Editing Soyuz 1

{{short description|First crewed flight of the Soyuz programme}}
{{about|a 1967 crewed test flight|the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 1|Soyuz TM-31|other uses|Soyuz-1 (disambiguation){{!}}Soyuz-1}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = Soyuz 1
| image              = The Soviet Union 1964 CPA 3110 stamp (3-men Space Flight of Komarov, Yegorov and Feoktistov. Vladimir Komarov (1927-1967), a Soviet test pilot, aerospace engineer, and cosmonaut).jpg
| image_caption      = 1964 commemorative stamp of Vladimir Komarov
| image_size         = 290px

| mission_type       = [[Flight test|Test flight]]
| operator           = [[OKB|Experimental Design Bureau]] (OKB-1)
| COSPAR_ID          = 1967-037A
| SATCAT             = 02759
| mission_duration   = 1 day 2 hours 47 minutes 52 seconds
| orbits_completed   = 18

| spacecraft         = Soyuz 7K-OK No.1
| spacecraft_type    = [[Soyuz 7K-OK]]
| manufacturer       = [[OKB|Experimental Design Bureau]] (OKB-1)
| launch_mass        = 6450 kg
| landing_mass       = 2800 kg
| dimensions         = 10 m long (with solar panels)<br/>2.72 m wide

| launch_date        = 23 April 1967, 00:35:00 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| launch_rocket      = [[Soyuz (rocket)|Soyuz 11A511 s/n U15000-04]]
| launch_site        = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]], [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1|Site 1/5]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm|title=Baikonur LC1|access-date=2009-03-04 |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160730/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm|archive-date=2009-04-15}}</ref>
| launch_contractor  = [[OKB|Experimental Design Bureau]] (OKB-1)

| landing_date       = 24 April 1967, 03:22:52 GMT
| landing_site       = 3 km west of Karabutak, [[Orenburg Oblast]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]<ref name="googlell"/>

| crew_size          = 1
| crew_members       = [[Vladimir Komarov]]
| crew_callsign      = {{lang|ru|Рубин}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|Rubin}} – "Ruby")

| crew_photo         = 
| crew_photo_caption = 
| crew_photo_size    =

| orbit_reference    = [[Geocentric orbit]]
| orbit_regime       = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| orbit_periapsis    = 197.0 km
| orbit_apoapsis     = 223.0 km
| orbit_inclination  = 50.8°
| orbit_period       = 88.7 minutes
| apsis              = gee

| insignia           = 
| insignia_caption   = 
| insignia_size      =

| programme          = [[Soyuz programme]]
| previous_mission   = [[Kosmos 140]]
| next_mission       = [[Soyuz 2]]
}}

'''Soyuz 1''' ({{langx|ru|Союз 1}}, ''Union 1'') was a crewed spaceflight of the [[Soviet space program]]. Launched into orbit on 23 April 1967 carrying [[Astronaut|cosmonaut]] colonel [[Vladimir Komarov]], Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz spacecraft]]. The flight was plagued with technical issues, and Komarov was killed when the descent module crashed into the ground due to a parachute failure. This was the first [[List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents|in-flight fatality]] in the [[history of spaceflight]].

The original mission plan was complex, involving a [[Space rendezvous|rendezvous]] with [[Soyuz 2]] and an exchange of crew members before returning to [[Earth]]. However, the launch of Soyuz 2 was called off due to thunderstorms.

== Crew ==
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Cosmonaut
|position1   = Pilot
|crew1_up    = {{flagicon|URS}} [[Vladimir Komarov]]
|flights1_up = Second and last
}}

=== Backup crew ===
{{Spaceflight crew
|terminology = Cosmonaut
|position1   = Pilot
|crew1_up    = {{flagicon|URS}} [[Yuri Gagarin]]
}}

== Mission parameters ==
* '''[[Mass]]:''' {{cvt|6450|kg}}
* '''[[Perigee]]:''' {{cvt|197.0|km}}
* '''[[Apogee]]:''' {{cvt|223.0|km}}
* '''[[Inclination]]:''' 50.8°
* '''[[Orbital period|Period]]:''' 88.7 minutes

== Background ==
Soyuz 1 was the first crewed flight of the first-generation [[Soyuz 7K-OK]] spacecraft and [[Soyuz rocket]], designed as part of the [[Soviet crewed lunar programs|Soviet lunar program]]. It was the first Soviet crewed spaceflight in over two years, and the first Soviet crewed flight following the death of the Chief Designer of the space programme [[Sergei Korolev]]. Komarov was launched on Soyuz 1 despite failures of the previous uncrewed tests of the 7K-OK, [[Kosmos 133]] and [[Kosmos 140]]. A third attempted test flight was a launch failure; a launch abort triggered a malfunction of the [[launch escape system]], causing the rocket to explode on the pad. The escape system successfully pulled the spacecraft to safety.<ref>{{ws | [[s:Mir Hardware Heritage/Part 1 - Soyuz|Part 1 – Soyuz]] in ''Mir Hardware Heritage'' by David S. F. Portree}}</ref>

According to interviews with Venyamin Russayev, a former [[KGB]] agent, prior to launch, Soyuz 1 engineers are said to have reported 203 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of [[Lenin]]'s birthday".<ref name="BBC"/> Russayev also claims that [[Yuri Gagarin]] was the backup pilot for Soyuz 1, and was aware of the design problems and the pressures from the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] to proceed with the flight. He attempted to "bump" Komarov from the mission, knowing that the Soviet leadership would not risk a national hero on the flight.<ref name="Krulwich">{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/krulwich/2011/05/02/134597833/cosmonaut-crashed-into-earth-crying-in-rage|title=Cosmonaut Crashed Into Earth "Crying In Rage": Krulwich Wonders...|publisher=NPR.org|date=2011-03-18|access-date=2012-04-09}}</ref> At the same time, Komarov refused to pass on the mission, even though he believed it to be doomed. He explained that he could not risk Gagarin's life.<ref name="Krulwich"/> Russayev's account, however, has been seen as implausible and exaggerated by most historians of the Soviet space programme.<ref name="Krulwich2">{{cite web |url=https://text.npr.org/135919389|title=A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold|publisher=NPR.org|date=2011-05-11|access-date=2012-05-11}}</ref>

Mission planners intended to launch a [[Soyuz 2A|second Soyuz flight]] the next day carrying cosmonauts [[Valery Bykovsky]], [[Yevgeny Khrunov]], and [[Aleksei Yeliseyev]], with Khrunov and Yeliseyev scheduled to do an [[Extravehicular activity|EVA]] over to Soyuz 1.

== Mission details ==
Soyuz 1 was launched on 23 April 1967 at 00:32 GMT from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] carrying Komarov, the first Soviet cosmonaut to fly in space twice, in the 7K-OK No. 4 capsule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vladimir Komarov's tragic flight aboard Soyuz-1 |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz1-decision.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> Problems began shortly after launch when one solar panel failed to unfold, leading to a shortage of power for the spacecraft's systems. Komarov transmitted: "Conditions are poor. The cabin parameters are normal, but the left solar panel didn't deploy. The electrical bus is at only 13 to 14 [[Ampere|amperes]]. The HF (high frequency) communications are not working. I cannot orient the spacecraft to the sun. I tried orienting the spacecraft manually using the DO-1 orientation engines, but the pressure remaining on the DO-1 has gone down to 180."<ref name="Kamanin Diary, April 23, 1967">Kamanin Diary, 23 April 1967</ref> Further problems with the orientation detectors complicated maneuvering the craft. By orbit 13, the automatic stabilisation system was completely dead, and the manual system was only partially effective.

The crew of Soyuz 2 modified their mission goals, preparing themselves for a launch that would include fixing the solar panel of Soyuz 1. However, that night, thunderstorms at Baikonur affected the booster's electrical system, causing the mission to be called off.<ref>{{Cite book |last=French |first=Francis |title=In the Shadow of the Moon |last2=Burgess |first2=Colin |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2007 |pages=177}}</ref>

As a result of Komarov's report during the 13th orbit, the [[Flight controller|flight director]] decided to abort the mission. After 18 orbits, Soyuz 1 fired its [[retrorocket]]s and [[Atmospheric reentry|reentered]] the [[Atmosphere of Earth|Earth's atmosphere]]. Despite the technical difficulties up to that point, Komarov might still have landed safely. A few minutes before the tragedy, Komarov maintained radio contact with Gagarin, in particular, stating: "The engine was running for 146 seconds. Everything is going fine. Everything is going fine! The ship was oriented correctly. I am in the middle chair. Tied with straps."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milkus |first=Alexander |date=2017-04-24 |title=Трагедия «Союза-1»: Почему разбился космонавт Владимир Комаров |trans-title=The Soyuz-1 Tragedy: Why Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov Crashed |url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/26669.3/3689755/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240306075550/https://www.kp.ru/daily/26669.3/3689755/ |archive-date=2024-03-06 |access-date=2023-04-07 |work=kp.ru |language=ru}}</ref> To slow the descent, first the [[drogue parachute]] was deployed, followed by the main parachute. However, due to a defect, the main parachute did not unfold; the exact reason for the main parachute malfunction is disputed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friends-partners.org/pipermail/fpspace/2000-October/000717.html|title=The Red Stuff|website=friends-partners.org|date=24 October 2000|access-date=9 April 2012|archive-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105517/http://www.friends-partners.org/pipermail/fpspace/2000-October/000717.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz1.html|title=The Soyuz-1 accident investigation|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

Komarov then activated the manually deployed reserve chute, but it became tangled with the drogue chute, which did not release as intended. As a result, the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)#Descent module|Soyuz descent module]] fell to Earth in [[Orenburg Oblast]] almost entirely unimpeded, at about {{cvt|40|m/s|km/h mph}}. A rescue helicopter spotted the descent module lying on its side with the parachute spread across the ground on fire. The retrorockets then started firing which concerned the rescuers since they were supposed to activate a few moments prior to touchdown. By the time they landed and approached, the descent module was in flames with black smoke filling the air and streams of molten metal dripping from the exterior. The entire base of the capsule burned through. By this point, it was obvious that Komarov had not survived, but there was no code signal for a cosmonaut's death, so the rescuers fired a signal flare calling for medical assistance. Another group of rescuers in an aircraft then arrived and attempted to extinguish the blazing spacecraft with portable fire extinguishers. This proved insufficient and they instead began using shovels to throw dirt onto it. The descent module then completely disintegrated, leaving only a pile of debris topped by the entry hatch. When the fire at last ended, the rescuers were able to dig through the rubble to find Komarov strapped into the center couch, his body had turned into charred clothing and flesh. Doctors pronounced the cause of death to be from multiple blunt-force injuries. The body was transported to Moscow for an official autopsy in a military hospital where the cause of death was verified to match the field doctors' conclusions.

The Soyuz 1 crash site coordinates are {{Coord|51.3609|N|59.5624|E}}, which is {{cvt|3|km}} west of Karabutak, about {{cvt|275|km}} east-southeast of [[Orenburg]]. There is a memorial monument at the site in the form of a black column with a bust of Komarov at the top, in a small park on the roadside.<ref name="googlell">{{cite web |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ie=UTF8&ll=51.374567,59.572163&spn=0.052613,0.165997&t=h&z=13&iwloc=lyrftr:com.panoramio.all,6302492947772100897,51.360849,59.562378&lci=com.panoramio.all|title= Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo|access-date=2010-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&lci=org.wikipedia.en&q=51.3615,59.5622(Soyuz+1)&ie=UTF8&ll=51.361599,59.563065&spn=0.051342,0.138359&z=13|title=Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Location|access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=51.360902,59.562378&spn=0,0.138359&t=h&z=13&lci=com.panoramio.all&layer=c&cbll=51.360902,59.562378&cbp=12,0,,0,5&photoid=po-10147834|title=Google Maps – Soyuz 1 Crash Site – Memorial Monument Photo closeup|access-date=25 December 2010}}</ref>

Posthumously, Komarov was named a [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] for the second time, and awarded the [[Order of Lenin]]. He was given a [[state funeral]], and his ashes were interred in the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]] at [[Red Square]], Moscow.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=24 April 1967: Russian cosmonaut dies in space crash|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/24/newsid_2523000/2523019.stm|work=On This Day|publisher=BBC|date=24 April 1967|access-date=15 April 2009}}</ref>

Eight years after Komarov's death, a story began circulating that Komarov cursed the engineers and flight staff, and spoke to his wife as he descended,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/s/soyuz1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820192411/http://www.astronautix.com/s/soyuz1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2016|publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica|title=Soyuz 1|access-date=2009-04-15}}</ref> and these transmissions were received by an [[National Security Agency|NSA]] listening station near [[Istanbul]].<ref name="npr-retold">{{cite web|last1=Krulwich|first1=Robert|title=A Cosmonaut's Fiery Death Retold|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2011/05/03/135919389/a-cosmonauts-fiery-death-retold|website=npr.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503223325/https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2011/05/03/135919389/a-cosmonauts-fiery-death-retold|date=5 May 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> Historians such as [[Asif Azam Siddiqi]] regard this to be untrue.<ref name="npr-retold"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=French |first=Francis |title=In the Shadow of the Moon |last2=Burgess |first2=Colin |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2007 |pages=181}}</ref> Komarov's final recorded words appear to have been a conversation with a tracking station located near [[Simferopol]] on the topic of the separation of the Soyuz modules just before reentry,<ref name=SiddiqPPP36 /> with the final message received being "Спасибо, передайте всем Произошло" ("Thank you, tell everyone it happened") [Garbled].<ref name=SiddiqPPP36>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif |author-link=Asif Azam Siddiqi |date=2020 |title=Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes |publisher=SpaceHistory101.com Press |pages=36–37|isbn=9781887022958}}</ref><ref name=SiddiqPPP73>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif |author-link=Asif Azam Siddiqi |date=2020 |title=Soyuz 1 The Death of Vladimir Komarov Pressure, Politics, and Parachutes |publisher=SpaceHistory101.com Press |page=73|isbn=9781887022958}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The Soyuz 1 tragedy delayed the launch of [[Soyuz 2]] and [[Soyuz 3]] until 25 October 1968. This 18-month gap, with the addition of the explosion of an uncrewed [[N-1 rocket]] on 3 July 1969, scuttled Soviet plans of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon. The original mission of Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 was ultimately achieved by [[Soyuz 4]] and [[Soyuz 5]].

A much improved Soyuz programme emerged from this eighteen-month delay, mirroring the improvements made in the [[Apollo program]] after the [[Apollo 1]] tragedy. Although it failed to reach the [[Moon]], the Soyuz went on to be repurposed from the centrepiece of the [[Zond program|Zond lunar program]] to the people-carrier of the [[Salyut]] space station program, the [[Mir]] space station, and the [[International Space Station]]. Although it suffered another tragedy with the [[Soyuz 11]] accident in 1971, and went through several incidents with non-fatal launch aborts and landing mishaps, it has become one of the longest-lived and most dependable crewed spacecraft yet designed.

Komarov is commemorated in two memorials left on the lunar surface: one left at [[Tranquility Base]] by [[Apollo 11]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldrin|first=Buzz|last2=McConnell|first2=Malcolm|title=Men from Earth |publisher=Bantam|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/menfromearth0000aldr|isbn=978-0-553-05374-6|url-access=registration}}</ref> and the ''[[Fallen Astronaut]]'' statue and plaque left by [[Apollo 15]].

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|Soviet Union|Spaceflight}}
* [http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Soyuz1Land/Soyanaly.htm An analysis of the Soyuz-1 flight from Sven Grahn]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011226022800/http://www.astronautix.com/flights/soyuz1.htm Soyuz-1 on the Encyclopedia Astronautica]

{{Soyuz}}
{{Orbital launches in 1967}}
{{N1-L3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soyuz 01}}
[[Category:Crewed Soyuz missions]]
[[Category:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Space program fatalities]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1967]]
[[Category:Space missions that ended in failure]]