal motorcycle accident with full amnesia of his past.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ThriftBooks |title=George: A Novel of T.E. Lawrence book by E.B. Lomax |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/george-a-novel-of-te-lawrence_eb-lomax/14376037/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=ThriftBooks}}</ref>

===Television===
* Lawrence is a semi-recurring character in the 1992-1993 US TV series ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'', appearing in three different episodes as a friend of Indiana Jones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TheRaider.net - The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles |url=http://www.theraider.net/films/young_indy/chapter_01.php |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.theraider.net}}</ref>
* He was also portrayed in a Syrian series called ''Lawrence Al Arab'', directed by Thaer Mousa in 2008. The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.istikana.com/en/tv_shows/lawrence-alarab|title=Istikana – Lawrence Alarab... Al-Khdi3a – Episode 1|work=Istikana}}</ref>

===Theatre===
* The character of Private Napoleon Meek in George Bernard Shaw's 1931 play ''[[Too True to Be Good]]'' was inspired by Lawrence. Meek is depicted as conversant with the language and lifestyle of the native tribes. He repeatedly enlists with the army, quitting whenever offered a promotion. Lawrence attended a performance of the play's original [[Worcestershire]] run, and reportedly signed autographs for patrons attending the show.{{sfn|Korda|2010|pp=670–671}}
* Lawrence was the subject of [[Terence Rattigan]]'s controversial play ''[[Ross (play)|Ross]]'', which explored Lawrence's alleged homosexuality. ''Ross'' ran in London in 1960–1961, starring [[Alec Guinness]], who was an admirer of Lawrence, and [[Gerald Harper]] as his blackmailer, Dickinson. The play had been written as a screenplay, but the planned film was never made. In January&nbsp;1986 at the [[Theatre Royal, Plymouth]], on the opening night of the revival of ''Ross'', [[Marc Sinden]], who was playing Dickinson (the man who recognised and blackmailed Lawrence, played by [[Simon Ward]]), was introduced to the man on whom the character of Dickinson was based. Sinden asked him why he had blackmailed Ross, and he replied, "Oh, for the money. I was financially embarrassed at the time and needed to get up to London to see a girlfriend. It was never meant to be a big thing, but a good friend of mine was very close to Terence Rattigan and years later, the silly devil told him the story."<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Astor on T.E.'s Pillion?|newspaper=Western Morning News|date=18 October 1986}}</ref>
* [[Alan Bennett]]'s play ''[[Forty Years On (play)|Forty Years On]]'' (1968) includes a satire on Lawrence; known as "Tee Hee Lawrence" because of his high-pitched, girlish giggle. "Clad in the magnificent white silk robes of an Arab prince ... he hoped to pass unnoticed through London. Alas he was mistaken."<ref>{{cite news |last=Boyd |first=William |date=29 April 2016 |title=Lawrence of Arabia: a man in flight from himself |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/apr/29/lawrence-after-arabia-hampstead-theatre-london |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430122228/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/apr/29/lawrence-after-arabia-hampstead-theatre-london |archive-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>
* Lawrence's first year back at Oxford after the War to write was portrayed by Tom Rooney in a play, ''The Oxford Roof Climbers Rebellion'', written by [[Stephen Massicotte]] (premiered Toronto 2006). The play explores Lawrence's reactions to war, and his friendship with Robert Graves. Urban Stages presented the U.S. premiere in New York City in October&nbsp;2007; Lawrence was portrayed by actor Dylan Chalfy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford Roof Climber's Rebellion |edition=paperback |year=2007 |first=Stephen |last=Massicotte |publisher=Theatre Communications Group / Playwrights Canada Press |isbn=978-0887544996 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordroofclimbe0000mass}}</ref>
* His 1922 retreat from public life forms the subject of [[Howard Brenton]]'s play ''[[Lawrence After Arabia]]'', commissioned for a 2016 premiere at the [[Hampstead Theatre]] to mark the centenary of the outbreak of the Arab Revolt.<ref>{{cite web | title=Book theatre tickets at Chichester | date=25 November 2018 | url=https://www.cft.org.uk/whats-on/event/ross | access-date=22 February 2016 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303115127/https://www.cft.org.uk/whats-on/event/ross | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Radio===
*Lawrence's life was dramatised in the 1935 Australian radio play ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (radio play)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''.<ref>{{cite news| title=Lawrence of Arabia | journal=The Wireless Weekly: The Hundred per Cent Australian Radio Journal| date=April 19, 1941 | location=Sydney| publisher=Wireless Press| url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-714844691| access-date=8 February 2024| via=Trove}}</ref>

===Music===
* Swedish [[power metal]] band [[Sabaton (band)|Sabaton]] wrote the song "Seven Pillars Of Wisdom" about Lawrence for their 2019 album ''[[The Great War (Sabaton album)|The Great War]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seven Pillars Of Wisdom - Lyrics |url=https://www.sabaton.net/discography/the-great-war/seven-pillars-of-wisdom/ |website=Sabaton Official Website}}</ref>

=== Video games ===

* "Nothing is Written", the sixth chapter of the single-player campaign in the 2016 [[first-person shooter]] ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', follows a Bedouin soldier under Lawrence's command.<ref>{{Cite web |last=updated |first=Cale Hunt last |date=2016-12-16 |title=Where to find all field manuals in the Battlefield 1 Nothing is Written campaign |url=https://www.windowscentral.com/where-find-all-field-manuals-battlefield-1-nothing-written-campaign |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Windows Central}}</ref>

==See also==
<!-- No need to duplicate references discussed in other sections -->
{{Portal bar|Biography|United Kingdom}}
* [[Hashemites]], ruling family of Mecca (10th–20th century) and of Jordan since 1921
* [[Kingdom of Iraq]] (1932–1958)
* ''[[Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E. Lawrence]]'' by Jeremy Wilson (1989)

'''Related individuals'''
* [[Richard Meinertzhagen]] (1878–1967), British intelligence officer and ornithologist, on occasion a colleague of Lawrence's
* [[Rafael de Nogales Méndez]] (1879–1937), Venezuelan officer who served in the Ottoman Army and was compared to Lawrence
* [[Suleiman Mousa]] (1919–2008), Jordanian historian who wrote about Lawrence
* [[Oskar von Niedermayer]] (1885–1948), German officer, professor and spy, sometimes referred to as the German Lawrence
* [[Max von Oppenheim]] (1860–1946), German-Jewish lawyer, diplomat and archaeologist. Lawrence called his travelogue "the best book on the [Middle East] area I know".
* [[Wilhelm Wassmuss]] (1880–1931), German diplomat and spy, known as "Wassmuss of Persia" and compared to Lawrence
* [[Suzuki Keiji]] (1897–1967), Japanese intelligence officer, compared to Lawrence

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|22em}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Aldington |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Aldington
 |date=1955
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia: A biographical enquiry
 |place=London
 |publisher=Collins
 |isbn=978-1-122-22259-4
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Allen |first=Malcolm Dennis
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yLYtAEACAAJ
 |title=The Medievalism of Lawrence of Arabia
 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press
 |year=1991
 |isbn=978-0-271-07328-6
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Asher |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Asher (explorer)
 |year=1998
 |title=Lawrence: The uncrowned king of Arabia
 |publisher=Viking
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Axelrod
 |first=Alan
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8x322-89x3MC
 |title=Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact
 |publisher=Fair Winds
 |year=2009
 |isbn=978-1-61673-461-9
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Barnes |first=David
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Np_H_j3hXUEC
 |title=The Companion Guide to Wales
 |publisher=Companion Guides
 |year=2005
 |isbn=978-1-900639-43-9
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Barr |first=James
 |title=Setting the Desert on Fire: T.E. Lawrence and Britain's Secret War in Arabia 1916–1918
 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company
 |year=2008
 |isbn=978-0-393-07095-8
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Beeson |first=C.F.C. |author-link=Cyril Beeson
 |title=Clockmaking in Oxfordshire 1400–1850
 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Museum of the History of Science, Oxford|Museum of the History of Science]]
 |year=1989
 |isbn=978-0-903364-06-5
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Brown |first=Malcolm
 |year=2005
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia: The life, the legend
 |place=London
 |publisher=Thames & Hudson / [In association with] Imperial War Museum
 |isbn=978-0-500-51238-8
 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780500512388
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Crawford |first=Fred D.
 |year=1998
 |title=Aldington and Lawrence of Arabia: A cautionary tale
 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press
 |location=Carbondale and Edwardsville
 |isbn=978-0-8093-2166-7
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves
 |year=1934
 |title=Lawrence and the Arabs
 |place=London
 |publisher=Jonathan Cape
 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawrencearabs0000grav
 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
}} Also free on [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74014 Project Gutenberg].
* {{cite book
 |last=Graves |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Graves
 |year=1928
 |title=Lawrence and the Arabian Adventure
 |place=New York
 |publisher=Doubleday
 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260748
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1=Knightley |first1=Phillip
 |first2=Colin |last2=Simpson
 |year=1970
 |title=The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia
 |publisher=McGraw-Hill
 |isbn=978-1-299-17719-2
}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Korda | first=M. | author-link = Michael Korda
 | year = 2010
 | title = Hero: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia
 | publisher = [[Harper (publisher)|Harper]]
 | isbn = 978-0-06-171261-6
 | url = https://archive.org/details/herolifelegendof00kord
 | via = Internet Archive (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Lawrence |first=A.W.
 |year=1937
 |title=T.E. Lawrence by His Friends
 |publisher=Doubleday
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7VNtQEACAAJ
 |via=Google Books
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Lawrence |first=T.E.
 |year=1926
 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom
 |isbn=978-0-385-41895-9
 |publisher=Subscribers'
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Lawrence |first=T.E.
 |year=1935
 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom
 |place=Garden City, NY
 |publisher=Doubleday
 |isbn=978-0-385-07015-7
 |url=https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Mack |first=John E. |author-link=John E. Mack
 |year=1976
 |title=A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E. Lawrence
 |place=Boston
 |publisher=Little, Brown
 |isbn=978-0-316-54232-6
 |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofourdisor00mack
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Murphy |first=David
 |title=The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze
 |publisher=Osprey Publishing
 |year=2008
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Orlans |first=Harold
 |year=2002
 |title=T.E. Lawrence: Biography of a broken hero
 |place=Jefferson, NC / London
 |publisher=McFarland
 |isbn=978-0-7864-1307-2
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Penaud |first=Guy
 |year=2007
 |title=Le Tour de France de Lawrence d'Arabie (1908)
 |place=Périgueux, France
 |publisher=Editions de La Lauze
 |isbn=978-2-35249-024-1
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Tabachnick |first=Stephen E.
 |title=The T.E. Lawrence Puzzle
 |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]
 |year=1984
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Wilson |first=J. |author-link=Jeremy Wilson
 |year=1989
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T.E. Lawrence
 |publisher=Atheneum |isbn=978-0-689-11934-7
 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawrenceofarabia00wils
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Woolley |first=Leonard
 |title=Dead Towns and Living Men
 |publisher=The Whitefriars Press
 |location=London and Tonbridge
 |year=1954
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
 | last=Anderson |first=Scott
 | year = 2013
 | title = Lawrence in Arabia: War, deceit, imperial folly and the making of the modern Middle East
 | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]
 | isbn = 978-0-385-53292-1
 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780307476418
 | via = Internet Archive (archive.org)
 | ref = none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Armitage |first=F.A. |author-link=Flora Anne Armitage
 |year=1955
 |title=The Desert and the Stars: A biography of Lawrence of Arabia
 |edition=illustrated with photographs
 |place=New York
 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]]
 |isbn= 978-0-00-000577-9
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Brown |first=Malcolm
 | year = 1988
 | title = The Letters of T.E. Lawrence
 | ref = none
}}
* {{cite book
 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Malcolm

 |year=2005
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia: The selected letters
 |publisher=Little Books Ltd.
 |place=London
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1=Brown |first1=Malcolm
 |first2=Julia |last2=Cave
 |year=1988
 |title=A Touch of Genius: The Life of T.E. Lawrence
 |place=London
 |publisher=J.M. Brent
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Carchidi |first=Victoria K.
 |year=1987
 |title=Creation Out of the Void: The Making of a Hero, an Epic, a World: T.E. Lawrence
 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania
 |via=University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Ciampaglia |first=Giuseppe
 |year= 2010
 |title=Quando Lawrence d'Arabia passò per Roma rompendosi l'osso del collo
 |place=Rome |language=It
 |publisher=Strenna dei Romanisti, Roma Amor edit
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Graves | first=Richard Perceval
 |year=1976
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia and His World
 |publisher=Thames & Hudson
 |isbn=978-0-500-13054-4
 |url=https://archive.org/details/lawrenceofarabia00rich
 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hoffman |first=George Amin
 |title=T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and the M1911
 |date=2011
 |url=https://sightm1911.com/lib/history/telawrence.htm
 |access-date=11 November 2022
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hulsman |first=John C.
 |year=2009
 |title=To Begin the World over Again: Lawrence of Arabia from Damascus to Baghdad
 |place=New York
 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
 |isbn=978-0-230-61742-1
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hyde |first=H. Montgomery |author-link=H. Montgomery Hyde
 |year=1977
 |title=Solitary in the Ranks: Lawrence of Arabia as airman and private soldier
 |place=London
 |publisher=Constable
 |isbn=978-0-09-462070-4
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=James |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence James
 |year=2008
 |title=The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend of Lawrence of Arabia
 |place=New York
 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing
 |isbn=978-1-60239-354-7
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Lawrence |first=M.R.
 |year=1954
 |title=The Home Letters of T.E. Lawrence and his Brothers
 |publisher=Basil Blackwell
 |place=Oxford
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Lawrence |first=T.E.
 |year=2003
 |title=Seven Pillars of Wisdom: The Complete 1922 Text
 |publisher=Castle Hill Press
 |isbn=978-1-873141-39-7
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Leclerc |first=C.
 |year=1998
 |title=Avec T.E. Lawrence en Arabie, La Mission militaire francaise au Hedjaz 1916–1920
 |publisher=Harmattan
 |place=Paris |language=fr
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Leigh |first=Bruce
 |year=2014
 |title=T.E. Lawrence: Warrior and Scholar
 |publisher=Tattered Flag
 |isbn=978-0-9543115-7-5
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1=Marriott |first1=Paul
 |first2=Yvonne |last2=Argent
 |year=1998
 |title=The Last Days of T.E. Lawrence: A leaf in the wind
 |publisher=The Alpha Press
 |isbn=978-1-898595-22-9
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Meulenjizer |first=V.
 |year=1938
 |title=Le Colonel Lawrence, agent de l'Intelligence Service
 |publisher=Editions Rex
 |place=Brussels |language=fr
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last1=Meyer| first1=Karl E.
 |first2=Shareen Blair |last2=Brysac
 |year=2008
 |title=Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East
 |place=New York / London
 |publisher=W.W. Norton
 |isbn=978-0-393-06199-4
 |url-access=registration
 |url=https://archive.org/details/kingmakersinvent0000meye
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Mousa |first=S. |author-link=Suleiman Mousa
 |year=1966
 |title=T.E. Lawrence: An Arab view
 |place=London
 |publisher=Oxford University Press
 |title-link=Suleiman Mousa#T.E. Lawrence: An Arab View
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Norman |first=Andrew
 |year=2014
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia and Clouds Hill
 |publisher=Halsgrove
 |isbn=978-0-85704-247-7
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Norman |first=Andrew
 |year=2014
 |title=T.E. Lawrence: Tormented hero
 |publisher=Fonthill Media
 |isbn=978-1-78155-019-9
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Nutting |first=A. |author-link=Anthony Nutting
 |year=1961
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia: The Man and the Motive
 |place=London
 |publisher=Hollis & Carter
 |ref= none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Ocampo |first=V. |author-link=Victoria Ocampo
 |year=1963
 |title=338171 T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia)
 |publisher=E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.
 |place=New York
 |ref= none
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last=Paris |first=T.J.
 |date=September 1998
 |title=British Middle East policy-making after the First World War: The Lawrentian and Wilsonian Schools
 |journal=Historical Journal
 |volume=41 |number=3 |pages=773–793
 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x98007997
 |s2cid=161205802
 |ref= none
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last=Rosen |first=Jacob
 |year=2011
 |title=The Legacy of Lawrence and the New Arab Awakening
 |journal=Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs
 |volume=V |number=3 |pages=
 |url=http://israelcfr.com/documents/5-3/5-3-8-JacobRosen.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031317/http://www.israelcfr.com/documents/5-3/5-3-8-JacobRosen.pdf
 |archive-date=4 March 2016
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
 |ref= none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Sarindar |first=François
 |year=2010
 |title=Lawrence d'Arabie. Thomas Edward, cet inconnu
 |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan
 |series=collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient"
 |place=Paris
 |isbn=978-2-296-11677-1
 |ref= none
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last=Sarindar |first=François
 |year=2011
 |title=La vie rêvée de Lawrence d'Arabie: Qantara
 |journal=Institut du Monde Arabe
 |number=80 |pages=7–9
 |publisher=Institut du Monde Arabe
 |place=Paris
 |language=fr
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Sattin |first=Anthony
 |year=2014
 |title=Young Lawrence: A portrait of the legend of a young man
 |publisher=John Murray
 |isbn=978-1-84854-912-8
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Simpson |first=Andrew R.B.
 |year=2008
 |title=Another Life: Lawrence after Arabia
 |publisher=The History Press
 |isbn=978-1-86227-464-8
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |editor-last=Stang |editor-first=Charles M.
 |year=2002
 |title=The Waking Dream of T.E. Lawrence: Essays on his life, literature, and legacy
 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Stewart |first=Desmond
 |year=1977
 |title=T.E. Lawrence
 |place=New York
 |publisher=Harper & Row Publishers
 |isbn=9780060141233
 |url=https://archive.org/details/telawrence00stew
 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Storrs |first=Ronald
 |year=1940
 |title=Lawrence of Arabia, Zionism and Palestine
 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220069
 |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)
 |ref=none
}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Thomas |first=L. |author-link=Lowell Thomas
 |orig-year=1924 |year=2014
 |title=With Lawrence in Arabia
 |publisher=Nabu Press
 |isbn=978-1-295-83025-1
 |ref=none
}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|v=no|commons=Category:Thomas Edward Lawrence|s=Thomas Edward Lawrence|author=yes}}
;Digital collections
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/t-e-lawrence}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Lawrence, T.E. (Thomas Edward)|name=T.E. Lawrence|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=T.E. Lawrence }}
* [https://archive.today/20130415191529/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?lawrence-of-arabia-seven-pillars T.E. Lawrence's Original Letters on Palestine] Shapell Manuscript Foundation

;Physical collections
* [https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00073 T.E. Lawrence's Collection] at [[The University of Texas at Austin]]'s [http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/ Harry Ransom Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014131207/http://www.cliohistory.org/thomas-lawrence/ "Creating History: Lowell Thomas and Lawrence of Arabia" online history exhibit] at Clio Visualizing History.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140303211250/http://www.europeana-collections-1914-1918.eu/ Europeana Collections 1914–1918] makes 425,000 First World War items from European libraries available online, including manuscripts, photographs and diaries by or relating to Lawrence
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191017083328/https://www.shapell.org/collection/historic-figures/lawrence-te/ T.E. Lawrence's Personal Manuscripts and Letters]

;News and analysis
* [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1935/may/19/fromthearchive The Guardian 19 May 1935 – The death of Lawrence of Arabia]
* [http://en.qantara.de/The-Recalcitrant-Hero/15932c16122i1p169/index.html The Legend of Lawrence of Arabia: The Recalcitrant Hero]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701051628/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3032226.html T.E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia] article by O'Brien Browne
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190724213223/https://al-bushra.org/arabwrld/lawrance.htm Lawrence of Arabia: True and false (an Arab view) by Lucy Ladikoff]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/011060}}

;Documentaries
* [http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//BHC_RTV/1935/06/03/BGU407200240/ Footage of Lawrence of Arabia with publisher FN Doubleday and at a picnic]
* ''Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World,'' directed by [[James Hawes]]. PBS Home Video, 21 October 2003. (ASIN B0000BWVND)

;Societies
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130920183710/http://www.telstudies.org/ T.E. Lawrence Studies], built by Lawrence's authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson (no longer maintained)
* [http://www.telsociety.org.uk/ The T.E. Lawrence Society]

{{T. E. Lawrence}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, T. E.}}
[[Category:T. E. Lawrence| ]]
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