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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}} {{Use Australian English|date=September 2014}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = protected | name = South Bruny National Park | state = tas | iucn_category = II | image = The Friars.jpg | caption = The Friars | image_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|43|21|00|S|147|22|16|E|display=inline,title}} | force_national_map = | relief = 1 | pushpin_label_position = | map_alt = | map_type = nomap | image2 = <mapframe frameless width="300" height="300" latitude="-43.4420" longitude="147.2374" zoom="9" align="center"> { "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q830099", "properties": { "title": "South Bruny National Park", "fill": "#447F06", "stroke-width": 0 } } </mapframe> | caption2 = | image2_alt = Interactive map showing South Bruny National Park in Tasmania | nearest_town_or_city = [[Kingston, Tasmania|Kingston]] | area = 50.59 | area_footnotes = | established = 1997 | established_footnotes = | visitation_num = 9200 | visitation_year = 1997 | visitation_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6978 South Bruny National Park Management Plan 2000]</ref> | managing_authorities = Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service | url = https://parks.tas.gov.au/explore-our-parks/south-bruny-national-park }} The '''South Bruny National Park''' is a [[national park]] located on [[Bruny Island]], [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]], about {{convert|50|km}} south of [[Hobart, Australia|Hobart]]. The park contains the [[Cape Bruny Lighthouse]]. The highest point of the park is Mount Bruny at {{convert|504|m}}. ==History== The park also embraces the Labillardiere Peninsula, named in honour of the French botanist [[Jacques Labillardière]], author of the first general flora of Australia and a member of [[Bruni d'Entrecasteaux]]'s expedition. The Nuenonne people once occupied South Bruny and there are several cultural sites around the national park, all of which are protected and some of which are publicized.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |publisher= Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment |date= 2000 |title= South Bruny National Park, Waterfall Creek State Reserve, Green Island Nature Reserve; Management Plan |url= http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=6282 |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> [[Dolerite]] cliffs categorize part of the dramatic coastline, with continuous expanses of beaches from Fluted Cape to the southern tip, continuing around Cloudy Bay, and encompass the whole southern part of Great Taylors Bay.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania |date=2009 |title=South Bruny National Park |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspX?base=3777 |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> South Bruny was declared a National Park in 1997, mostly for its coastal scenery, as well as Aboriginal and historic heritage and to protect a number of threatened species endemic to the area.<ref name=":0" /> The park has become a popular tourist destination enhanced by its abundant birdlife and coastal heathlands.<ref name=":1" /> A number of smaller islands were also reserved for their ecological significance including Partridge Island, Green Island and The Friars.<ref name=":1" /> ==Flora== Plant communities in the park are of high conservation value due to the occurrence of geographically significant species endemic to the island and not protected by reserves or parks elsewhere in Tasmania.<ref name=":0" /> Much of the park's vegetation comprises dry [[sclerophyll]] communities such as [[eucalypt]] [[woodland]] as well as [[heathland]] and coastal communities. There are also small patches of wet eucalypt forest and [[temperate rainforest]].<ref name=SBNP>{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/factsheets/natural_values/Bruny.pdf |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania |title=South Bruny National Park - landforms, flora and fauna |access-date=30 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828213523/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/factsheets/natural_values/Bruny.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Common coastal plants include [[she-oak]]s and [[casuarina]]s (''Allocasuarina''), which have a high tolerance to salt spray and wind.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania |title=Natural Values, South Bruny National Park; Landforms, Flora and Fauna |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/file.aspx?id=6400 |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> The national park contains several rare, endemic [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] species including the endangered chestnut leek orchid (''Prasophyllum castaneum'') and the pretty leek orchid (''Prasophyllum pulchellum''), both of which are of high ecological significance due to their rare occurrence.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |last1=Cochran |first1=Tonia |title=Managing Threatened Species & Communities on Bruny Island May's Threatened Species, Bruny Island & you |publisher=Threatened Species Unit, Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Tasmania|date= 2003 |url=https://nre.tas.gov.au/Documents/first-part-of-Bruny-Island-Plan.pdf |access-date=15 April 2024}}{{page needed|date=April 2024}}</ref> These species generally occur in heathland communities which are greatly diverse and are of high conservation significance.<ref name=":0" /> The pretty leek orchid thrives in damp heathland and is so rare that the largest of the five known populations consists of fifty individuals.<ref name=":3" /> Several other heath species are classified as rare and vulnerable including the juniper wattle (''Acacia ulicifolia''), variable smoke bush (''Conospermum hookeri''), and the yellow onion orchid (''Microtis atrata).''<ref name=":3" /> Eucalyptus forests within the national park play an important role in creating habitat for many species of insects, birds and mammals. Common species are brown-top stringy bark (''Eucalyptus oblique'') with pockets of white gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), blue gum (''Eucalyptus globules ) and'' white peppermint (''Eucalyptus pulchella'').<ref name=":0" /> The [[Euphrasia|eyebright]] (''Euphrasia fragosa'') is another species of particular note; the park is one of the few places the plant occurs with only three other known populations, and is the only place where it is protected in a national park or reserve.<ref name=":0" /> The eyebright is a small flowering perennial occurring in open woodland and is highly vulnerable to disturbance where it exists on vehicle tracks and grazing areas.<ref name=":0" /> ==Fauna== [[File:Arctocephalus pusillus Colony Friar Island.jpg|thumb|Australian fur seals in the park]] Common mammals in the park include the [[Bennett's wallaby]] (''Macropus rufogriseus''), [[common brushtail possum|common brush]] tail possum (''Trichosurus'' ''vulpecula'') and [[Tasmanian pademelon]] (''Thylogale billardierii''). The Bennett's wallaby is fairly prevalent throughout Tasmania, however the national park protects a small population of unusual white Bennett's wallabies.<ref name=":1" /> The Bennett's wallaby, also referred to as the red-necked wallaby, can be found grazing on grasslands around the Fluted Cape area and are nocturnal.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Services Tasmania |date=2006 |title=Wallabies and Wildlife: Living with Nature |url=http://www.brunyisland.net/Downloads/parks%20pdf/WallabyRoo.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521181813/http://www.brunyisland.net/Downloads/parks%20pdf/WallabyRoo.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[eastern quoll]] (''Dasyurus viverrinus'') has also been reported. [[Spotted-tail quoll]]s (''Dasyurus maculates''), [[Tasmanian devil]]s (''Sarcophilus harrisii''), and [[common wombat]]s (''Vombatus ursinus'') have always been absent from the island.<ref name=":0" /> All twelve of Tasmania's endemic bird species are present, notably the [[forty-spotted pardalote]] (''pardalotus quadragintus'') for which the island is the main stronghold.<ref name=":1" /> [[Little penguin]]s (''Eudyptula minor'') and [[hooded plover]]s (''Thinornis rubicollis'') also breed along the coast. Reptiles recorded include the [[tiger snake]] (''Notechis scutatus''), [[lowland copperhead]] (''Austrelaps superbus'') and [[white-lipped snake]] (''Drysdalia coronoides'').<ref name=SBNP/> A colony of [[Brown fur seal|Australian fur seals]] (''Arctocephalus pusillus'') occupy The Friars; rocks that form the most southerly part of the park<ref name=":1" /> where they use the rocks as a ‘haul-out’.<ref name=":2" /> The birdlife of the park is of particular significance due to the varied habitats suitable for a rich variety of species. === Bird life === Several birds of prey exist in South Bruny National Park, including the [[white-bellied sea eagle]] (''haliaeetus leucogaster''), the [[wedge-tailed eagle]] (''Aquila audax fleayi'') and the [[grey goshawk]] (''Accipiter novaehollandiae''). The goshawk is endangered and very rare, and is found on Partridge Island, part of the South Bruny National Park.<ref name=":3" /> Also on Partridge island is a breeding penguin colony, the island provides a secluded refuge and ideal habitat for the flightless bird.<ref name=":3" /> Nearby Green Island provides the ideal conditions for the kelp gull (''Larus dominicanus'') and is an important breeding ground of which there are very few.<ref name=":2" /> The park also supports a rare [[Pezoporus|ground parrot]] (''Pezoporus wallicus''), which survives in the open heathland. Ground parrots are extremely scarce with only three ground dwelling parrot species in existence, all of which are endangered.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |publisher=Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania |date=2011 |title=Ground Parrot, ''Pezoporus wallicus.'' |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=5155 |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> The preservation of their habitat is critical to the survival of the species, and the undisturbed heathland of the South Bruny National Park provides this refuge.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Forty-spotted pardalote ==== The [[forty-spotted pardalote]] is one of the rarest birds in Australia, and is classified as endangered.<ref name=":1" /> The distribution of the species has declined over the last century with the bird thought to no longer occupy many parts of Tasmania where it was once prevalent; two populations are now known on Bruny Island.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |author1=Rounsevell, D. E. |author2=Woinarski, J. C. |date=1983 |title=Status and Conservation of the Forty-spotted Pardalote, ''Pardalotus quadragintus'' |journal=Australian Wildlife Research |volume=10 |pages=343–349 |doi=10.1071/wr9830343 |issue=2}}</ref> The pardalote’s rely on the white gum (Eucalyptus ''viminalis'') for survival and feed on small insects and manna (sap like sugary substance produced by white gums).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{cite web |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania |date=2012 |title=Listing Statement for Pardalotus quadragintus (Forty-spotted Pardalote) |work=Threatened Species Section |url=http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Pardalotus-quadragintus-listing-statement.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> The pardalote prefers old growth hollows and logs for breeding and nesting, sites of newer growth have shown to be unsuitable with the pardalote showing disinterest.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |publisher=Understorey Network Tasmania |date=2011 |title=Habitat Plan for the Endangered Forty-Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus quadragintus |url=http://www.understorey-network.org.au/forty-spotted-pardalote.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> The numbers of forty-spotted pardalote's are still declining despite a number of rescue efforts. There are several factors preventing their abundance such as low dispersal, specialized diet and habitat, and competition with other birds that have established following land clearing.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The primary threat to the species is clearing resulting in habitat loss; the clearing of dry sclerophyll forest and the key white gum trees along coastal areas has seen these specialists decline in numbers.<ref name=":7" /> Over the past ten years [[habitat destruction]] has been negligible, particularly with the declaration of the South Bruny National Park and other reserves on Bruny Island, however habitat fragmentation is a persisting issue, as is territory competition with other edge species.<ref name=":7" /> A challenge for future conservation of the species is maintaining habitat connectivity and ensuring the persistence of white gums as a core habitat tree. There have been two national recovery plans with the main management objectives being to reestablish white gums, assess more areas for protection, increase knowledge of the species through monitoring, and to educate the community and visitors.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Swift parrot ==== The [[swift parrot]] (''Lathamus discolor'') is another key species protected by the park; a migratory bird which travels between southeast mainland Australia and Tasmania. [[Adventure Bay, Tasmania|Adventure Bay]] and [[Cloudy Bay (Tasmania)|Cloudy Bay]] on South Bruny Island have been identified in research for the [[Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania|Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment]] as key sites for the species.<ref name=":3" /> The bird nests primarily in blue gums (''Eucalyptus globulus'') relying on the trees flowers for its breeding success,<ref name=":8">{{cite book |author1=Saunders, D. |author2=Tzaros, C. |author3=Webb, M. |author4=Thurstans, S. |date=2010 |title=Background Document - Swift Parrot Recovery Plan |publisher=Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water; Birds Australia |location=Queanbeyan }}</ref> with black gums (''Eucalyptus ovate'') also noted as an important food source.<ref name=":9">{{cite book |author1=Bryant, S. L. |author2=Jackson, J. |date=1999 |title=Tasmania's Threatened Fauna handbook: What, where and how to protect Tasmania's Threatened Animals |publisher=Threatened Species Unit, Parks and Wildlife Service |location=Tasmania }}</ref> Swift parrots nest in tree hollows, usually on upper slopes and ridges in dry eucalypt forest within {{convert|10|km}} of the coast, with the total population being estimated at approximately 1,000 pairs.<ref name=":9" /> The decline of the species has been mainly attributed to habitat loss through clearing, resulting in fragmentation and the change in habitat structure.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |author1=Allchin, R. |author2=Kirkpatrick, J. |author3=Kriwoken, L. |date=2013 |title=On Not Protecting the Parrot: Impact of Conservation and Planning Legislation on an Endangered Species in Tasmania |journal=Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy |volume=16 |pages=81–104 |doi=10.1080/13880292.2013.764777 |issue=1|s2cid=84718345 }}</ref> Another threat to the swift parrot is predation by [[sugar glider]]s on the mainland, hence why it is so important for the birds to seek refuge on offshore islands where they can breed safely.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Webb. M. |author2=Lacy, R. |author3=Terauds, A. |author4=Alderman, R. |author5=Stojanovic, D. |date=2015 |title=A severe predator-induced population decline predicted for endangered, migratory swift parrots (Lathamus discolor) |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=186 |pages=75–82 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.03.006}}</ref> Some, but not all of the breeding and nesting sites are encompassed by the South Bruny Island National Park, with some land being privately owned and other land forestry owned- which operations are still active on Bruny Island.<ref name=":0" /> Approximately 80% of swift parrot habitat occurs outside of protected areas, which is detrimental in the protection of the bird due to its migratory nature,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Munks, S. |author2=Richards, K. |author3=Meggs, J. |author4=Bereton, R. |date=2004 |title=The importance of adaptive management in 'off- reserve' conservation for forest fauna: implementing, monitoring and upgrading Swift Parrot ''Lathamus discolor'' conservation measures in Tasmania. |journal=Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna |issue=2 |pages=688–689 |doi=10.7882/FS.2004.040 |isbn=0-9586085-8-X }}</ref> with habitat connectivity being key. The South Bruny National Park offers a vital sanctuary for the parrot by protecting one of its core breeding areas. Management plans have been developed and implemented in the recovery of the bird (the most recent released in 2011), proving successful in increasing the understanding of habitat requirements, improving forestry management, and has helped to establish community and volunteer networks.<ref name=":10" /> == Environmental threats == Tourism of Bruny Island has been driven by a demand for natural experiences,<ref name=":11">{{cite journal |author1=Moyle, B. |author2=Croy, W. G. |author3=Weiler, B. |date=2010 |title=Community Perceptions of Tourism: Bruny and Magnetic Islands, Australia |journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research |volume=15 |pages=353–366 |doi=10.1080/10941665.2010.503625 |issue=3|s2cid=154549239 |url=https://works.bepress.com/brent_moyle/82/download/ }}</ref> which has had both positive and negative impacts on the island. The use of boats and four-wheel drives is popular, and the increased number of vehicles on beaches is having negative implications. A high number{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=August 2015}} of vehicles travel along the Cloudy Bay beaches, which raises concerns for the success of breeding birds such as the hooded plover.<ref name=":3" /> Other associated problems with beach driving are loss of vegetation above the high tide mark, soil disturbance, impacts on other ground nesting birds, and the compaction of sand and soil which can have entire ecosystem implications.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation |date=2001 |title=A manual of Coastal Dune Management and Rehabilitation Techniques |url=http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/rdaguidelines/documents/Coastal%20Dune%20Management%20Manual.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622205223/http://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/rdaguidelines/documents/Coastal%20Dune%20Management%20Manual.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> These dunal communities are also facing decline due to exotic species and legacy impacts of previous human use.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bryant, S |date=2014 |title=Tasmania: State of the Islands |publisher=Tasmanian Land Conservancy |url=http://islandarks.com.au/files/2014/01/State-of-Tasmanias-Islands.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> Island locals have highlighted that the reason Bruny Island is so attractive is because of its unspoilt natural values, and increased numbers of tourists jeopardizes this, putting pressure on the island and its resources.<ref name=":11" /> The park layout consists of a narrow coastal strip which is reduced to 50 m wide in parts, connecting three different areas which means the park cannot be managed in isolation from its context and wider environmental setting. This poses the threat of losing habitat connectivity as some important habitat areas are on adjacent private property.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Collaboration with landowners on species management is therefore important, as is community education to encourage this. Feral cats are thought to be the most significant predator on the island, with domestic cats and dogs also known to kill wildlife.<ref name=":3" /> Hooded plovers and terns that nest along Cloudy Bay’s beaches are particularly vulnerable to predation by cats.<ref name=":3" /> Approximately 80% of the feral cats on Bruny Island carry toxoplasmosis (a parasite which infects and kills many animals when bitten), of which marsupials are particularly susceptible.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fancourt, B. A. |author2=Jackson, R. B. |date=2014 |title=Regional seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in feral and stray cats (Felis catus) from Tasmania |journal= Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=62 |pages=272–283 |doi=10.1071/zo14015 |issue=4|s2cid=85927546 }}</ref> Competition with other invasive species is also of concern, for example the endangered [[Tasmanian masked owl]] (''Tyto novaehollandiae castanops'') is forced to compete with feral honeybees and starlings for nest hollows.<ref name=":3" /> == Management == [[File:Trail in South Bruny National Park.jpg|thumb|A trail in South Bruny National Park]] The park offers pristine beaches, a scenic environment, and the opportunity for people to relax in the close proximity of wildlife.<ref name=":0" /> Visitors can appreciate the natural setting and learn about the parks different environments, with the aim of supporting South Bruny's conservation values. To continue to offer and achieve this, management objectives have been established, along with a management plan. Specific management actions have been outlined including erosion control and rehabilitation where vehicles access the beach at Cloudy Corner, as well as minimizing impacts of visitors in limiting numbers to those that are ecologically sustainable.<ref name=":0" /> The Commonwealth ''[[Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act]]'' (1999) is at the heart of the federal government’s environmental legislation, providing the legal basis for management and protection of Australia’s threatened species and communities.<ref name=":10" /> The South Bruny National Park Management Plan implemented in 2000 aims to protect, maintain and monitor the natural flora and fauna diversity, particularly threatened species.<ref name=":0" /> Only species native to the park will be used in any rehabilitation works, and habitat areas for beach breeding birds are to be left undisturbed during breeding season.<ref name=":0" /> The parks priorities for flora conservation include sites of the eyebright, old growth forests and grassy forest that provide habitat to the swift parrot and forty-spotted pardalote.<ref name=":0" /> Species such as the eyebright and several flowering orchids rely on the disturbance of vegetation<ref name=":3" /> and thrive on regular burns which the park has been exposed to for thousands of years.<ref name=":0" /> Regular burns do occur in the park; between 2000 and 2010 most of South Bruny has undergone some form of burn off<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment |date=2011 |title=Southern Region Strategic Fire Management Plan |url=http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/PWS%20Southern%20Region%20Strategic%20Fire%20Management%20Plan.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> as part of the national park's burning regime. A management challenge is meeting the needs of these individual species, which often differ from one another. The ''Weed Management Act'' (1999) specifies the framework for Tasmania’s weed management, aiming for the control and eradication of declared weeds providing a sustainable approach to Tasmania’s weed management.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |author=Chamberlain, B. |date=2007 |title=Bruny Island Weed Management Strategy |location=Tasmania |url=http://www.kingborough.tas.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/BRUNY_ISLAND_WEED_MANAGEMENT_STRATEGY.pdf |access-date=20 May 2015 }}</ref> Reducing the risk of introduction or reintroduction of weeds is also a priority, improving awareness and knowledge of weed issues throughout Bruny Island, with declared weeds carrying legally enforceable action plans for their control.<ref name=":12" /> Continued research and monitoring of environmental issues throughout Bruny Island and the National Park will provide the basis for appropriate future management. ==Features of South Bruny National Park== {{div col |colwidth=22em}} * [[Blanche Rock]] * [[Cape Bruny Lighthouse]] * [[Cloudy Bay (Tasmania)|Cloudy Bay]] * [[Courts Island]] * [[The Friars (Tasmania)|The Friars]] * [[Partridge Island (Tasmania)|Partridge Island]] {{div col end}} ==See also== {{stack|{{Portal|Australia|Environment}}}} * [[Protected areas of Tasmania (Australia)|Protected areas of Tasmania]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |author=Duyker, Edward |author-link=Edward Duyker |title=Citizen Labillardière: A Naturalist's Life in Revolution and Exploration (1755—1834) |publisher=Miegunyah/Melbourne University Press |location=Melbourne |edition=Paperback reprint |date=2004 |isbn=0-522-85160-6 |pages=383 (including notes, glossaries, zoological, botanical and general index), 12 maps, 18 black and white plates }} * {{cite book |author1= Carr, S. G. M. |author2=Carr, D. J. |year=1981 |chapter=A charmed life: The collections of Labillardière |pages=79–115 |title=People and plants in Australia |editor1=Carr, D. J. |editor2=Carr, S. G. M. |location=Sydney |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-160720-8}} ==External links== *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} *[https://parks.tas.gov.au/explore-our-parks/south-bruny-national-park Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service - South Bruny National Park] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080829063456/http://catalogue.mup.com.au/978-0-522-85160-1.html Citizen Labillardière] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080829072931/http://catalogue.mup.com.au/978-0-522-84932-5.html Voyage to Australia and the Pacific] {{National parks in Tasmania}} {{Southern Tasmania |state=autocollapse}} {{authority control}} [[Category:National parks of Tasmania]] [[Category:Protected areas established in 1997]] [[Category:1997 establishments in Australia]] [[Category:Bruny Island]] [[Category:South Bruny National Park]]
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