Editing Tōgō Heihachirō

{{short description|Japanese Marshal Admiral}}
{{EngvarB|date= July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|Tōgō|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Senior Second Rank]]<br />[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Marshal-Admiral]] [[Kazoku|Marquis]]
| honorific_suffix = 
| name             = Tōgō Heihachirō
| image            = Tōgō_Heihachirō.jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = Marshal-Admiral The Marquis Tōgō Heihachirō
| nickname         = "The [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] of the East"
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1848|01|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Kagoshima]], [[Satsuma Domain]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1934|05|30|1848|01|27|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan]]
| placeofburial    = 
| allegiance       = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
| branch           = {{naval|Empire of Japan}}
| serviceyears     = 1863–1913
| rank             = [[File:Imperial Japan-Navy-OF-9-collar.svg|30px]] [[File:元帥徽章.svg|20px]] [[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Marshal Admiral]]
| unit             = 
| commands         = [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Combined Fleet]]
| battles          = {{Tree list}}
* [[Anglo-Satsuma War]]
* [[Boshin War]]
** [[Battle of Awa]]
** [[Battle of Hakodate]]
** [[Battle of Miyako Bay]]
* [[Sino-French War]] (observing)
* [[First Sino-Japanese War]]
** [[Battle of Pungdo]]
** [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]]
** [[Battle of Weihaiwei]]
* [[Boxer Rebellion]]
* [[Russo-Japanese War]]
** [[Battle of Port Arthur]]
** [[Battle of the Yellow Sea]]
** [[Battle of Tsushima]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards         = Collar of the Supreme [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]]<br />[[Order of the Golden Kite]] (First Class)<br />Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]]<br />Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]]<br />[[Order of Merit]]<br />Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]]<br />Grand Cordon in the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)]]
| relations      = 
| laterwork      = Tutor to [[Crown Prince]] [[Hirohito]]
}}

{{nihongo|'''Tōgō Heihachirō'''|東郷 平八郎||27 January 1848{{snd}}30 May 1934}}, served as a ''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)|gensui]]'' or [[admiral of the fleet]] in the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] and became one of Japan's greatest naval heroes. As [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Combined Fleet]] during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905, he successfully confined the Russian [[First Pacific Squadron|Pacific naval forces]] to Port Arthur before winning a decisive victory over a relieving fleet at [[Battle of Tsushima|Tsushima]] in May 1905. Western journalists called Tōgō "the [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Nelson]] of the East". He remains deeply revered as a national hero in Japan, with shrines and streets named in his honour.

==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of TOGO Heihachiro.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Monument recording site of birthplace in Kagoshima]]
Tōgō was born as '''Tōgō Nakagorō''' (仲五郎) on 27 January 1848 in the Kajiya-chō ([[:ja:加治屋町 (鹿児島市)|加治屋町]]) district of the city of [[Kagoshima]] in [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]] domain (modern-day [[Kagoshima Prefecture]]), the third of four sons of Togo Kichizaemon,<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=http://www.allworldwars.com/The-Life-of-Admiral-Togo-by-Arthur-Lloyd.html#III | title=The Life of Admiral Togo | chapter=Togo's Birth and Early Education | first=Arthur | last=Lloyd | publisher=AllWorldWars.com | access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> a [[samurai]] serving the [[Shimazu clan|Shimazu daimyō]] as controller of the revenue, master of the wardrobe, and district governor, and Hori Masuko (1812–1901), a noblewoman from the same clan as her husband.<ref name=encyclopedia/>

Kajiya-chō was one of Kagoshima's ''samurai'' housing-districts, in which many other influential figures of the [[Meiji period]] were born, such as [[Saigō Takamori]] and [[Ōkubo Toshimichi]]. They rose to prominent positions under the [[Meiji Emperor]] partly because the [[Shimazu clan]] had been a decisive military and political factor in the [[Boshin War]] against the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] during the [[Meiji Restoration]].

As a youth, Tōgō was educated to become a [[samurai]] warrior. He changed his name to Heihachirō (meaning "peaceful son") in a religious and patriotic ceremony held when he turned 13, in which samurai tradition called for youth to adopt a change in name ([[genpuku]]).<ref name=encyclopedia/>

==Tokugawa conflicts (1863–1869)==
[[File:General and officers of the warship Kasuga (taken in 1869).jpg|thumb|left|Officers of the Japanese warship {{ship|Japanese warship|Kasuga|1862|2}} in August 1869. Third-class officer Tōgō is dressed in white, top right.]]

Tōgō's first experience at war was during the [[Bombardment of Kagoshima]] in August 1863, in which [[Kagoshima]] was shelled by the [[Royal Navy]] to punish the [[Satsuma Province|Satsuma]] ''[[daimyō]]'' for the death of [[Charles Lennox Richardson]] on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] highway the previous year (the [[Namamugi Incident]]), and the Japanese refusal to pay an indemnity in compensation. Tōgō, who was aged 15 at the time, was part of a gun crew manning one of the cannons defending the port.

The following year, Satsuma established a navy, in which Tōgō enlisted in 1866 at age 17. Two of his brothers also enlisted. In January 1868, during the [[Boshin War]], Tōgō was assigned to the paddle-wheel steam warship {{ship|Japanese warship|Kasuga|1862|2}}, which participated in the [[Battle of Awa]], near [[Osaka]], against the navy of the Tokugawa ''Bakufu'', the first Japanese naval battle between two modern fleets.

As the conflict spread to northern Japan, Tōgō participated as a third-class officer aboard the ''Kasuga'' in the last battles against the remnants of the ''Bakufu'' forces, the [[Battle of Miyako Bay]] and the [[Battle of Hakodate]] in 1869.

After the civil war ended in the autumn 1869, Tōgō, on the instructions of the Satsuma clan, first travelled to the treaty port of [[Yokohama]] to study English. He resided in Yokohama with Daisuke Shibata, a government official reputedly proficient in English and received additional pronunciation coaching from Charles Wagman, Japan correspondent of ''[[The Illustrated London News]]''. Tōgō made rapid progress in his studies and in 1870 secured a place at the newly established [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] Training School at [[Tsukiji]], Tokyo. On 11 December 1870 he was formally appointed a cadet on the Japanese ironclad flagship {{ship|Japanese ironclad|Ryūjō||2}}, then at anchor in Yokohama harbour.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ikeda|first1=Kiyoshi|editor1-last=Nish|editor1-first=Ian|title=Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits|date=1994|publisher=Japan Library|location=Folkestone|isbn=1-873410-27-1|page=108}}</ref>

==Studies in Britain (1871–1878)==
[[File:Togo in Europe.jpg|thumb|upright|Tōgō during his studies in Europe, in 1877]]
In February 1871, Tōgō and eleven other Japanese officer cadets were selected to travel to Britain to further their naval studies. Between extensive practical sea training and an extended voyage to Australia, Tōgō lived and studied in Britain for a period of seven years. Arriving at the port of [[Southampton]] in April 1871 after a journey of 80 days, Tōgō first traveled to [[London]], at that time the most populous city in the world. According to contemporary accounts of the cadet's first days in England, many things were strange to Japanese eyes at that time; the domed buildings made out of stone, the "number and massiveness of the buildings", "the furnishings of a commonplace European room", and "the displays in the butchers' shop windows: it took them several days to become accustomed to such an abundance of meat."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blond|first1=Georges|title=Admiral Togo|date=1961|publisher=Jarrolds Publishers|location=London|page=55}}</ref>

The Japanese group was separated and sent to English boarding houses for individual instruction in English language, customs and manners. Tōgō was initially sent for some weeks to a boarding house in the major naval port of [[Plymouth]], to gain some understanding of the British [[Royal Navy]]. Subsequently, he studied history, mathematics and engineering at a naval preparatory school in [[Portsmouth]] under the direction of a tutor and local clergyman in order to prepare for admission to the training establishment [[Britannia Royal Naval College|''Britannia'']] at [[Dartmouth, Devon]].

After the British Admiralty decided in 1872 that no places were to be made available at Dartmouth for the Japanese cadets, Tōgō was able to gain admission as a cadet on {{HMS|Worcester|1843|6}}, the [[training ship]] of the [[Thames Nautical Training College]], moored at [[Greenhithe, Kent|Greenhithe]].<ref>Blond, pp. 56–57</ref> Tōgō found his cadet rations "inadequate": "I swallowed my small rations in a moment. I formed the habit of dipping my bread in my tea and eating a great deal of it, to the surprise of my English comrades." Tōgō's comrades called him "Johnny [[Chinaman]]", being unfamiliar with the "[[Orient]]" and not knowing the difference between Asiatic peoples. "The young ''samurai'' did not like that, and on more than one occasion he would threaten to put an end to it by blows." Gunnery training for the college was held aboard {{HMS|Victory}}, at the time moored in Portsmouth harbour. Tōgō is recorded to have attended [[Trafalgar Day]] observances on the deck of the ship in 1873. After two years of training, Tōgō was to graduate second in his class.

During 1875, Tōgō circumnavigated the world as an ordinary seaman on the British training ship ''Hampshire'', leaving in February and staying seventy days at sea without a port call until reaching [[Melbourne]]. Tōgō "observed the strange animals on the Southern continent".{{attribution needed|date=February 2018}} Rounding [[Cape Horn]] on his return voyage, Tōgō had sailed thirty thousand miles before returning to England in September 1875. During the autumn and winter of 1875–1876, Tōgō spent five months in [[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] studying mathematics and English under the direction of the Rev. Arthur Douglas Capel.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cobbing|first1=Andrew|title=The Japanese Discovery of Victorian Britain|date=1998|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxford|isbn=1-873410-81-6|page=122}}</ref> The Rev. Capel was at the time of Tōgō's visit, both a mathematics tutor and curate at the [[Church of England|Anglican]] church of [[Little St Mary's, Cambridge]]. Tōgō is recorded to have attended services at the church during his stay.

In 1875 Tōgō suffered a bout of illness which severely threatened his eyesight: "the patient asked his medical advisers to 'try everything', and some of their experiments were extremely painful." Capel commented later, "If I had not seen with my own eyes what a Japanese can suffer without complaint, I should often have been disinclined to believe&nbsp;... But, having observed Tōgō, I believe all of them." [[Harley Street]] ophthalmologists were able to save his eyesight. Upon recovery Tōgō travelled to [[Portsmouth]] to continue his training before being assigned the role of inspector for the construction of {{ship|Japanese ironclad|Fusō||2}}, one of three new warships ordered by the Imperial Japanese Navy. Residing in proximity to the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]], Tōgō made use of the opportunity to apply his training, observing the construction of the ship at the [[Samuda Brothers]] shipyard on the [[Isle of Dogs]].

Tōgō was absent from Japan during the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] of 1877. His three brothers all fought in the rebellion: two were killed in battle, and the third died shortly after the rebellion's end. Later, Tōgō would often express regret for the fate of his benefactor, [[Saigō Takamori]].

==Return to Japan==

Tōgō, newly promoted to [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]], finally returned to Japan on 22 May 1878 aboard one of the newly purchased British-built ships, {{ship|Japanese corvette|Hiei|1877|2}}. That same year, he was promoted to the rank of [[first lieutenant]] of the Japanese built paddle-steamer warship {{ship|Japanese warship|Jingei||2}}, later to be transferred to the [[corvette]] {{ship|Japanese corvette|Amagi||2}}. In 1882, Tōgō led his ship's company in landing troops at Seoul in the wake of the [[Imo Incident]].

In 1883, Tōgō was given command of his first ship, and interacted with the British, American, and German fleets during this time.<ref name=encyclopedia/>

==Sino-French War (1884–1885)==
On his return to Japan Tōgō received several commands, first as captain of ''[[Japanese warship Teibō No. 2|Daini Teibō]]'', and then ''Amagi''. During the [[Sino-French War]] (1884–1885), Tōgō, onboard ''Amagi'', closely followed the actions of the [[French Navy|French fleet]] under [[Amédée Courbet|Admiral Courbet]].

Tōgō also observed the ground combat of the [[French Army|French forces]] against the Chinese in Formosa ([[Taiwan]]), under the guidance of [[Joseph Joffre]], future Commander-in-Chief of French forces during [[World War I]].

Although first promoted to the rank of captain in 1886, Tōgō suffered from a bout of acute [[rheumatism]] during the late 1880s that confined him to bed rest for nearly three years. He used this period of enforced absence from front line naval duties to study aspects of international and maritime law.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ikeda|first1=Kiyoshi|editor1-last=Nish|editor1-first=Ian|title=Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits|date=1994|publisher=Japan Library|location=Folkestone|isbn=1-873410-27-1|page=110}}</ref>

==Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)==

[[File:Battle of the Yellow Sea by Korechika.jpg|thumb|320px|Battle of the Yalu River by Korechika]]

In 1891, Tōgō's health had sufficiently recovered that he was appointed to the command of the [[cruiser]] {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Naniwa||2}}. In 1894, at the beginning of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], Tōgō, as a captain of ''Naniwa'', [[Kowshing incident|sank]] the transport ship, ''Kowshing'', which was [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] by the Chinese [[Beiyang Fleet]] to convey troops, during the [[Battle of Pungdo]]. A report of the incident was sent by [[Suematsu Kenchō]] to [[Mutsu Munemitsu]]. The ship, which was under the command of captain T.R. Galsworthy, who incidentally had been one of Tōgō's instructors as a young cadet on HMS ''Worcester'', had been ferrying more than a thousand Chinese soldiers towards [[Korea]], and these soldiers had refused to be taken prisoner or interned on the appearance and under threat from the Japanese warships.

A contemporary account from a German survivor, Major von Hannecken, stated that the Chinese survivors had been fired upon, sinking two lifeboats.
"...By this time only the ''Kowshing'''s masts were visible. The water was however covered with Chinese, and there were two lifeboats from the ''Kowshing'' crowded with soldiers. The Japanese officer informed me that he had been ordered by signal from the ''Naniwa'' to sink these boats. I remonstrated, but he fired two volleys from the cutter, turned back, and steamed for the ''Naniwa''. No attempt was made to rescue the Chinese. The ''Naniwa'' steamed about until eight o'clock in the evening, but did not pick up any other Europeans&nbsp;..."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sinojapanesewar.com/pungdo.htm | title=The Battle of Pung-do – July 25, 1894 | author=Jiawu Zhanzheng | publisher=SinoJapaneseWar.com}}</ref>

[[File:ADMIRALTOGO2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō in full uniform]]

Tōgō later took part in the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]] on 17 September 1894, with ''Naniwa'' as the last ship in the [[line of battle]] under the overall command of Admiral [[Tsuboi Kōzō]]. ''Naniwa'' assisted in sinking the Chinese cruisers {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Jingyuan|1887|2}} and {{ship|Chinese cruiser|Zhiyuan||2}}.

Tōgō was promoted to [[rear admiral]] at the end of the war, in 1895.

==Subsequent commands==
In May 1896, Tōgō was appointed commandant of the [[Naval War College (Japan)|Naval War College]] in Tokyo. He reformed the curriculum, and was promoted to [[vice admiral]] during this time.<ref name=encyclopedia>{{cite encyclopedia | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/japanese-history-biographies/heihachiro-togo | title=Heihachiro Togo | publisher=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> In 1899, he was appointed commander of the [[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]] Naval College, and he also served as Commander of the [[Standing Fleet]].

With the advent of the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China in 1899, Tōgō was appointed Admiral of the Fleet and recalled to active sea duty on 20 May 1900. During the rebellion, he was responsible for patrolling the Chinese coast. As the Boxer Rebellion was crushed in 1902, Tōgō was relieved of his command, and was decorated for his service to the Emperor. He was subsequently posted to supervise the construction of and become the first commander of the naval base at [[Maizuru]].<ref name=encyclopedia/>

==Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)==
{{Main|Battle of Tsushima}}
[[File:Admiral-Togo-Heihachiro-Flagship-Mikasa-c1905.png|thumb|Inset photo of Admiral Togo, {{Circa|1905}}, over a photograph of his flagship, Mikasa, leading the Japanese Navy battle line into action against the Russian Navy.]]
[[File:Bushnell cartoon about the Japanese victory over the Russian fleet at Port Arthur.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Tōgō Heihachirō (personifying the Imperial Japanese Navy) stands at Port Arthur among the wreckage of the Pacific Fleet, wielding his club; off in the distance, the Baltic Fleet approaches.]]

In 1903, the Navy Minister [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]] appointed Tōgō [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Combined Fleet]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. This astonished many people, including [[Emperor Meiji]], who asked Yamamoto why Tōgō was appointed. Yamamoto replied to the emperor, "Because Tōgō is a man of good fortune".{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

During the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Tōgō engaged the Russian navy at [[Lüshunkou|Port Arthur]] and the [[Yellow Sea]] in 1904, and to widespread international acclaim commanded the Japanese naval forces at the destruction of the [[Russian Baltic Fleet|Imperial Russian Navy's Baltic Fleet]] at the [[Battle of Tsushima]] in May 1905.

[[File:The Triumphal Return of Admiral Togo From the Sea of Japan.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The Triumphal Return of Admiral Togo From the Sea of Japan. Tokyo, 1907]]

The Battle of Tsushima was considered a daring naval victory pitting a small but rapidly militarising emerging Asian nation against a major European adversary. Russia was at the time the world's third-largest naval power. While the Japanese fleet at Tsushima lost only three torpedo boats under Tōgō's command, of the 36 Russian warships that went into action, 22 were sunk (including seven battleships), six were captured, six were interned in neutral ports and only three escaped to the safety of [[Vladivostok]].

Tsushima broke Russian naval dominance in East Asia, and is said to have been a contributing factor in subsequent uprisings in the Russian Navy (1905 uprisings in Vladivostok and the [[Russian battleship Potemkin|battleship ''Potemkin'']] uprising), contributing to the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. Post-war investigations were held into Russian naval leaders during those battles in which Tōgō had prevailed, seeking the reasons behind their utter defeat. The Russian commander of the destroyed Baltic fleet, Admiral [[Zinovy Rozhestvensky]] (who was badly wounded in the battle) attempted to take full responsibility for the disaster, and the authorities (and rulers of Russia) acquitted him at his trial. However, they made Admiral [[Nikolai Nebogatov]], who had tried to blame the Russian government, a scapegoat. Nebogatov was found guilty and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment in a fortress, but was released by the tsar after serving only two years.

==Later life==
[[File:Gen. Virbeck (i.e., Verbeck; Chandler Hale; Adm. Togo; (and) Gen. Grant LCCN2014689811.jpg|thumb|left|Togo with [[William Verbeck]], Assistant secretary of state [[Chandler Hale]], Major General [[Frederick D. Grant]] on board the [[RMS Lusitania|Lusitania]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Admiral Togo Here as Nation's Guest; Japanese Naval Hero Says He Is Happy at Last in Seeing America |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/08/04/archives/admiral-togo-here-as-nations-guest-japanese-naval-hero-says-he-is.html |work=New York Times |date=4 August 1911}}</ref>]]
[[File:SempillMission.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sempill Mission|Captain Sempill]] showing a Sparrowhawk to ''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Gensui]]'' [[Count]] Tōgō Heihachirō (as he was at the time) in 1921.]]

Tōgō kept his journals in English, and wrote, "I am firmly convinced that I am the re-incarnation of [[Horatio Nelson]]."<ref name="garson19991">{{cite journal | url=http://www.naval-review.co.uk/issues/1999-1.pdf | title=Three Great Admirals – One Common Spirit? | author=Garson, R. W. | journal=The Naval Review | date=January 1999 | volume=87 | issue=1 | pages=63–64 | access-date=12 December 2011 | archive-date=26 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045355/http://www.naval-review.co.uk/issues/1999-1.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1906, he was made a Member of the British [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] by [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Togo, Heihachiro|volume=26|page=1046|short=x}}</ref>

Tōgō was [[Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff|Chief of the Naval General Staff]] and was given the title of ''hakushaku'' ([[Count]]) under the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage system. He also served as a member of the [[Supreme War Council (Japan)|Supreme War Council]]. In 1911, Tōgō returned to England for the first time in over 30 years to attend the coronation of [[George V|King George V]], the Coronation Fleet Review at Portsmouth, to attend naval alumni dinners and visit dockyards on the Clyde and in Newcastle.

In 1913, Admiral Tōgō received the honorific title of [[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Navy)|Marshal-Admiral]], which is roughly equivalent to the rank of [[Grand Admiral]] or [[Admiral of the Fleet]] in other navies. From 1914 to 1924, ''Gensui'' Tōgō was put in charge of the education of [[Crown Prince]] [[Hirohito]], the future [[Shōwa period|Shōwa Emperor]].

Tōgō publicly expressed a dislike and lack of interest for involvement in politics; however, he did make strong statements against the [[London Naval Treaty]].

[[File:Heihachiro Togo-TIME-1926.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Togo on Time magazine cover, 1926.]]

Tōgō was awarded the Collar of the Supreme [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] in 1926, an honour that was held only by Emperor Hirohito and [[Prince Kan'in Kotohito]] at the time; the award made him Japan's most decorated naval officer ever. He added the award to his existing [[Order of the Golden Kite]] (1st class) and already existing Order of the Chrysanthemum. His [[peerage]] was raised to that of ''kōshaku'' ([[marquis]]) in 1934, a day before his death.

Admiral Tōgō died at 6:35&nbsp;am on 30 May 1934, of throat cancer<ref>Associated Press, "Admiral Togo, Famous Naval Leader, Dies", ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, 30 May 1934, Volume 40, p. 1.</ref>  at the age of 86. He was accorded a [[state funeral]]. The navies of the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite news |date=4 June 1934 |title=Admiral Dreyer to attend funeral of Admiral Togo |work=[[The Straits Times]] |language=en |location=Singapore |page= 11 |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19340604-1.2.47 |access-date=22 December 2019 }}</ref> [[United States Navy|United States]], [[Netherlands Navy|Netherlands]], France, [[Regia Marina|Italy]] and [[Republic of China Navy|China]] all sent representatives and ships to a naval parade in his honour in [[Tokyo Bay]].

[[File:TogoShrine.JPG|thumb|The [[Tōgō Shrine]], [[Harajuku]], Tokyo]]
In 1940, [[Togo Shrine|Tōgō Jinja]] was built in [[Harajuku]], Tokyo, as the naval rival to the [[Nogi Shrine]] erected in the honour of [[Imperial Japanese Army]] General [[Nogi Maresuke]]. The idea of elevating him to a [[Shinto]] ''[[kami]]'' had been discussed before his death, and he had been vehemently opposed to the idea. There is another Tōgō shrine at [[Tsuyazaki, Fukuoka]]. The statues to him in Japan include one at Ontaku Shrine, in [[Agano, Saitama|Agano]], [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]] and one in front of the [[Japanese battleship Mikasa|memorial battleship ''Mikasa'']] in [[Yokosuka]].

Tōgō's son and grandson also served in the Imperial Japanese Navy. His grandson died in combat during the [[Pacific War]] on the [[heavy cruiser]] {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Maya||2}} at the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]].

[[File:Japanese Peace Garden - Flickr - euthman.jpg|thumb|The "Garden of Peace"]]
In 1958, [[Fleet Admiral (United States)|Fleet Admiral]] [[Chester Nimitz]], an admirer of Tōgō, helped to finance the restoration of the ''Mikasa'', Admiral Tōgō's flagship during the Russo-Japanese war. In exchange, Japanese craftsmen created the [[Japanese Garden of Peace]], a replica of Marshal-Admiral Tōgō's garden, at the [[National Museum of the Pacific War]] (formerly known as The Nimitz Museum) in [[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]], Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nimitz-museum.org/JapaneseGardens.asp |title=Japanese Garden of Peace |access-date=7 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011072624/http://nimitz-museum.org/JapaneseGardens.asp |archive-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
{{-}}

==Honours==
''Incorporates information from the corresponding Japanese Wikipedia article''
<ref name="Togo genealogy">{{Cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e6%9d%b1%e9%83%b7%ef%bc%88%e6%9d%b1%e9%84%95%ef%bc%89%e6%b0%8f|title=東郷（東鄕）氏 – Reichsarchiv ～世界帝王事典～|date=May 2010 }}</ref>

{|  style="width:300px; float:right; margin:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="wikitable"
|
=== Tōgō's career promotions ===
----
Ranks
* Midshipman: 11 December 1870
* Ensign: 1 August 1871
* Sublieutenant: 3 July 1878
* Lieutenant: 27 December 1878
* Lieutenant Commander: 27 December 1879
* Commander: 20 June 1885
* Captain: 10 July 1886
* Rear Admiral: 16 February 1895
* Vice Admiral: 14 May 1898
* Admiral: 6 June 1904
* Grand Admiral: 21 April 1913
Titles
* Count: 21 September 1907
* Marquis: 29 May 1934
|}
[[File:Statue of Heihachiro Togo at Chichibu Ontake Shrine.jpg|thumb|Statue of Heihachiro Togo<br/>(Chichibu Ontake Shrine)]]
===Japanese===
====Peerages====
* Count (21 September 1907)
* Marquis (29 May 1934)

====Decorations====
* [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 1Class BAR.svg|50px|ribbon bar]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]] (likely before 1901)
** [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 3Class BAR.svg|50px|ribbon bar]] Third Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (9 May 1899)
** [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 5Class BAR.svg|50px|ribbon bar]] Fifth Class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (26 May 1893)
** [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 6Class BAR.svg|50px|ribbon bar]] Sixth Class of the [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]] (22 November 1889)
* [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|50px|ribbon bar]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (19 July 1901)
** [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg|50px|ribbon bar]] Fourth Class of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (20 August 1895)
* [[File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 1Class BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Golden Kite]] (1 April 1906)
** [[File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 4Class BAR.svg|50px]] Fourth Class of the [[Order of the Golden Kite]] (20 August 1895)
* [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|50px]] Collar of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (11 November 1926)
** [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|50px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] (1 April 1906)

====Court order of precedence====
* [[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles|Junior First Rank]] (30 May 1934; posthumously; Senior second rank: 20 November 1918; Second rank: 30 October 1911; Senior third rank: 1906; Third rank: 30 September 1903; Fourth rank: 10 June 1898; Senior fifth rank: 28 March 1895; Fifth rank: 1 November 1890; Senior sixth rank: 16 September 1885)

===Foreign===
* Belgium: Grand Cordon in the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] (1907)<ref>Nieuws Van Den Dag (Het) 7 July 1907</ref>
* [[Empire of Korea]]: Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Golden Ruler]] (the then highest decoration) (1906)
* United Kingdom: Member of the [[Order of Merit]] (OM) (21 February 1906)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/27913/pages/3323|title=The London Gazette, 15 May 1906}}</ref>
* United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (GCVO)
* [[Kingdom of Italy]]: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
* France: Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]]
* [[Poland]]: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Polonia Restituta]]
* [[Russian Empire]]: [[Order of St. Anna]], 1st Class
* Spain: [[Crosses of Naval Merit|Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit (1925)]]
The village of [[Togo, Saskatchewan]], Canada was named in his honor.<ref>Barry, B. (October 2003) People Places: Contemporary Saskatchewan Place Names</ref> Until 1992, [[Pyynikin Brewery]] in [[Tampere]], [[Finland]] produced the ''Amiraali'' [[beer]] brand, which is popular with the local population and is still available in Japan with a label with the image of Tōgō Heihachirō.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tetsuo Shizuka|year=2008|title=SPレコード ―その限りない魅惑の世界―|page=126|publisher=Chopin Co.|isbn=978-4-88364-258-8|language=ja}}</ref><ref>Jussi Pekkarinen: [https://www.hs.fi/sunnuntai/art-2000002593115.html Ulkopoliittinen olutselkkaus]. ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'', November 18, 2012. (in Finnish)</ref><ref>[https://www.helsinginuutiset.fi/paikalliset/2953993 Suomalaisen kulttioluen paneminen loppui vuosikymmeniä sitten – Kuva: piraattiversioita myydään yhä maailmalla] – ''Helsingin Uutiset'' (in Finnish)</ref><ref>[https://seura.fi/ilmiot/historia/ulkopoliittinen-myrsky-olutpullossa/ Ulkopoliittinen myrsky olutpullossa] - ''[[Seura]]'' (in Finnish)</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Togo&Tetsu.jpg|thumb|200px|Admiral Tōgō with his wife Tetsu, in 1913]]
Tōgō's wife was Kaieda Tetsu (1861–1934). The couple had two sons; the elder son, Hyō (1885–1969), succeeded his father as the second Marquis Tōgō in 1934 and held the title until the ''[[kazoku]]'' was abolished in 1947. The younger, Rear-Admiral Tōgō Minoru (1890–1962) followed his father into the navy, rising to the rank of rear-admiral and ending his career in 1943 as commander of the naval district in Fukuoka. His elder son Ryōichi, who became a naval lieutenant, was killed in action during the Second World War aboard the heavy cruiser ''Maya''. Neither Tōgō Minoru nor Tōgō Ryōichi had the same naval 'inclinations' as their famous ancestor; Tōgō Minoru placed 142nd out of 144 cadets in the Naval Academy's 40th Class, while Tōgō Ryōichi graduated dead-last (625th out of 625 cadets) in the Naval Academy's 72nd Class.

Tōgō Hyō married Ohara Haruko (1899–1985); the couple had one son, Kazuo (1919–1991) and two daughters, Ryōko (1917–1972) and Momoko (1925–). Kazuo married Amano Tamiko and had three daughters, Kikuko (1948–), Shoko (1952–) and Muneko (1956–). As Kazuo and his wife never had sons, to perpetuate the Tōgō name they adopted their son-in-law, Maruyama Yoshio (1942–), the husband of Kikuko. Kikuko and Yoshio have two sons; the elder, Yoshihisa (1971–), married Niimi Miyuki and has two sons, Ryūta (1991–) and Masahei (1993–).
<ref name="Togo genealogy"/>

Minoru married Akazaki Yae, and had three sons and a daughter, Ryōichi, Chūzō, Kenzō and Hisako. Kenzō's son, Hiroshige Tōgō is a retired captain (一等海佐) of [[Maritime Self-Defense Force|JMSDF]].

==In popular culture==
Tōgō's success in the Russo-Japanese War was seen as a source of inspiration for some Turks. [[Halide Edib Adıvar|Halide Edip Adıvar]], a Turkish journalist and nationalist who was among the founders of modern Turkey, named one of her children Togo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anadolu Ajansının isim annesi: Halide Edip Adıvar |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/aa-yuz-yasinda/anadolu-ajansinin-isim-annesi-halide-edip-adivar/1792826 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-14 |title=Why did Halide Edip give her son a Japanese name? |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/guven-sak/why-did-halide-edip-give-her-son-a-japanese-name-130285 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref>

Tōgō was portrayed by [[Toshiro Mifune]] in the 1969 Japanese film ''[[Battle of the Japan Sea (film)|The Battle of the Japan Sea]]'' (日本海大海戦), directed by Seiji Maruyama.

In the miniseries ''[[Reilly, Ace of Spies]]'', Tōgō is portrayed by [[Robert Ya Fu Lee]].

In the game Civilization VI Togo Heihachiro is portrayed as a great admiral that can be earned and used in naval warfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=「三笠」舞台に末裔トーク 東郷平八郎と山本権兵衛の功績など {{!}} 横須賀・三浦 |url=https://www.townnews.co.jp/0501/2019/08/30/495414.html |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=タウンニュース |language=ja}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Anglo-Japanese relations]]
* {{ship|Japanese battleship|Mikasa}}  – Tōgō's flagship at the Battle of Tsushima
* [[Japanese Garden of Peace]] – has a house similar to one owned by Admiral Marquis Togo Heihachiro
* [[List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s)]]  – 8 November 1926
* [[Togo (dog)|Togo]] – Siberian Husky sled dog named after Japanese admiral Tōgō
* [[Togo, Saskatchewan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Andidora, Ronald. ''Iron Admirals: Naval Leadership in the Twentieth Century''. Greenwood Press (2000). {{ISBN|0-313-31266-4}}
* Blond, Georges. ''Admiral Togo''. Jarrolds (1961). {{ASIN|B0006D6WIK}} {{ISBN missing}}
* Clements, Jonathan.  ''Admiral Togo: Nelson of the East''. Haus (2010) {{ISBN|978-1-906598-62-4}}
* [[R. V. C. Bodley|Bodley, R. V. C.]], ''Admiral Togo: The authorised life of Admiral of the Fleet, Marquis Heihachiro Togo''. Jarrolds (1935). {{ASIN|B00085WDKM}}
* Dupuy, Trevor N. Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd (1992). {{ISBN|1-85043-569-3}}
* Falk, Edwin A. ''[[Togo and the Rise of Japanese Sea Power]]''.
* Ikeda, Kiyoshi. "The Silent Admiral: Togo Heihachiro (1848–1934) and Britain", from ''Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits Volume One, Chapter 9''. Japan Library (1994) {{ISBN|1-873410-27-1}}
* Jukes, Jeffery. ''The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905''. Osprey Publishing (2002). {{ISBN|1841764469}}
* Ogasawara, Nagayo. Trans. by Jukichi Inouye and Tozo Inouye. ''Life of Admiral Togo''. Seito Shorin Press, Tokyo, 1934.<!--From Worldcat: https://www.worldcat.org/title/776212006 -->
* Schencking, J. Charles. ''Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868–1922''.  Stanford University Press (2005). {{ISBN|0-8047-4977-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tōgō Heihachirō}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/141.html?c=8 Togo, Heihachiro] | [http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/contents/index.html Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722131348/http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/contents/index.html |date=22 July 2019 }} of [[National Diet Library]]
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/tags/t%C5%8Dg%C5%8Dheihachir%C5%8D/ Heihachirō Tōgō] at [[Flickr Commons]]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/036787}}
* [http://lafayette.org.uk/tog7117.html Images of Admiral Marquis Heihachiro Togo] from the Lafayette Collection at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum|V&A]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tsuboi Kōzō]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Naval War College (Japan)|Naval War College]]<br />Headmaster|years=23 March 1896 – 5 November 1896}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Samejima Kazunori]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samejima Kazunori]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Naval War College (Japan)|Naval War College]]<br />Headmaster|years=1 February 1898 – 19 January 1899}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shibayama Yahachi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aiura Norimichi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Sasebo Naval District]]<br />Commander-in-chief|years=19 January 1899 – 20 May 1900}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Samejima Kazunori]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samejima Kazunori]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Standing Fleet]]<br />Commander-in-chief|years=20 May 1900 – 1 October 1901}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tsunoda Hidematsu]]}}
{{S-non|reason=Post Created}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maizuru Naval District]]<br />Commander-in-chief|years=1 October 1901 – 19 October 1903}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Hidaka Sōnojō]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hidaka Sōnojō]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Standing Fleet]]<br />Commander-in-chief|years=19 October 1903 – 28 December 1903}}
{{S-non|reason=Fleet Dissolved}}
|-
{{S-non|reason=<small>Combined Fleet<br>Fleet recreated; post last held by</small><br />[[Arichi Shinanojō]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[Combined Fleet]] & [[1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|1st Fleet]]<br />Commander-in-chief|years=28 December 1903 – 20 December 1905}}
{{S-non|reason=<small>Combined Fleet<br>Fleet dissolved; post next held by</small><br />[[Ijuin Gorō|Ijūin Gorō]]}}
|-
{{S-non|reason=<small>1st Fleet</small><br>Fleet Created}}
{{s-non|reason=<small>1st Fleet</small><br>[[Kataoka Shichirō]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Itō Sukeyuki]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff|Navy General Staff]]<br>Chairman|years=20 December 1905 – 1 December 1909}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ijuin Gorō|Ijūin Gorō]]}}
{{s-end}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Togo, Heihachiro}}
[[Category:Tōgō Heihachirō| ]]
[[Category:1848 births]]
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[[Category:Imperial Japanese Navy marshal admirals]]
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