Editing Slavonia

{{distinguish|Slavinia|Slovenia|Slavoia}}
{{For|ships named ''Slavonia''|SS Slavonia}}
{{short description|Historical region of Croatia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Slavonia
| native_name        = ''Slavonija''
| native_name_lang   = hr
| settlement_type    = [[Regions of Croatia|Historical region]] of [[Croatia]]{{Ref|box1|1}}
| image_flag         = Flag of the Kingdom of Slavonia.svg
| flag_size          = 115px
| image_shield       = HRV Slavonia COA.svg
| shield_size        = 70px
| image_map          = Slavonia.svg
| map_caption        = {{plainlist | style = padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left; |
* {{legend inline|#a24acc|Slavonia}}{{Ref|box2|2}}
* {{legend inline|#ca97e1|Croatian [[Baranya (region)|Baranya]]}}}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{HRV}}
| seat_type          = Largest city
| seat               = [[Osijek]]
| area_footnotes     = {{Ref|box3|3}}
| area_total_km2     = 12556
| population_footnotes = {{Ref|box3|3}}
| population_total   = 665,858
| population_as_of   = 2021
| population_density_km2 = auto
| footnotes          = {{note|box1}} Slavonia is not designated as an official subdivision of [[Croatia]]; it is a [[Regions of Croatia|historical region]].<ref name="Frucht 2004">{{cite book|last= Frucht|first= Richard C.|title= Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA413 |access-date= 15 August 2012|edition= illustrated|volume= 1|year= 2004|publisher= [[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn= 1-57607-800-0|page= 413}}</ref> The flag and arms below are also unofficial/historical; none are legally defined at present.
----{{note|box2}} The map represents modern-day perception: historical boundaries of Slavonia varied over centuries.
----{{note|box3}} The figures are an approximation based on statistical data for the five easternmost [[Counties of Croatia|Croatian counties]] ([[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]], [[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]], [[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]], [[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]], [[Vukovar-Syrmia County|Vukovar-Srijem]]).
}}
{{History of Slavonia}}
{{History of Croatia}}
'''Slavonia''' ({{IPAc-en|s|l|ə|ˈ|v|oʊ|n|i|ə}}; {{langx|hr|Slavonija}}; [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: Szlavónia) is, with [[Dalmatia]], [[Croatia proper]], and [[Istria County|Istria]], one of the four [[Regions of Croatia|historical regions of Croatia]].<ref name="Frucht 2004" /> Located in the [[Pannonian Plain]] and taking up the east of the country, it roughly corresponds with five [[Counties of Croatia|Croatian counties]]: [[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]], [[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]], [[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]], [[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]], and [[Vukovar-Syrmia County|Vukovar-Syrmia]], although the territory of the counties includes [[Baranya (region)|Baranya]], and the definition of the western extent of Slavonia as a region varies. The counties cover {{convert|12556|km2|abbr=off}} or 22.2% of Croatia, inhabited by 806,192—18.8% of Croatia's population. The largest city in the region is [[Osijek]], followed by [[Slavonski Brod]] and [[Vinkovci]].

Slavonia is located in the [[Pannonian Basin]], largely bordered by the [[Danube]], [[Drava]], and [[Sava]] rivers. In the west, the region consists of the Sava and Drava valleys and the mountains surrounding the [[Požega Valley]], and [[plain]]s in the east. Slavonia enjoys a moderate [[continental climate]] with relatively low precipitation.

After the [[Decline of the Roman Empire|fall]] of the [[Western Roman Empire]], which ruled the area of modern-day Slavonia until the 5th century, [[Ostrogoths]] and [[Lombards]] controlled the area before the arrival of [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] and [[Slavs]], when the Principality of [[Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Lower Pannonia]] was established in the 7th century. It was later incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Kingdom of Croatia]]; after its decline, the kingdom was ruled through a [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union with Hungary]].

It became part of the [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown]] in the 12th century. The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] conquest of Slavonia took place between 1536 and 1552. In 1699, after the [[Great Turkish War]] of 1683–1699, the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] transferred [[Kingdom of Slavonia]] to the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburgs]]. After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Slavonia became part of the [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Hungarian part of the realm]], and a year later it became part of the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]]. In 1918, when [[Austria-Hungary]] dissolved, Slavonia became a part of the short-lived [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] which in turn became a part of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]], later renamed [[Yugoslavia]]. During the [[Croatian War of Independence]] of 1991–1995, Slavonia saw fierce fighting, including the 1991 [[Battle of Vukovar]].

The economy of Slavonia is largely based on [[processing industry]], trade, transport, and civil engineering. Agriculture is a significant component of its economy: Slavonia contains 45% of Croatia's agricultural land and accounts for a significant proportion of Croatia's livestock farming and production of [[permanent crop]]s. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the five counties of Slavonia is worth 6,454&nbsp;million [[euro]] or 8,005&nbsp;euro per capita, 27.5% below national average. The GDP of the five counties represents 13.6% of Croatia's GDP.

The cultural heritage of Slavonia represents a blend of historical influences, especially those from the end of the 17th century, when Slavonia started recovering from the [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman wars]], and its traditional culture. Slavonia contributed to the culture of Croatia through art, writers, poets, sculptors, and [[Patronage|art patronage]]. In traditional music, Slavonia comprises a distinct region of Croatia, and the traditional culture is preserved through [[folklore]] festivals, with prominence given to [[tamburica]] music and [[bećarac]], a form of traditional song, recognized as an [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|intangible cultural heritage]] by [[UNESCO]]. The cuisine of Slavonia reflects diverse influences—a blend of traditional and foreign elements. Slavonia is one of Croatia's winemaking areas, with [[Erdut]], [[Ilok]] and [[Kutjevo]] recognized as centres of wine production.

==History==
{{see also|History of Croatia}}
[[File:ZGvucdove.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Vučedol Dove]]]]
The name ''Slavonia'' originated in the [[Early Middle Ages]]. The area was named after the [[Slav]]s who settled there and called themselves *Slověne. The root *Slověn- appeared in various dialects of [[Slavic languages|languages]] spoken by people inhabiting the area west of the [[Sutla]] river, as well as between the [[Sava]] and [[Drava]] rivers—[[South Slavs]] living in the area of the former [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]]. The area bounded by those rivers was called *Slověnьje in the [[Proto-Slavic]] language. The word subsequently evolved to its various present forms in the [[Slavic languages]], and other languages adopted the term.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Migracijske I Etničke Teme|publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb|issn=1333-2546|volume=19|issue=1|date=March 2003|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=12062|title=Ime Slavonije|language=hr|trans-title=Name of Slavonia|author=Alemko Gluhak|pages=111–117|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

===Prehistory and antiquity===
{{see also|Prehistoric Croatia|Illyria|Illyricum (Roman province)|Pannonia (Roman province)}}
Remnants of several [[Neolithic]] and [[Chalcolithic]] cultures were found in all regions of Croatia,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica|pages=93–122|volume=30|issue=1|date=April 2008|author=Tihomila Težak-Gregl|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=34026}}</ref> but most of the sites are found in the river valleys of northern Croatia, including Slavonia. The most significant cultures whose presence was found include the [[Starčevo culture]] whose finds were discovered near [[Slavonski Brod]] and [[Radiocarbon dating|dated]] to 6100–5200&nbsp;[[Anno Domini|BC]],<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu|publisher=Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb|issn=1330-0644|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=18453|volume=23|issue=1|date=April 2007|title=Novi radiokarbonski datumi rane starčevačke kulture u Hrvatskoj|trans-title=New Radiocarbon Dates for the Early Starčevo Culture in Croatia|language=hr|author1=Kornelija Minichreiter|author2=Ines Krajcar Bronić|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> the [[Vučedol culture]], the [[Baden culture]] and the [[Kostolac culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol|pages=25–40|volume=29|issue=1|date=December 2005| first = Jacqueline | last = Balen|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=26644}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog Zavoda|publisher=University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department|issn=0473-0992|title=Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske|trans-title=A Contribution to Understanding Neolithic Ritual Objects in the Northern Croatia Neolithic|language= hr|pages=43–48|volume=27|issue=1|date=December 2003|author=Tihomila Težak-Gregl|access-date=15 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=8717}}</ref> Most finds attributed to the Baden and Vučedol cultures are discovered in the area near the right bank of the Danube near [[Vukovar]], [[Vinkovci]] and [[Osijek]]. The Baden culture sites in Slavonia are dated to 3600–3300&nbsp;BC,<ref name="Heritage-Baden">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=75|title=Badenska kultura|trans-title=Baden culture|language=hr|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> and Vučedol culture finds are dated to 3000–2500&nbsp;BC.<ref name="Heritage-Vučedol">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=8 |title=Vučedolska kultura|trans-title=Vučedol culture|language=hr|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> The [[Iron Age]] left traces of the early [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] [[Hallstatt culture]] and the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[La Tène culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Prilozi Instituta Za Arheologiju U Zagrebu|publisher=Institut za arheologiju|issn=1330-0644|volume=19|issue=1|date=July 2002|trans-title=A Contribution to Understanding Continuous Habitation of Vinkovci and its Surroundings in the Early Iron Age|title=Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu|language=hr|pages=79–100|author1=Hrvoje Potrebica|author2=Marko Dizdar|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=1560|access-date=15 October 2011}}</ref> Much later, the region was settled by Illyrians and other tribes, including the [[Pannonii|Pannonians]], who controlled much of present-day Slavonia. Even though archaeological finds of Illyrian settlements are much sparser than in areas closer to the [[Adriatic Sea]], significant discoveries, for instance in [[Kaptol, Požega-Slavonia County|Kaptol]] near [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]] have been made.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C|author=John Wilkes|title=The Illyrians|year=1995|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-0-631-19807-9|page=57|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> The Pannonians first came into contact with the [[Roman Republic]] in 35 BC, when the Romans conquered Segestica, or modern-day [[Sisak]]. The conquest was completed in 11 BC, when the [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Roman province of Illyricum]] was established, encompassing modern-day Slavonia as well as a vast territory on the right bank of Danube. The province was renamed Pannonia and divided within two decades.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L49AAAAIAAJ|title=Pannonia and Upper Moesia|author=András Mócsy|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn= 978-0-7100-7714-1|year=1974|access-date=11 March 2012|pages=32–39}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{see also|Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Croatia in personal union with Hungary}}
[[File:Medieval pozega.jpg|thumb|left|Medieval [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]]]]
After the collapse of the [[Western Roman Empire]], which included the territory occupied by modern-day Slavonia, the area became a part of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] by the end of the 5th century. However, control of the area proved a significant task, and [[Lombards]] were given increasing control of Pannonia in the 6th century, which ended in their withdrawal in 568 and the arrival of [[Pannonian Avars]] and Slavs, who established control of Pannonia by the year 582.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC|title=Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia|author=Danijel Dzino|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2010|isbn=978-90-04-18646-0|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> After the fall of the Avar Khaganate at the beginning of the 9th century, in [[Pannonian Slavs#Principality|Lower Pannonia there was a principality]], governed by Slavic rulers who were vassals of [[Francia|Francs]]. The [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|invasion of the Hungarian tribes]] overwhelmed this state. The eastern part of Slavonia in the 9th century may have been ruled by [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgars]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alimov |first1=D. E. |script-title=ru:Этногенез хорватов: формирование хорватской этнополитической общности в VII–IX вв. |title=Etnogenez khorvatov: formirovaniye khorvatskoy etnopoliticheskoy obshchnosti v VII–IX vv. |trans-title=Ethnogenesis of Croats: the formation of the Croatian ethnopolitical community in the 7th – 9th centuries |language=ru |date=2016 |publisher=Нестор-История |location=St. Petersburg |isbn=978-5-4469-0970-4 |pages=303–305 |url=https://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksRu/D_Alimov_Ethnogenesis_of_the_Croats.pdf |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091547/https://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksRu/D_Alimov_Ethnogenesis_of_the_Croats.pdf  }}</ref> The first king of Croatia [[Tomislav I of Croatia|Tomislav]] defeated Hungarian and [[Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 926|Bulgarian invasions]] and spread the influence of Croatian kings northward to Slavonia.<ref name="Posavec">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=30|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=281–290|title=Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba|trans-title=Historical maps and borders of Croatia in age of Tomislav|language=hr|author=Vladimir Posavec|date=March 1998|access-date=16 October 2011|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=62779}}</ref> The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of [[Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia|Petar Krešimir IV]] (1058–1074) and [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Dmitar Zvonimir]] (1075–1089).<ref name="Margetić">{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|volume=29|issue=1|issn=0353-295X|pages=11–20|title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II.|trans-title=Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in age of Stjepan II|language=hr|author=Lujo Margetić|date=January 1997|access-date=16 October 2011|url= http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76963}}</ref> When [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stjepan II]] died in 1091, ending the [[House of Trpimirović|Trpimirović]] dynasty, [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] claimed the Croatian crown. Opposition to the claim led to a [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain|war]] and [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union of Croatia and Hungary]] in 1102, ruled by [[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman]].<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje|title= Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|author= Ladislav Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> In the 2nd half of the 12th century, Croatia and the territory between the Drava and the Sava were governed by the [[Ban of Slavonia|ban of all Slavonia]], appointed by the king. From the 13th century, a separate ban governed parts of present-day [[central Croatia]], western Slavonia, and northwestern [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], an area where a new entity emerged named Kingdom of Slavonia ({{langx|la|regnum Sclavoniae}}), while modern-day eastern Slavonia was a part of Hungary. Croatia and Slavonia were in 1476 united under the same [[Ban of Croatia|ban]] ([[viceroy]]), but kept separate parliaments until 1558.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Slavonija |encyclopedia=Croatian Encyclopedia |year=2021 |publisher=Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/slavonija |access-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:Croatia 15th century map.png|thumb|230px|Map of Slavonia in the 15th century]]
The [[Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Ottoman conquests in Croatia]] led to the 1493 [[Battle of Krbava field]] and 1526 [[Battle of Mohács]], both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King [[Louis II of Hungary]] died at Mohács, and [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of the [[House of Habsburg]] was [[1527 election in Cetin|elected in 1527]] as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire, while respecting its political rights.<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404|title=Povijest saborovanja|trans-title=History of parliamentarism|language=hr|publisher=[[Sabor]]|access-date=18 October 2010|archive-date=28 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428013806/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=404}}</ref><ref name="frucht422">Frucht 2005, p. 422-423</ref> The period saw the rise to prominence of a native nobility such as the [[Frankopan]]s and the [[Šubić]]s, and ultimately to numerous [[Ban (title)|bans]] from the two families.<ref name="Font">{{cite journal|journal=Povijesni prilozi|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=13778|issn=0351-9767|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|date=July 2005|volume=28|issue=28|pages=7–22|author=Márta Font|title=Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku|language=hr|trans-title=Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The present coat of arms of Slavonia, used in an official capacity as a part of the [[coat of arms of Croatia]],<ref name="Arms-Act">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne Novine|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/253505.html|language=hr|title=Zakon o grbu, zastavi i himni Republike Hrvatske te zastavi i lenti predsjednika Republike Hrvatske|trans-title=Coat of Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Croatia, Flag and Sash of the President of the Republic of Croatia Act|date=21 December 1990|access-date=19 November 2011}}</ref> dates from this period—it was granted to Slavonia by king [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus II Jagiellon]] on 8 December 1496.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Osijek-Baranja County]]|url=http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/znamenjaWEB.pdf|title=The symbols of Osijek-Baranja County|page=44|year=2003|author=Davor Brunčić|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>

===Ottoman conquest===
[[File:Luka Ibrisimovic-Sokol.jpg|thumb|140px|upright|right|[[Luka Ibrišimović]] led a revolt against Ottomans in Požega.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]]|work=Hrvatski Biografski Leksikon|title=Ibrišimović, Luka|language=hr|trans-title=Ibrišimović, Luka|url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=96|year=2005|author=Franjo Emanuel Hoško|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>]]
{{main|Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War|Sanjak of Pojega|Great Turkish War}}
Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans expanded their possessions in Slavonia seizing [[Đakovo]] in 1536 and Požega in 1537, defeating a Habsburg army led by [[Johann Katzianer]], who was attempting to retake Slavonia, at [[Gorjani, Croatia|Gorjani]] in September 1537. By 1540, Osijek was also under firm control of the Ottomans, and regular administration in Slavonia was introduced by establishing the [[Sanjak of Pojega]]. The Ottoman control in Slavonia expanded as [[Novska]] surrendered the same year. Turkish conquest continued—[[Našice]] were seized in 1541, [[Orahovica]] and [[Slatina, Croatia|Slatina]] in 1542, and in 1543, [[Voćin]], [[Sirač]] and, after a 40-day siege, [[Valpovo]]. In 1544, Ottoman forces conquered [[Pakrac]]. Lessening hostilities brought about a five-year truce in 1547 and temporary stabilization of the border between Habsburg and Ottoman empires, with [[Virovitica]] becoming the most significant defensive Habsburg fortress and Požega the most significant Ottoman centre in Slavonia, as Ottoman advances to Sisak and [[Čazma]] were made, including a brief occupation of the cities. Further westward efforts of the Turkish forces presented a significant threat to [[Zagreb]] and the rest of Croatia and the Hungarian kingdom, prompting a greater defensive commitment by the Habsburg Monarchy. One year after the 1547 truce ended, [[Ivan Lenković]] devised a system of fortifications and troops in the border areas, a forerunner of the [[Croatian Military Frontier]]. Nonetheless, in 1552, the Ottoman conquest of Slavonia was completed when Virovitica was captured.<ref name="Mujadžević">{{cite journal|journal=Povijesni prilozi|publisher=Croatian History Institute|issn=0351-9767|title=Osmanska osvajanja u Slavoniji 1552. u svjetlu osmanskih arhivskih izvora|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=63160|trans-title=The 1552 Ottoman invasions in Slavonia according to the Ottoman archival sources|volume=36|issue=36|date=July 2009|author=Dino Mujadžević|pages=89–107|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref> Ottoman advances in the Croatian territory continued until the 1593 [[Battle of Sisak]], the first decisive Ottoman defeat, and a more lasting stabilisation of the frontier. During the [[Great Turkish War]] (1683–1698), Slavonia was regained in between 1684 and 1691 when the Ottomans abandoned the region—unlike western [[Bosnia]], which had been part of Croatia before the [[Ottoman conquest of Bosnia|Ottoman conquest]].<ref name="frucht422"/> The present-day southern border of Slavonia and the border between Croatia and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is a remnant of this outcome.<ref name=Lane409>Lane (1973), p. 409</ref><ref name="Blagojević">{{cite journal|journal=Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci|publisher=[[University of Rijeka]]|issn=1846-8314|title=Zemljopisno, povijesno, upravno i pravno određenje istočne Hrvatske – korijeni suvremenog regionalizma|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=63800|trans-title=Geographical, historical, administrative and legal determination of the eastern Croatia – the roots of modern regionalism|volume=29|issue=2|date=December 2008|author=Anita Blagojević|pages=1149–1180|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>

The [[Croatian–Ottoman Wars|Ottoman wars]] instigated great demographic changes. Croats migrated towards [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and the present-day [[Burgenland Croats]] are direct descendants of these settlers.<ref name="BurgenlandCro">{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Cultural Association in Burgenland|url=http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr|language=hr|title=Povijest Gradišćanskih Hrvatov|trans-title=History of Burgenland Croats|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=14 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132821/http://www.hkd.at/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=61&Itemid=102&lang=hr}}</ref> The Muslim population in Slavonia at the end of Turkish rule accounted for almost half of Slavonia's population who was indigenous, primarily Croats, less immigrants from Bosnia and Serbia and rarely genuine Turks or Arabs.<ref>Nihad Kulenović, 2016, Cross border cooperation between Baranja and Tuzla Region, http://baza.gskos.hr/Graniceidentiteti.pdf #page=234</ref> In the second half of the 16th century Vlachs from Slavonia were no longer an exclusive part of population because the Vlach privileges were attractive for many non-Vlachs who mixed with the Vlachs in order to get their status.<ref>
{{Cite book |last=Kaser |first=Karl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqR0PgAACAAJ |title=Slobodan seljak i vojnik: Rana krajiška društva, 1545-1754 |date=1997 |publisher=Naprijed |isbn=978-953-178-064-3 |language=en}}</ref> To replace the fleeing Croats, the Habsburgs called on the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] populations of [[Bosnia]] and [[Serbia]] to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the [[Great Serb Migrations]] of 1690 and 1737–39.<ref name="Indiana University Press">{{cite book|author1=[[John R. Lampe]]|author2=Marvin R. Jackson|title=Balkan economic history, 1550–1950: from imperial borderlands to developing nations|page= 62|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=1982|isbn=978-0-253-30368-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtW2axOSn10C|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The greatest Serb concentrations were in the eastern Slavonia, and [[Sremski Karlovci]] became the see of Serbian Orthodox metropolitans.<ref name="Banac2015">{{cite book|author=Ivo Banac|title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf6tDwAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-0194-8|page=38}}</ref> Part of the colonists came to Slavonia from area south of the [[Sava]], especially from the [[Tuzla|Soli]] and [[Usora Municipality|Usora]] areas, continuing the process which already started after 1521. At beginning of the 17th century it seems that there was a new wave of colonization, about 10,000 families which are assumed to come from [[Sanjak of Klis]] or with less possibility from area of [[Sanjak of Bosnia]].<ref>Nenad Moačanin, 2003, Požega i Požeština u sklopu Osmanlijskoga carstva : (1537.-1691.),{1555. svi obveznici "klasičnih" rajinskih dažbina u Srijemu i Slavoniji nazvani su "vlasima", što uključuje ne samo starosjedilačko hrvatsko pučanstvo nego i Mađare!), Neki su se dakle starosjedioci vraćali, a dijelom su kolonisti sa statusom koji je imao nekih sličnosti s vlaškim (a da sami nisu nužno bili ni porijeklom Vlasi) dolazili iz prekosavskih krajeva, posebice s područja Soli i Usore, nastavljajući tako proces započet već nakon 1521. Ako bi se ta pojava mogla povezati s preseljenjem, uglavnom u Podunavlje, 10 000 obitelji iz Kliskog sandžaka nakon pobune (1604?)98, i ako je prihvatljivo da ih se dosta naselilo i oko Požege, onda bismo možda mogli djelomice tumačiti bune i hajdučiju u to vrijeme dolaskom "buntovnijeg" pučanstva. Novo je stanovništvo moglo doći i s područja Bosanskog sandžaka, ali za sada se "kliska" pretpostavka čini nešto sigurnijom} http://baza.gskos.hr/cgi-bin/unilib.cgi?form=D1430506006 #page=35,40,80</ref>

===Habsburg Monarchy and Austria-Hungary===
{{Main|Kingdom of Slavonia|Triune Kingdom of Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Austria-Hungary}}
[[File:Dvorac Pejačević. Našice.jpg|thumb|left|[[House of Pejačević|Pejačević]] manor in [[Našice]]]]
The areas acquired through the [[Treaty of Karlowitz]] were assigned to Croatia, itself in the union with Hungary and the union ruled by the Habsburgs. The border area along the [[Una (Sava)|Una]], Sava and Danube rivers became the [[Slavonian Military Frontier]]. At this time, Osijek took over the role of the administrative and military centre of the newly formed [[Kingdom of Slavonia]] from Požega.<ref name="Blagojević"/> The 1830s and 1840s saw [[romantic nationalism]] inspire the [[Illyrian movement|Croatian National Revival]], a political and cultural campaign advocating unity of all South Slavs in the empire. Its primary focus was the establishment of a standard language as a counterweight to [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], along with the promotion of Croatian literature and culture.<ref name="CRIS-Stančić">{{cite journal|journal=Cris: časopis Povijesnog društva Križevci|issn=1332-2567|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=80164|author=Nikša Stančić|title=Hrvatski narodni preporod – ciljevi i ostvarenja|trans-title=Croatian National Revival – goals and achievements|pages=6–17|volume=10|issue=1|date=February 2009|access-date=7 October 2011|language=hr}}</ref> During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] Croatia sided with the Austrians, Ban [[Josip Jelačić]] helping to defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849, and ushering in a period of [[Germanization]] policy.<ref name="Ante Čuvalo 2008 13–27">{{cite journal|journal=Review of Croatian History|publisher=Croatian Institute of History|issn=1845-4380|volume=4|issue=1|date=December 2008|author=Ante Čuvalo|title=Josip Jelačić – Ban of Croatia|pages=13–27|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=77559|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> By the 1860s, failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]] and creation of a [[personal union]] between the crowns of the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. The treaty left the issue of Croatia's status to Hungary as a part of [[Transleithania]]—and the status was resolved by the [[Croatian–Hungarian Settlement]] of 1868, when the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united as the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/~habsweb/sourcetexts/nagodba1.htm|title=Constitution of Union between Croatia-Slavonia and Hungary|publisher=H-net.org|access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> After [[Austria-Hungary]] occupied [[Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] following the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|1878 Treaty of Berlin]], the Military Frontiers were abolished and the Croatian and Slavonian Military Frontier territory returned to Croatia-Slavonia in 1881,<ref name="frucht422"/> pursuant to provisions of the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci|issn=1330-349X|publisher=[[University of Rijeka]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=39787|author=Ladislav Heka|title=Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba u zrcalu tiska|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian compromise in light of press clips|volume=28|issue=2|date=December 2007|access-date=10 April 2012|pages=931–971}}</ref><ref name="Dubravica">{{cite journal|journal=Politička Misao|issn=0032-3241|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Faculty of Political Sciences|title=Političko-teritorijalna podjela i opseg civilne Hrvatske u godinama sjedinjenja s vojnom Hrvatskom 1871.-1886.|trans-title=Political and territorial division and scope of civilian Croatia in period of unification with the Croatian military frontier 1871–1886|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=38709&lang=en|author=Branko Dubravica|pages=159–172|volume=38|issue=3|date=January 2002|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> At that time, the easternmost point of Croatia-Slavonia became [[Zemun]], as all of [[Syrmia]] was encompassed by the kingdom.<ref name="Blagojević"/>

===Kingdom of Yugoslavia and World War II===
[[File:St. Peter's Cathedral, Dakovo.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Đakovo Cathedral|Cathedral of St. Peter in Đakovo, a distinctive symbol of Slavonia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://getbybus.com/en/blog/slavonia-round-trip/|title=Slavonia Round Trip|publisher=Get-by-bus|access-date=2 April 2011}}</ref>]]
{{see also|Creation of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Banovina of Croatia|World War II in Yugoslavia|Independent State of Croatia}}
On 29 October 1918, the Croatian Sabor declared independence and decided to join the newly formed [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]],<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja"/> which in turn entered into union with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] on 4 December 1918 to form the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]].<ref>{{cite book|title=World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1|author1=Spencer Tucker|author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2|page=1286|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Trianon]] was signed in 1920, at the end of [[World War I]], between the [[Allies of World War I]] and [[Hungary]] as one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.<ref name="Craig66">{{cite book |last=Craig |first=G.A. |title=Europe since 1914 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York |year=1966}}</ref> The treaty established the southern border of Hungary along the Drava and [[Mur (river)|Mura]] rivers, except in [[Baranya (former county)|Baranya]], where only the northern part of the county was kept by Hungary.<ref name=Columbia>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Trianon, Treaty of|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-TrianonTr.html|encyclopedia=[[The Columbia Encyclopedia]] |year=2009}}</ref><ref name="encyclopedia of ww1">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World War I|last=Tucker|first=Spencer|year=2005|edition=1|page=1183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C&pg=PA1183 |quote=Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair, and agitation for revision began immediately.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2}}</ref> The territorial acquisition in Baranya was not made a part of Slavonia, even though adjacent to Osijek, because pre-1918 administrative divisions were disestablished by the new kingdom.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|publisher=Croatian Institute of History – Slavonia, Syrmium and Baranya history branch|issn=1332-4853|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=31497|volume=3|issue=1|date=November 2003|title=Parlamentarni izbori u Brodskom kotaru 1923. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Parliamentary Elections in the Brod District in 1932|access-date=17 October 2011|pages=452–470}}</ref> The political situation in the new kingdom deteriorated, leading to the [[dictatorship]] of King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander]] in January 1929.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|issn=1330-0474|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74560|pages=203–218|issue=51|date=November 2009|author=Zlatko Begonja|title=Ivan Pernar o hrvatsko-srpskim odnosima nakon atentata u Beogradu 1928. godine|language=hr|trans-title=Ivan Pernar on Croatian-Serbian relations after 1928 Belgrade assassination|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution transferring executive power to the king, and changed the name of the country to Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite book|title=Yugoslavia's Ruin: The Bloody lessons of nationalism, a patriot's warning|author=Cvijeto Job|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-1784-4|page=9|year=2002|access-date=27 October 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH3Hz2AXonwC}}</ref> The [[Cvetković–Maček Agreement]] of August 1939 created the autonomous [[Banovina of Croatia]] incorporating Slavonia. Pursuant to the agreement, the Yugoslav government retained control of defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed 'Ban'.<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-121-123">Klemenčić, Žagar 2004, p. 121–123</ref>

In April 1941, [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia was occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. Following the invasion the territory of Slavonia was incorporated into the [[Independent State of Croatia]], a Nazi-backed [[puppet state]] and assigned as a zone under German occupation for the duration of [[World War II]]. The regime introduced [[Antisemitism|anti-semitic]] laws and conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing and [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide against Serb]] and [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]] populations,<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-153-156">Klemenčić, Žagar 2004, p. 153–156</ref> exemplified by the [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac]] and [[Stara Gradiška concentration camp|Stara Gradiška]] concentration camps,<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Arhivski vjesnik|publisher=[[Croatian State Archives]]|issn=0570-9008|date=November 1996|issue=39|author=Josip Kolanović|pages=157–174|title=Holocaust in Croatia – Documentation and research perspectives|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=97652|access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> but to a much lesser extent in Slavonia than in other regions, due to strategic interests of the Axis in keeping peace in the area.<ref name=Jelic>{{cite book|last=Jelić Butić|first=Fikreta|title=Četnici u Hrvatskoj, 1941-1945|trans-title=Chetniks in Croatia, 1941-1945|publisher=Globus|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tB8gAAAAMAAJ|page=101|isbn=978-86-343-0010-9}}</ref> The largest [[Voćin massacre (1942)|massacre]] occurred in 1942 in [[Voćin]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Škiljan|first=Filip|title=Organizirana prisilna iseljavanja Srba iz NDH|location=Zagreb|publisher=Srpsko narodno vijeće|year=2014|url=https://snv.hr/file/attachment/file/skiljan.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092615/https://snv.hr/file/attachment/file/skiljan.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2018|isbn=978-953-7442-13-2}}</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}}

Armed resistance soon developed in the region, and by 1942, the [[Yugoslav Partisans]] controlled substantial territories, especially in mountainous parts of Slavonia.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal – Institute of Croatian History|publisher=Institute of Croatian History, Faculty of Philosophy Zagreb|issn=0353-295X|title=Obrazovanje i odgoj mlade generacije i odraslih u Slavoniji za vrijeme NOB|language=hr|trans-title=Education and schooling of youths and adults in Slavonia during the World War II|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=75609&lang=en|author=Mihajlo Ogrizović|volume=1|issue=1|date=March 1972|pages=287–327|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> The Serbian royalist [[Chetniks]], who carried out [[Chetnik war crimes in World War II|genocide against Croat]] civilian population,<ref name="Klemencic-Zagar-184">Klemenčić, Žagar 2004, p. 184</ref> struggled to establish a significant presence in Slavonia throughout the war.<ref name=Jelic/> Partisans led by [[Josip Broz Tito]] took full control of Slavonia in April 1945.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Review of Senj|publisher=City Museum Senj – Senj Museum Society|issn=0582-673X|language=hr|title=Prilog istraživanju problema Bleiburga i križnih putova (u povodu 60. obljetnice)|trans-title=An addition to the research of the problem of Bleiburg and way of the cross (dedicated to their 60th anniversary)|volume=32|issue=1|date=December 2005|pages=117–193|author=Zdravko Dizdar}}</ref> After the war, the new Yugoslav government interned local [[Germans of Croatia|Germans]] in camps in Slavonia, the largest of which were in [[Valpovo work camp|Valpovo]] and Krndija, where many died of hunger and diseases.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Geiger|first=Vladimir|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=38|issue=3|date=2006|title=Logori za folksdojčere u Hrvatskoj nakon Drugoga svjetskog rata 1945-1947.|trans-title=Camps for Volksdeutsch in Croatia after the Second World War, 1945 to 1947|pages=1098, 1100|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/8377}}</ref>

===Federal Yugoslavia and the independence of Croatia===
{{see also|Socialist Republic of Croatia|Croatian War of Independence}}
[[File:Mailath Castle in Donji Miholjac (3).jpg |thumb|left|Castle Mailáth, [[Donji Miholjac]].]]
After World War II, Croatia—including Slavonia—became a [[single-party]] [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Socialist federal unit]] of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], ruled by the [[League of Communists of Croatia|Communists]], but enjoying a degree of autonomy within the federation. The autonomy effectively increased after the [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution]], basically fulfilling a goal of the [[Croatian Spring]] movement, and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.<ref name="Rich">{{cite journal|author=Roland Rich|title=Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|journal=European Journal of International Law|year=1993|issue=1|volume=4|pages=36–65|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a035834|url=http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67|access-date=18 October 2011}}</ref> In 1947, when all borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics had been defined by demarcation commissions, pursuant to decisions of the [[AVNOJ]] of 1943 and 1945, the federal organization of ''Yugoslav Baranya'' was defined as Croatian territory allowing its integration with Slavonia. The commissions also set up the present-day {{convert|317.6|km|adj=on}} border between Serbia and Croatia in Syrmia, and along the [[Danube]] River between [[Ilok]] and mouth of the Drava and further north to the Hungarian border, the section south of confluence of the Drava matching the border between the [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] and the [[Bács-Bodrog County]] that existed until 1918 and the end of World War I.<ref name="Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947">{{cite journal|author=Egon Kraljević|publisher=[[Croatian State Archives]]|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=41791|language=hr|title=Prilog za povijest uprave: Komisija za razgraničenje pri Predsjedništvu Vlade Narodne Republike Hrvatske 1945.-1946|trans-title=Contribution to the history of public administration: commission for the boundary demarcation at the government's presidency of the People's Republic of Croatia, 1945–1946 (English language summary title)|date=November 2007|journal=Arhivski vjesnik|volume=50|issue=50|issn=0570-9008|access-date=10 December 2010}}</ref>

The [[1964 Slavonia earthquake]] caused widespread devastation and several human casualties. A large area of the region entered a period of several years of reconstruction afterwards.{{sfn|Josipović Batorek|2013|p=195}}

In the 1980s the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian [[Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts|SANU Memorandum]] and the [[1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro]].<ref name="frucht433">Frucht 2005, p. 433</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7D9123FF931A25752C0A96F948260&scp=2&sq=Titograd&st=nyt|title=Leaders of a Republic in Yugoslavia Resign|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 January 1989|access-date=7 February 2010|archive-date=6 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106113747/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/12/world/leaders-of-a-republic-in-yugoslavia-resign.html}}</ref> In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian [[Political faction|faction]] demanding a looser federation.<ref name="Pauković-14Congress-2009">{{cite journal|author=Davor Pauković|publisher=Centar za politološka istraživanja|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=55640|language=hr|title=Posljednji kongres Saveza komunista Jugoslavije: uzroci, tijek i posljedice raspada|trans-title=Last Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia: Causes, Consequences and Course of Dissolution|date=1 June 2008|journal=Časopis Za Suvremenu Povijest|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–33|issn=1847-2397|access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> In the same year, the [[Croatian parliamentary election, 1990|first multi-party elections]] were held in Croatia, with [[Franjo Tuđman]]'s win raising nationalist tensions further.<ref name="Independent-Tuđman-Obituary">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html|title=Obituary: Franjo Tudjman|author=Branka Magas|date=13 December 1999|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=10 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110024351/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-franjo-tudjman-1132142.html}}</ref> The [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs in Croatia]], intent on achieving independence from Croatia, left the Sabor and declared the autonomy of areas that would soon become the unrecognized self-declared [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]] (RSK).<ref name="NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html|author=[[Chuck Sudetic]]|title=Croatia's Serbs Declare Their Autonomy|date=2 October 1990|access-date=11 December 2010|archive-date=12 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112065457/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/02/world/croatia-s-serbs-declare-their-autonomy.html}}</ref><ref name="EE-CIS-book">{{cite book|title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC|pages=272–278|isbn=978-1-85743-058-5|year=1998|publisher=[[Routledge]]|access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> As tensions rose, Croatia [[Croatian independence referendum, 1991|declared independence]] in June 1991; however the declaration came into effect on 8 October 1991.<ref name="NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html|title=2 Yugoslav States Vote Independence To Press Demands|author=Chuck Sudetic|date=26 June 1991|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162855/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/26/world/2-yugoslav-states-vote-independence-to-press-demands.html|archive-date=10 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991">{{cite web|work=Official web site of the Parliament of Croatia|publisher=Sabor|url=http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462|title=Ceremonial session of the Croatian Parliament on the occasion of the Day of Independence of the Republic of Croatia|date=7 October 2004|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=14 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021206/http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?art=20091&sec=2462}}</ref> Tensions escalated into the [[Croatian War of Independence]] when the [[Yugoslav National Army]] and various Serb [[Paramilitary|paramilitaries]] attacked Croatia.<ref name="NYTimes-Otkos10">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html?ref=croatia|title=Army Rushes to Take a Croatian Town|author=[[Chuck Sudetic]]|date=4 November 1991|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=29 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729183641/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/04/world/army-rushes-to-take-a-croatian-town.html}}</ref> By the end of 1991, a high intensity war fought along a wide front reduced Croatia to controlling about two-thirds of its territory.<ref name="NYTimes-Iceland">{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html|title=Croatia Clashes Rise; Mediators Pessimistic|date=19 December 1991|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=15 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115174401/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/20/world/croatia-clashes-rise-mediators-pessimistic.html}}</ref><ref name="LATimes-OccupiedPct-1Aug91">{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-08-01-mn-177-story.html|title=Serbian Forces Press Fight for Major Chunk of Croatia|author=[[Charles T. Powers]]|date=1 August 1991|access-date=29 July 2012|archive-date=16 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516054837/http://articles.latimes.com/1991-08-01/news/mn-177_1_defense-force}}</ref>

[[File:Vukovar Memorial Cemetery, 20150429160343.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vukovar]] memorial cemetery]]
In Slavonia, the first armed conflicts were clashes in [[Pakrac clash|Pakrac]],<ref name="NYTimes-Pakrac-3Mar1991">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/03/world/belgrade-sends-troops-to-croatia-town.html?ref=croatia | author= Stephen Engelberg | title = Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town | date = 3 March 1991 | access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Pakrac-4Mar1991">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/serb-croat-showdown-in-one-village-square.html?ref=croatia | title = Serb-Croat Showdown in One Village Square | author= Stephen Engelberg | date = 4 March 1991 | access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref> and [[Borovo Selo killings|Borovo Selo]] near Vukovar.<ref name="NYTimes-Borovo-5May1991">{{cite news | newspaper= The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/world/one-more-dead-as-clashes-continue-in-yugoslavia.html?ref=croatia | title = One More Dead as Clashes Continue in Yugoslavia | author= Stephen Engelberg | date =5 May 1991 | access-date=11 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="WarInBalkans-CraigNation-105">Nation 2004, p. 5.</ref> [[SAO Western Slavonia|Western Slavonia was occupied]] in August 1991, following an advance by the [[Yugoslav People's Army|Yugoslav forces]] north from [[Banja Luka]] across the Sava River.<ref name="Bjelajac-Žunec-245">{{cite book | editor1-first= Charles W. | editor1-last= Ingrao | editor2-first= Thomas Allan | editor2-last= Emmert | title= Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: a Scholars' Initiative | year= 2009 | publisher= [[Purdue University Press]] | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=t0nYdgFrdG8C | isbn=978-1-55753-533-7 | chapter= The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 | last1= Bjelajac | first1= Mile | last2= Žunec | first2= Ozren | first3= Mieczyslaw |last3=Boduszynski|first4=Raphael|last4=Draschtak|first5=Igor|last5=Graovac|first6=Sally|last6=Kent|first7= Rüdiger|last7=Malli|first8=Srdja|last8=Pavlović|first9=Jason|last9=Vuić | chapter-url= http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/history/facstaff/Ingrao/si/Team_7_Full_Text_Report.pdf|page=245|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> This was partially pushed back by the [[Croatian Army]] in operations named [[Operation Otkos 10|Otkos 10]],<ref name="NYTimes-Otkos10"/> and [[Operation Orkan 91|Orkan 91]], which established a front line around [[Okučani]] and south of Pakrac that would hold virtually unchanged for more than three years until [[Operation Flash]] in May 1995.<ref name="NYTimes-Flash-May2">{{cite news | newspaper= The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/02/world/croatia-hits-area-rebel-serbs-hold-crossing-un-lines.html?ref=croatia | title = CROATIA HITS AREA REBEL SERBS HOLD, CROSSING U.N. LINES | author= Roger Cohen | author-link= Roger Cohen | date = 2 May 1995 | access-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> Armed conflict in the [[SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia|eastern Slavonia]], culminating in the [[Battle of Vukovar]] and a subsequent [[Vukovar massacre|massacre]],<ref name="NYT-Vukovar-Captured">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/18/world/croats-concede-danube-town-s-loss.html?ref=croatia | title = Croats Concede Danube Town's Loss | author= Chuck Sudetic | author-link= Chuck Sudetic | date =18 November 1991 | access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Independent-Vukovar-Massacre">{{cite news | newspaper = The Independent | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/croats-bury-victims-of-vukovar-massacre-1168387.html | title = Croats bury victims of Vukovar massacre | author= Eugene Brcic | date =29 June 1998 | access-date=15 December 2010}}</ref> also included heavy fighting and the successful defence of Osijek and Vinkovci. The front line stabilized and a ceasefire was agreed to on 2 January 1992, coming into force the next day.<ref name="NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire">{{cite news | newspaper = The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/03/world/yugoslav-factions-agree-to-un-plan-to-halt-civil-war.html?ref=croatia | title = Yugoslav Factions Agree to U.N. Plan to Halt Civil War | author= Chuck Sudetic | author-link= Chuck Sudetic | date = 3 January 1992 | access-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> After the ceasefire, [[United Nations Protection Force]] was deployed to the occupied areas,<ref name="UN-deployment-29Jan91">{{cite news | url= https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-29-mn-906-story.html |title= Roadblock Stalls U.N.'s Yugoslavia Deployment | newspaper= Los Angeles Times | author= Carol J. Williams | date= 29 January 1992 | access-date =16 December 2010}}</ref> but intermittent artillery and rocket attacks, launched from [[Republika Srpska|Serb-held areas of Bosnia]], continued in several areas of Slavonia, especially in Slavonski Brod and [[Županja]].<ref name="SlavonskiBrod-Bombardment">{{cite journal | author= Antun Jelić | publisher = [[BMJ Group]] | title= Child casualties in a Croatian community during the 1991-2 war |date=December 1994 | journal= Archives of Disease in Childhood | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 540–2 | pmc= 1030096 | issn= 0003-9888 | pmid=7726618 | doi=10.1136/adc.71.6.540}}</ref><ref name="Hrvatsko kulturno vijeće">{{cite web| url=http://hakave.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5652:strah-od-istine&catid=44:prilozi-graana&Itemid=82 | publisher= Hrvatsko kulturno vijeće | title= Strah od istine |trans-title=Fear of the Truth | language= hr | author= Zdravko Tomac | author-link= Zdravko Tomac | date=15 January 2010 | access-date=7 February 2010 | work= Portal of Croatian Cultural Council}}</ref> The war effectively ended in 1995 with Croatia achieving a [[Operation Storm|decisive victory]] over the RSK in August 1995.<ref name="LATimes-Storm-Complete">{{cite news|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-08-mn-32662-story.html|title=Croats Declare Victory, End Blitz|author=Dean E. Murphy|date=8 August 1995|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=12 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012140454/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-08/news/mn-32662_1_serb-refugees}}</ref> The remaining occupied areas—eastern Slavonia—were restored to Croatia pursuant to the [[Erdut Agreement]] of November 1995, with the process concluded in mid-January 1998.<ref name="NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html|title=An Ethnic Morass Is Returned to Croatia|author=[[Chris Hedges]]|date=16 January 1998|access-date=18 December 2010|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518201803/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/16/world/an-ethnic-morass-is-returned-to-croatia.html?ref=croatia}}</ref>

After the war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated [[Areas of Special State Concern (Croatia)|Areas of Special State Concern]].

==Geography==

===Political geography===
{{see also|Counties of Croatia}}
[[File:Ružica grad - Papuk.jpg|thumb|left|Ružica Town and [[Papuk]] panoramic view, [[Papuk]] is the second highest mountain in Slavonia]]

[[File:Slavonia 5 counties colour coded.svg|thumb|right|Five counties of Slavonia:{{legend|#00FF00|Brod-Posavina County}}{{legend|#FF0000|Osijek-Baranja County}}{{legend|#0000FF|Požega-Slavonia County}}{{legend|#00FFFF|Virovitica-Podravina County}}{{legend|#FFFF00|Vukovar-Syrmia County}}]]
[[File:Pleterni-ìki vinogradi na Po+¥e+íkoj gori.jpg|thumb|right|[[Požeška gora]].]]

The [[Counties of Croatia|Croatian counties]] were re-established in 1992, but their borders changed in some instances, with the latest revision taking place in 2006.<ref name="CountiesAct2006">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne novine|date=28 July 2006|access-date=9 September 2011|language=hr|title=Zakon o područjima županija, gradova i općina u Republici Hrvatskoj|trans-title=Territories of Counties, Cities and Municipalities of the Republic of Croatia Act|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2006_07_86_2045.html}}</ref> Slavonia consists of five counties—[[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]], [[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]], [[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]], [[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]] and [[Vukovar-Srijem County|Vukovar-Syrmia]] counties—which largely cover the territory historically associated with Slavonia. The western borders of the five-county territory lie in the area where the western boundary of Slavonia generally has been located since the Ottoman conquest, with the remaining borders being at the international borders of [[Croatia]].<ref name="Blagojević"/> This places the Croatian part of [[Baranya (region)|Baranya]] into the Slavonian counties, constituting the Eastern Croatia [[macroregion]].<ref name="Babić">{{cite journal|journal=Migracijske I Etničke Teme|publisher=The Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies|issn=1333-2546|author=Dragutin Babić|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=12056|volume=19|issue=1|date=March 2003|title=Etničke promjene u strukturi stanovništva slavonskih županija između dvaju popisa (1991.–2001.)|trans-title=Ethnic changes in the population structure of counties in Slavonia between two censuses (1991–2001)|language=hr|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> Terms ''Eastern Croatia'' and ''Slavonia'' are increasingly used as synonyms.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|url=http://www.slobodnaevropa.org/content/hrvatska_gospodarstvo_bdp_istrazivanje/2171869.html|title=U dijelu Hrvatske BDP na razini devedesetih|language=hr|trans-title=In a part of Croatia, GDP hits 1990s level|date=29 September 2010|author=Ankica Barbir-Mladinović|newspaper=Radio Slobodna Evropa |access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref> The Brod-Posavina County comprises two [[Cities of Croatia|cities]]—Slavonski Brod and [[Nova Gradiška]]—and 26&nbsp;[[Municipalities of Croatia]].<ref name=BPZ>{{cite web|publisher=[[Brod-Posavina County]]|language=hr|url=http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/default.aspx|title=Opći podaci o Brodsko-posavskoj županiji|trans-title=General information on Brod-Posavina County|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422144225/http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/default.aspx}}</ref> The Osijek-Baranja County consists of seven cities—[[Beli Manastir]], [[Belišće]], [[Donji Miholjac]], Đakovo, Našice, Osijek and Valpovo—and 35&nbsp;municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Osijek-Baranja County]]|url=http://www.obz.hr/en/index.php?tekst=10|title=Local self-government|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218074215/http://www.obz.hr/en/index.php?tekst=10|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref> The Požega-Slavonia County comprises five cities—[[Kutjevo]], [[Lipik]], Pakrac, [[Pleternica]] and Požega—and five municipalities.<ref name=PSZ>{{cite web|publisher=[[Požega-Slavonia County]]|language=hr|url=http://www.pszupanija.hr/osnovne-informacije/opci-podaci-o-zupaniji.html|title=Opći podaci o županiji|trans-title=General information on the county|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402041105/http://www.pszupanija.hr/osnovne-informacije/opci-podaci-o-zupaniji.html|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref> The Virovitica-Podravina County covers three cities—Orahovica, Slatina and Virovitica—and 13&nbsp;municipalities.<ref name=VPZ>{{cite web|publisher=[[Virovitica-Podravina County]]|language=hr|url=http://www.vpz.com.hr/o-zupaniji/|title=Virovitičko-podravska županija kroz povijest|trans-title=Virovitica-Podravina County through history|access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref> The Vukovar-Srijem County encompasses five cities—Ilok, [[Otok, Vukovar-Srijem County|Otok]], Vinkovci, Vukovar and Županja—and 26&nbsp;municipalities.<ref name=VSZ>{{cite web|publisher=[[Vukovar-Syrmia County]]|language=hr|url=http://www.vusz.hr/info/osnovni-podaci|title=Osnovni podaci|trans-title=The basic information|access-date=3 June 2012|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133309/http://www.vusz.hr/info/osnovni-podaci|url-status=dead}}</ref> The whole of Slavonia is the eastern half of Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia [[NUTS of Croatia|NUTS-2 statistical unit of Croatia]], together with further areas of [[Central Croatia]]. Other statistical units correspond to the counties, cities and municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|language=hr|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/heritage/cemat/confminist1-15/15eCEMAT_National_Report_Croatia_2010_HR.pdf|title=Nacionalno izviješće Hrvatska|trans-title=Croatia National Report|date=January 2010|access-date=25 February 2012}}</ref> The five counties combined cover area size of {{convert|12556|km2|abbr=off}}, representing 22.2% of territory of Croatia.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-top:7px; margin-right:0px; text-align:left; font-size:90%;"
|- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"
! <!--style="width:120/75/75/85px"--> [[Counties of Croatia|County]] !! Seat !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)!! Population
|-
| [[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]] || [[Slavonski Brod]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,043|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|130,782
|-
| [[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]] || [[Osijek]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|4,152|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|259,481
|-
| [[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]] || [[Požega, Croatia|Požega]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|1,845|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|64,420
|-
| [[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]] || [[Virovitica]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,068|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|70,660
|-
| [[Vukovar-Syrmia County|Vukovar-Syrmia]] || [[Vukovar]] || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|2,448|| style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|144,438
|-
! colspan=2|TOTAL: || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|12,556 || style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px"|669,781
|-
| colspan=4|Source: [[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]<ref name="DZS-Stat2010">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2010/SLJH2010.pdf|title=2010 – Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia|date=December 2010|access-date=7 October 2011|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2010/SLJH2010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="cbs-2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/e11_RH.html |title=Census 2011 First Results |publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]] |date=29 June 2011 |access-date=5 August 2011  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114150141/http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/e11_RH.html |archive-date=14 November 2011 }}</ref>
|}

===Physical geography===
{{see also|Geography of Croatia}}
[[File:Sava River Aerial.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Sava]] River forms a natural border between the left Slavonian [[Sava]] bank in Croatia and the right bank of the Sava River in Bosnia and Herzegovina.]]

The boundaries of Slavonia, as a geographical region, do not necessarily coincide with the borders of the five counties, except in the south and east where the Sava and Danube rivers define them. The international borders of Croatia are boundaries common to both definitions of the region. In the north, the boundaries largely coincide because the Drava River is considered to be the northern border of Slavonia as a geographic region,<ref name="Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947"/> but this excludes Baranya from the geographic region's definition even though this territory is part of a county otherwise associated with Slavonia.<ref name="Heritage-modern"/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]]|url=http://slobodnadalmacija.hr/Hrvatska/tabid/66/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/137670/Default.aspx|title=Jakovčić predložio Hrvatsku u četiri regije – Slavonija i Baranja, Istra, Dalmacija i Zagreb|trans-title=Jakovčić proposes Croatia of four regions – Slavonija and Baranja, Istria, Dalmatia and Zagreb|date=12 May 2011|author=Silvana Fable|access-date=1 April 2012|language=hr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]]|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/turisticki_vodici/tv_slavonija/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715123656/http://www.jutarnji.hr/turisticki_vodici/tv_slavonija/|archive-date=15 July 2010|language=hr|title=Slavonija i Baranja – Riznica tradicije, ljepota prirode i burne povijesti|trans-title=Slavonia and Baranya – Treasuring tradition, natural heritage and tumultuous history|date=7 August 2010|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> The western boundary of the geographic region is not specifically defined and it was variously defined through history depending on the political divisions of Croatia.<ref name="Blagojević"/> The eastern Croatia, as a geographic term, largely overlaps most definitions of Slavonia. It is defined as the territory of the Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Virovitica-Podravina and Vukovar-Syrmia counties, including Baranya.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka|publisher=Faculty of Law University of Rijeka|issn=1330-349X|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/40696?lang=en|volume=29|issue=2|date=December 2008|language=hr|title=Zemljopisno, povijesno, upravno i pravno određenje istočne Hrvatske – korijeni suvremenog regionalizma|trans-title=Geographic, historical, administrative and legal definition of the eastern Croatia - roots of contemporary regionalism|author=Anita Blagojević|page=1150}}</ref>

====Topography====
[[File:Orahovacko-jezero-(20100707)-2.jpg|thumb|left|Orahovac Lake]]
{{see also|Pannonian Basin}}
<div style="float:right; margin-left:10px">
{|class="wikitable"
|+Mountains of Slavonia<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/>
|-
! Mountain
! Peak
! Elevation
! Coordinates
|-align=center
| [[Psunj]] || Brezovo Polje || {{convert|984|m|abbr=on}} || {{Coord|45|24|N|17|19|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|-align=center
| [[Papuk]] || Papuk || {{convert|953|m|abbr=on}} || {{coord|45|32|N|17|39|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|-align=center
| [[Krndija]] || Kapovac || {{convert|792|m|abbr=on}} || {{coord|45|27|N|17|55|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|-align=center
| [[Požeška Gora]] || Kapavac || {{convert|618|m|abbr=on}} || {{Coord|45|17|N|17|35|E|region:HR_type:mountain}}
|}
</div>
[[File:State Stud Farm in Đakovo (Croatia), location Ivandvor, 2015-05-01 (1301).JPG|thumb|right|[[Đakovo Stud|State Stud Farm Đakovo]]]]
Slavonia is entirely located in the [[Pannonian Basin]], one of three major [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] parts of Croatia.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Construction and Spatial Planning (Croatia)]]|url=http://klima.mzopu.hr/UserDocsImages/Nacionalno_izv_KLIMA_23022007.pdf|title=Drugo, trece i cetvrto nacionalno izvješće Republike Hrvatske prema Okvirnoj konvenciji Ujedinjenih naroda o promjeni klime (UNFCCC)|trans-title=The second, third and fourth national report of the Republic of Croatia pursuant to the United Nations Framework Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC)|language=hr|date=November 2006|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083541/http://klima.mzopu.hr/UserDocsImages/Nacionalno_izv_KLIMA_23022007.pdf}}</ref> The Pannonian Basin took shape through [[Miocene|Miocenian]] thinning and [[subsidence]] of crust structures formed during Late [[Paleozoic]] [[Variscan orogeny]]. The Paleozoic and [[Mesozoic]] structures are visible in [[Papuk]], [[Psunj]] and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to the formation of a [[Stratovolcano|stratovolcanic]] chain in the basin 17&nbsp;– 12&nbsp;[[Mya (unit)|Mya]] (million years ago) and intensified subsidence observed until 5&nbsp;Mya as well as [[flood basalt]]s about 7.5&nbsp;Mya. Contemporary uplift of the [[Carpathian Mountains]] prevented water flowing to the [[Black Sea]], and the [[Pannonian Sea]] formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from uplifting Carpathian and [[Dinaric Alps|Dinaric mountains]], with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in the [[Pleistocene]] during the uplift of the [[Transdanubian Mountains]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GClF-4rtvoIC|title=Recent Landform Evolution: The Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Region|isbn=978-94-007-2447-1|author=Milos Stankoviansky |author2=Adam Kotarba |publisher=Springer|year=2012|access-date=2 March 2012|pages=14–18}}</ref> Ultimately, up to {{convert|3000|m|abbr=off}} of the sediment was deposited in the basin, and the Pannonian sea eventually drained through the [[Iron Gate (Danube)|Iron Gate]] gorge.<ref>{{cite book|page=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJNODA_0IOgC|title=The Nature Guide to the Hortobagy and Tisza River Floodplain, Hungary|author=Dirk Hilbers|publisher=[[Crossbill Guides Foundation]]|year=2008|isbn=978-90-5011-276-5|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> In the southern Pannonian Basin, the [[Neogene]] to [[Quaternary]] sediment depth is normally lower, averaging {{convert|500|to|1500|m|abbr=off}}, except in central parts of depressions formed by [[subduction]]—around {{convert|4000|m|abbr=off}} in the Slavonia-Syrmia depression, {{convert|5500|m|abbr=off}} in the Sava depression and nearly {{convert|7000|m|abbr=off}} in the Drava depression, with the deepest sediment found between Virovitica and Slatina.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Geologia Croatica|publisher=Croatian Geological Institute|issn=1333-4875|volume=56|issue=1|date=June 2003|title=Tertiary Subsurface Facies, Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the SW Part of the Pannonian Basin (Northern Croatia and South-Western Hungary)|pages=101–122|author=Bruno Saftić |author2=Josipa Velić |author3=Orsola Sztanó |author4=Györgyi Juhász |author5=Željko Ivković |doi=10.4154/232 |s2cid=34321638 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003GeolC..56..101S }}</ref>

The results of those processes are large [[plain]]s in eastern Slavonia, Baranya and Syrmia, as well as in river valleys, especially along the Sava, Drava and [[Kupa]]. The plains are interspersed by the [[Horst (geology)|horst]] and [[graben]] structures, believed to have broken the Pannonian Sea surface as [[Pannonian island mountains|islands]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} The tallest among such landforms in Slavonia are {{convert|984|m|adj=on}} [[Psunj]], and {{convert|953|m|adj=on}} Papuk—flanking the [[Požega Valley]] from the west and the north.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> These two and [[Krndija]], adjacent to Papuk, consist mostly of Paleozoic rocks which are 350&nbsp;– 300&nbsp;million years old. [[Požeška Gora]] and [[Dilj]], to the east of Psunj and enveloping the valley from the south, consist of much more recent Neogene rocks, but Požeška Gora also contains Upper [[Cretaceous]] sediments and [[igneous rocks]] forming the main, {{convert|30|km|adj=on}} [[ridge]] of the hill and representing the largest igneous landform in Croatia. A smaller igneous landform is also present on Papuk, near Voćin.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Papuk Geopark]]|url=http://www.papukgeopark.com/publikacije/geo_vodic1_30.pdf|title=Geološki vodič kroz park prirode Papuk|author1=Jakob Pamić |author2=Goran Radonić |author3=Goran Pavić |language=hr|trans-title=Geological guide to the Papuk Nature Park|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref> The two mountains, as well as [[Moslavačka gora]], west of Pakrac, are possible remnants of a [[volcanic arc]] related to [[Alpine orogeny]]—uplifting of the Dinaric Alps.<ref name="EGU">{{cite journal|journal=EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series|publisher=[[Copernicus Publications]]|title=Evolution of the northern and western Dinarides: a tectonostratigraphic approach|author=Vlasta Tari-Kovačić|year=2002|volume=1 |pages=223–236|issn=1868-4556|access-date=3 March 2012|url=http://www.stephan-mueller-spec-publ-ser.net/1/223/2002/smsps-1-223-2002.pdf|issue=1|doi=10.5194/smsps-1-223-2002 |bibcode=2002SMSPS...1..223T |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Đakovo&nbsp;– Vukovar [[loess]] plain, extending eastward from Dilj and representing the watershed between the [[Vuka (river)|Vuka]] and [[Bosut (river)|Bosut]] rivers, gradually rises to the [[Fruška Gora]] south of Ilok.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Službeni glasnik Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|issn=1846-0925|issue=18|volume=14|date=27 December 2006|publisher=[[Vukovar-Syrmia County]]|url=http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/sluzbeni_vjesnik/~contents/ZMV2ASW7N9CZZU2F/2010-2-10-329363-vjesnik18-06.pdf|language=hr|title=Izviješće o stanju okoliša Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|trans-title=Report on environmental conditions in the Vukovar-Syrmia County|access-date=3 June 2012|pages=1–98|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040558/http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/sluzbeni_vjesnik/~contents/ZMV2ASW7N9CZZU2F/2010-2-10-329363-vjesnik18-06.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{wide image|Cornfield.jpg|1000px|{{Center|Plain near [[Đakovo]] after harvest}}}}
{{wide image|Slavonia (20303286292).jpg|800px|{{Center|Slavonia landscapes}}}}

====Hydrography and climate====
{{see|Lake Slavonia}}
The largest rivers in Slavonia are found along or near its borders—the Danube, Sava and Drava. The length of the Danube, flowing along the eastern border of Slavonia and through the cities of Vukovar and Ilok, is {{convert|188|km|abbr=off}}, and its main tributaries are the Drava {{convert|112|km|adj=on}} and the Vuka. The Drava discharges into the Danube near [[Aljmaš]], east of Osijek, while mouth of the Vuka is located in Vukovar. 
[[File:River Drava (29799981721).jpg|thumb|right|River [[Drava]] in [[Osijek]]]]
Major tributaries of the Sava, flowing along the southern border of Slavonia and through cities of Slavonski Brod and Županja are {{convert|89|km|adj=on}} the [[Orljava]] flowing through Požega, and the Bosut—whose {{convert|151|km|adj=on}} course in Slavonia takes it through Vinkovci. There are no large lakes in Slavonia. The largest ones are Lake Kopačevo whose surface area varies between {{convert|1.5|and|3.5|km2|abbr=off}}, and Borovik [[Reservoir]] covering {{convert|2.5|km2|abbr=off}}.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/> The Lake Kopačevo is connected to the Danube via Hulovski canal, situated within the [[Kopački Rit]] [[wetland]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgipu.hr/doc/PPKopacki-rit-web/00-PPKopacki-rit-tekst.pdf|language=hr|title=Prostorni plan parka prirode "Kopački Rit"|trans-title=Kopački Rit Nature Park spatial plan|location=Osijek|date=February 2006|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection (Croatia)]]|access-date=14 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702110335/http://www.mgipu.hr/doc/PPKopacki-rit-web/00-PPKopacki-rit-tekst.pdf|archive-date=2 July 2013}}</ref> while the Lake Borovik is an artificial lake created in 1978 in the upper course of the Vuka River.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Građevinar|url=http://www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr/dokumenti/201006/5.pdf|language=hr|title=Zgrada agencije za vodne putove i športske udruge Vukovara|trans-title=Waterways agency building and sport associations of the city of Vukovar|volume=62|issue=6|year=2010|pages=529–538|author=Branko Nadilo|access-date=14 June 2012|publisher=[[Croatian Association of Civil Engineers]]|issn=0350-2465}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:Virgrad.jpg|thumb|left|Spačva forest, the largest complete common [[oak]] forest in [[Croatia]]]]

The entirety of Slavonia belongs to the [[Danube basin]] and the [[Black Sea]] catchment area, but it is divided in two sub-basins. One of those drains into the Sava—itself a Danube tributary—and the other into the Drava or directly into the Danube. The [[drainage divide]] between the two sub-basins runs along the Papuk and Krndija mountains, in effect tracing the southern boundary of the Virovitica-Podravina County and the northern boundary of Požega-Slavonia County, cuts through the Osijek-Podravina County north of Đakovo, and finally bisects the Vukovar-Syrmia County running between Vukovar and Vinkovci to reach Fruška Gora southwest of Ilok. All of Brod-Posavina County is located in the Sava sub-basin.<ref name="Divides-Ordinance">{{cite news|newspaper=Narodne Novine|url=http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_08_97_2726.html|language=hr|title=Pravilnik o područjima podslivova, malih slivova i sektora|trans-title=Ordinance on areas of sub-catchments, minor catchments and sectors|date=11 August 2010|access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref>

Most of Croatia, including Slavonia, has a moderately warm and rainy [[humid continental climate]] as defined by the [[Köppen climate classification]]. Mean annual temperature averages {{convert|10|to|12|°C|°F|lk=on}}, with the warmest month, July, averaging just below {{convert|22|°C|°F|lk=on}}. Temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas—the lowest temperature of {{convert|-27.8|°C|°F|lk=on}} was recorded on 24 January 1963 in Slavonski Brod,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://klima.hr/razno.php?id=priopcenja&param=apsolutno_najniza|publisher=[[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]]|language=hr|title=Apsolutno najniža temperatura zraka u Hrvatskoj|trans-title=The absolute lowest air temperature in Croatia|date=3 February 2012|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> and the highest temperature of {{convert|40.5|°C|°F|lk=on}} was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Đakovo.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=INA Časopis|publisher=[[INA (company)|INA]]|year=2008|issue=40|volume=10|pages=88–92|url=http://www.ina.hr/UserDocsImages/list_pdf/Ina_casopis_40/index.html|title=Ljetne vrućine napadaju|trans-title=Hot summer weather pushes on|author=Milan Sijerković|access-date=13 March 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The lowest level of precipitation is recorded in the eastern parts of Slavonia at less than {{convert|700|mm|abbr=off}} per year, mostly during the [[growing season]]. The western parts of Slavonia receive {{convert|900|to|1000|mm|abbr=off}} precipitation. Low winter temperatures and the distribution of precipitation throughout the year normally result in snow cover, and freezing rivers—requiring use of [[icebreaker]]s, and in extreme cases explosives,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Večernji list]]|url=http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/vojska-sa-64-kilograma-eksploziva-razbila-led-dravi-kod-osijeka-clanak-377016|language=hr|title=Vojska sa 64 kilograma eksploziva razbila led na Dravi kod Osijeka|trans-title=Army breaks Drava River ice near Osijek using 64 kilograms of explosives|author=Ivana Barišić|date=14 February 2012|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> to maintain the flow of water and navigation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]]|url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=152791&cHash=cdf7d2eb90|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803222305/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=152791&cHash=cdf7d2eb90|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2012|language=hr|title=Ledolomci na Dunavu i Dravi|trans-title=Icebreakers on Danube and Drava|date=13 February 2012|access-date=13 March 2012}}</ref> Slavonia receives more than 2,000&nbsp;hours of sunshine per year on average. Prevailing winds are light to moderate, northeasterly and southwesterly.<ref name="DZS-Stat2010"/>

==Demographics==
{{see also|Demographics of Croatia}}
[[File:Slavonia topo map OSM.png|thumb|right|Geographic map of Slavonia]]
[[File:Non-Croats in Slavonia (2011 Census).png|thumb|Non-Croats in 5 Slavonian counties (2011).]]
{{historical populations|1857|412303|1869|472317|1880|470373|1890|548264|1900|604664|1910|670246|1921|666723|1931|755860|1948|782596|1953|830224|1961|903350|1971|950403|1981|954491|1991|977391|2001|891259|2011|805998|2021|665858|align=right|cols=1|source=[[Template:Croatian_population_data_graph/Sources|Croatian Bureau of Statistics publications]]{{Ref|box1|1}}}}According to the 2011 census, the total population of the five counties of Slavonia was 806,192, accounting for 19% of population of Croatia. The largest portion of the total population of Slavonia lives in Osijek-Baranja county, followed by Vukovar-Syrmia county. Požega-Slavonia county is the least populous county of Slavonia. Overall the population density stands at 64.2&nbsp;persons per square kilometre. The population density ranges from 77.6 to 40.9 persons per square kilometre, with the highest density recorded in Brod-Posavina county and the lowest in Virovitica-Podravina county. Osijek is the largest city in Slavonia, followed by Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci and Vukovar. Other cities in Slavonia have populations below 20,000.<ref name="cbs-2011"/> According to the 2001 census, [[Croats]] account for 85.6 percent of population of Slavonia, and the most significant ethnic minorities are Serbs and [[Hungarians of Croatia|Hungarians]], comprising 8.8 percent and 1.4 percent of the population respectively. The largest portion of the Serb minority was recorded in Vukovar-Syrmia county (15 percent), while the largest Hungarian minority, in both relative and absolute terms, was observed in Osijek-Baranja county. The census recorded 85.4% of the population declaring themselves as [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], with further 4.4% belonging to [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] and 0.7% [[Muslim]]s. 3.1% declared themselves as [[Irreligion|non-religious]], [[Agnosticism|agnostics]] or declined to declare their religion. The most widely used language in the region is [[Croatian language|Croatian]], declared as the [[first language]] by 93.6% of the total population, followed by [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (2.6%) and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (1.0%).<ref name="Census 2001">{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/Hdefault.html|title=Popis stanovništva 2001.|trans-title=2001 Census|access-date=12 March 2012|archive-date=13 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113160604/http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Census2001/Popis/Hdefault.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The demographic history of Slavonia is characterised by significant migrations, as is that of Croatia as a whole, starting with the arrival of the Croats, between the 6th and 9th centuries.<ref name="Mužić-249-293">Mužić (2007), pp. 249–293</ref> Following the establishment of the personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102,<ref name="HR-HU-Heka"/> and the joining of the Habsburg monarchy in 1527,<ref name="Povijest-saborovanja"/> the Hungarian and German speaking population of Croatia began gradually increasing in number. The processes of [[Magyarization]] and Germanization varied in intensity but persisted until the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="Ante Čuvalo 2008 13–27"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC|title=Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe|author=Piotr Eberhardt|isbn=978-0-7656-0665-5|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|year=2003|access-date=5 November 2011|page=266}}</ref> The Ottoman conquests initiated a westward migration of parts of the Croatian population;<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Migracijske I Etničke Teme|issn=1333-2546|publisher=Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies|author=Ivan Jurković|language=hr|pages=147–174|title=Klasifikacija hrvatskih raseljenika za trajanja osmanske ugroze (od 1463. do 1593.)|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=11913|trans-title=Classification of Displacees Among Croats During the Ottoman Peril (from 1463 till 1593)|access-date=5 November 2011|volume=19|issue=2–3|date=September 2003}}</ref> the Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of some of those settlers.<ref name="BurgenlandCro"/> To replace the fleeing Croats the Habsburgs called on the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the [[Great Serb Migrations]] of 1690 and 1737–39.<ref name="Indiana University Press"/> Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the Hungarian population declined, due to emigration and ethnic bias. The changes were especially significant in the areas north of the Drava river, and Baranja County where they represented the majority before World War I.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC|title=Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe|author=Piotr Eberhardt|isbn=978-0-7656-0665-5|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|year=2003|access-date=5 November 2011|pages=288–295}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin-right:10px; font-size:100%"
|+The most populous urban areas in Slavonia
!Rank
!City
!County
!Urban population
!Municipal population
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|1||align=left|'''[[Osijek]]'''||[[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]]||83,496||107,784
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|2||align=left|'''[[Slavonski Brod]]'''||[[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]]||53,473||59,507
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|3||align=left|[[Vinkovci]]||[[Vukovar-Syrmia County|Vukovar-Syrmia]]||31,961||35,375
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|4||align=left|'''[[Vukovar]]'''||Vukovar-Syrmia ||26,716||28,016
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|5||align=left|'''[[Požega, Croatia|Požega]]'''||[[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]]||19,565||26,403
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|6||align=left|[[Đakovo]]||Osijek-Baranja||19,508||27,798
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|7||align=left|'''[[Virovitica]]'''||[[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]]||14,663||21,327
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|8||align=left|[[Županja]]||Vukovar-Syrmia||12,115||12,185
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|9||align=left|[[Nova Gradiška]]||Brod-Posavina||11,767||14,196
|-
|style="background:#f0f0f0;"|10||align=left|[[Slatina, Croatia|Slatina]]||Virovitica-Podravina||10,152||13,609
|-
|colspan="5" style="background:#f5f5f5;"|<small>County seats are indicated with '''bold''' font. Sources: [[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]], 2011 Census<ref name="cbs-2011"/></small>
|}

Since the end of the 19th century there was substantial economic emigration abroad from Croatia in general.<ref name="Geografija-migrations">{{cite web|url=http://www.geografija.hr/clanci/1225/iseljavanje-hrvata-u-amerike-te-juznu-afriku|language=hr|title=Iseljavanje Hrvata u Amerike te Južnu Afriku|trans-title=Migrations of Croats to the Americas and the South Africa|author=Jelena Lončar|date=22 August 2007|publisher=Croatian Geographic Society|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]], Croatian History Institute|issn=0353-295X|author=Božena Vranješ-Šoljan|title=Obilježja demografskog razvoja Hrvatske i Slavonije 1860. – 1918.|language=hr|trans-title=Characteristics of demographic development of Croatia and Slavonia 1860–1918|volume=31|issue=1|date=April 1999|access-date=12 March 2012|pages=41–53|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76378}}</ref> After World War I, the Yugoslav regime confiscated up to 50 percent of properties and encouraged settlement of the land by Serb volunteers and war veterans in Slavonia,<ref name="Blagojević"/> only to have them evicted and replaced by up to 70,000 new settlers by the regime during World War II.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|issn=1330-0474|issue=43|date=October 2001|author=Ivan Balta|language=hr|title=Kolonizacija u Slavoniji od početka XX. stoljeća s posebnim osvrtom na razdoblje 1941.-1945. godine|trans-title=The colonisation in Slavonia between 1941 and 1945 (English summary title)}}</ref> During World War II and in the period immediately following the war, there were further significant demographic changes, as the German-speaking population, the [[Danube Swabians]], were either forced or otherwise compelled to leave—reducing their number from the prewar German population of [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] of 500,000, living in Slavonia and other parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia, to the figure of 62,000 recorded in the 1953 census.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Germans and the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHAcEB8jh1AC|author1=Charles W. Ingrao|author2=Franz A. J. Szabo|publisher=[[Purdue University Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55753-443-9|page=357|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref> The 1940s and the 1950s in Yugoslavia were marked by colonisation of settlements where the displaced Germans used to live, by people from the mountainous parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and migrations to larger cities spurred on by the development of industry.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[University of Ljubljana]]|url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/zgodovin/wwwrepe/20th/Migrations%20in%20the%20territory.pdf|title=Migrations in the territory of former Yugoslavia from 1945 until present time|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011317/http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/oddelki/zgodovin/wwwrepe/20th/Migrations%20in%20the%20territory.pdf|archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> {{Failed verification|date=March 2013}} In the 1960s and 1970s, another wave of economic migrants left—largely moving to [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Western Europe]].<ref name="MVPEI-Canada">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.mvpei.hr/hmiu/tekst.asp?q=02hi-hi11|title=Hrvatsko iseljeništvo u Kanadi|trans-title=Croatian diaspora in Canada|language=hr|access-date=5 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813202119/http://www.mvep.hr/hmiu/tekst.asp?q=02hi-hi11|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="MVPEI-Australia">{{cite web|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)|url=http://www.mvpei.hr/hmiu/tekst.asp?q=02hi-hi02|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217225537/http://www.mvpei.hr/hmiu/tekst.asp?q=02hi-hi02|archive-date=17 February 2013|title=Hrvatsko iseljeništvo u Australiji|trans-title=Croatian diaspora in Australia|language=hr|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="MVPEI-Diaspora">{{cite web|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Croatia)|url=http://www.mvpei.hr/hmiu/tekst.asp?q=02hi-hi00|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217160006/http://www.mvpei.hr/hmiu/tekst.asp?q=02hi-hi00|archive-date=17 February 2013|title=Stanje hrvatskih iseljenika i njihovih potomaka u inozemstvu|trans-title=Balance of Croatian Emigrants and their Descendants Abroad|language=hr|access-date=5 November 2011}}</ref>

The most recent changes to the ethnic composition of Slavonian counties occurred between censuses conducted in 1991 and 2001. The 1991 census recorded a heterogenous population consisting mostly of Croats and Serbs—at 72 percent and 17 percent of the total population respectively. The Croatian War of Independence, and the ethnic fracturing of Yugoslavia that preceded it, caused an exodus of the Croat population followed by an exodus of Serbs. The return of refugees since the end of hostilities is not complete—a majority of Croat refugees returned, while fewer Serbs did. In addition, ethnic Croats moved to Slavonia from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Serbia.<ref name="Babić"/>

==Economy and transport==
{{see also|Economy of Croatia|Transport in Croatia}}
[[File:20230429.Donau.zwischen km 1255 und 1333.-032.1.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|Tourist cruise on the [[Danube]] in eastern Slavonia]]
The economy of Slavonia is largely based on [[wholesale]] and [[retail]] trade and [[processing industry]]. [[Food processing]] is one of the most significant types of the processing industries in the region, supporting agricultural production in the area and encompassing [[meat packing]], [[Canning|fruit and vegetable processing]], [[sugar refining]], [[confectionery]] and [[dairy industry]]. In addition, there are [[Winery|wineries]] in the region that are significant to [[economy of Croatia]]. Other types of the processing industry significant to Slavonia are [[wood processing]], including production of [[furniture]], [[cellulose]], paper and [[Cardboard (paper product)|cardboard]]; [[metalworking]], [[textile industry]] and [[glass production]]. [[Transport]] and [[civil engineering]] are two further significant economic activities in Slavonia.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Brod-Posavina County]]|language=hr|url=http://www.bpz.hr/_Data/Files/ŽRS%20BPŽ.pdf|title=Županijska razvojna strategija Brodsko-posavske županije|trans-title=County development strategy of the Brod-Posavina County|pages=27–40|location=[[Slavonski Brod]]|date=March 2011|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> 
[[File:Most Drava.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|Osijek cable-stayed [[Drava Highway Bridge]], the [[List of bridges in Croatia |longest bridge]] in [[Croatia]]. (81 metres longer than the [[Pelješac bridge]]).]]

The largest industrial centre of Slavonia is Osijek, followed by other county seats—Slavonski Brod, Virovitica, Požega and Vukovar, as well as several other cities, especially Vinkovci.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Vukovar-Srijem County]]|url=http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/upravni2/~contents/TKG2B8LCNJ8388YS/2011-10-5-4712203-informacijaostanjugospodarstvavukovarsko-srijemskezupanije2011..pdf|language=hr|title=Informacija o stanju gospodarstva Vukovarsko-srijemske županije|trans-title=Information on state of economy of the Vukovar-Srijem County|date=September 2011|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233206/http://www.vusz.hr/Cms_Data/Contents/VSZ/Folders/dokumenti/upravni2/~contents/TKG2B8LCNJ8388YS/2011-10-5-4712203-informacijaostanjugospodarstvavukovarsko-srijemskezupanije2011..pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Osijek-Baranja County]]|url=http://www.obz.hr/en/index.php?tekst=101|title=County economy|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218080619/http://www.obz.hr/en/index.php?tekst=101|archive-date=18 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Croatian Employment Service|url=http://www.hzz.hr/default.aspx?id=4627|language=hr|title=Gospodarstvo Virovitičko-podravske županije|trans-title=Economy of Virovitica-Podravina County|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-date=7 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707032542/http://www.hzz.hr/default.aspx?id=4627|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Brod-Posavina County]]|url=http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/gospodarstvo_i_poljoprivreda/default.aspx|language=hr|title=Gospodarstvo Brodsko-posavske županije|trans-title=Economy of Brod-Posavina County|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-date=2 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402065832/http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/gospodarstvo_i_poljoprivreda/default.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Požega-Slavonia County]]|url=http://www.pszupanija.hr/profil-zupanije/gospodarski-profil-zupanije.html|title=Gospodarski profil županije|trans-title=Economic profile of the county|language=hr|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203091223/http://www.pszupanija.hr/profil-zupanije/gospodarski-profil-zupanije.html|archive-date=3 December 2009}}</ref>

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the five counties in Slavonia combined (in year 2008) amounted to 6,454&nbsp;million [[euro]], or 8,005&nbsp;euro per capita—27.5% below Croatia's national average. The GDP of the five counties represented 13.6% of Croatia's GDP.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/publication/2011/12-01-02_01_2011.htm|title=GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FOR REPUBLIC OF CROATIA, STATISTICAL REGIONS AT LEVEL 2 AND COUNTIES, 2008|date=11 February 2011|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref> Several [[Pan-European corridors|Pan-European transport corridors]] run through Slavonia: corridor Vc as the [[A5 (Croatia)|A5 motorway]], corridor X as the [[A3 (Croatia)|A3 motorway]] and a double-track railway spanning Slavonia from west to east, and corridor VII—the Danube River waterway.<ref name="EU-Corridors">{{cite web | publisher = [[European Union]] | url = http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/02/1275&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN;&guiLanguage=en | title = Transport: launch of the Italy-Turkey pan-European Corridor through Albania, Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Greece | date = 9 September 2002 | access-date = 6 September 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The waterway is accessed through the Port of Vukovar, the largest Croatian river port, situated on the Danube itself, and the Port of Osijek on the Drava River, {{convert|14.5|km|abbr=off}} away from confluence of the rivers.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Centar za razvoj unutarnje plovidbe d.o.o.|language=hr|url=http://www.crup.hr/crup.hr/files/Prirucnik.pdf|title=Priručnik za unutarnju plovidbu u Republici Hrvatskoj|trans-title=Manual of inland waterways navigation in the Republic of Croatia|date=December 2006|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

Another major sector of the economy of Slavonia is agriculture, which also provides part of the raw materials for the processing industry. Out of {{convert|1077403|ha|abbr=off}} of utilized agricultural land in Croatia, {{convert|493878|ha|abbr=off}}, or more than 45%, are found in Slavonia, with the largest portion of the land situated in the Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Syrmia counties. The largest areas are used for production of [[cereal]]s and [[oilseed]]s, covering {{convert|574916|ha|abbr=off}} and {{convert|89348|ha|abbr=off}} respectively. Slavonia's share in Croatia's agriculturally productive land is greatest in the production of cereals (53.5%), [[legume]]s (46.8%), oilseeds (88.8%), sugar beet (90%), tobacco (97.9%), plants used in pharmaceutical or perfume industry (80.9%), flowers, seedlings and seeds (80.3%) and plants used in the textile industry (69%). Slavonia also contributes 25.7% of cattle, 42.7% of pigs and 20% of the poultry stock of Croatia. There are {{convert|5138|ha|abbr=off}} of vineyards in Slavonia, representing 18.6% of total vineyards area in Croatia. Production of fruit and nuts also takes up a significant agricultural area. Apple orchards cover {{convert|1261|ha|abbr=off}}, representing 42.3% of Croatia's apple plantations, plums are produced in orchards encompassing {{convert|450|ha|abbr=off}} or 59.7% of Croatia's plum plantations and hazelnut orchards cover {{convert|319|ha|abbr=off}}, which account for 72.4% of hazelnut plantations in Croatia. Other significant permanent crops are cherries, pears, peaches and walnuts.<ref name=AGR2003>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]] |url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Agriculture2003/census_agr_tabl.html |language=hr |title=Popis poljoprivrede 2003. |trans-title=2003 Agricultural Census |access-date=29 March 2012  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121104653/http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/Agriculture2003/census_agr_tabl.html |archive-date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>
[[File:Danube port of Vukovar, Croatia (by de.user.Perun).jpg|thumb|right|The port of Vukovar, Danube River]]
[[File:Aerodrom u Osijeku - Osijek Airport.jpg|thumb|right|[[Osijek Airport]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: right; width: auto;"
! colspan=11|Counties of Slavonia by [[GDP]], in million [[Euro]]
|-
! data-sort-type="text" | [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
! data-sort-type="number" | 2000
! data-sort-type="number" | 2001
! data-sort-type="number" | 2002
! data-sort-type="number" | 2003
! data-sort-type="number" | 2004
! data-sort-type="number" | 2005
! data-sort-type="number" | 2006
! data-sort-type="number" | 2007
! data-sort-type="number" | 2008
! data-sort-type="number" | 2009
|-
| align="left" |[[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]]
|align=right|575
|align=right|643
|align=right|699
|align=right|717
|align=right|782
|align=right|786
|align=right|869
|align=right|931
|align=right|1,074
|align=right|968
|-
| align="left" |[[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]]
|align=right|1,370
|align=right|1,499
|align=right|1,699
|align=right|1,710
|align=right|1,884
|align=right|1,999
|align=right|2,193
|align=right|2,538
|align=right|2,844
|align=right|2,590
|-
| align="left" |[[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]]
|align=right|337
|align=right|371
|align=right|395
|align=right|428
|align=right|456
|align=right|472
|align=right|484
|align=right|541
|align=right|557
|align=right|510
|-
| align="left" |[[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]]
|align=right|378
|align=right|434
|align=right|465
|align=right|478
|align=right|493
|align=right|497
|align=right|584
|align=right|616
|align=right|661
|align=right|561
|-
| align="left" |[[Vukovar-Srijem County|Vukovar-Srijem]]
|align=right|651
|align=right|723
|align=right|795
|align=right|836
|align=right|889
|align=right|964
|align=right|1,098
|align=right|1,144
|align=right|1,318
|align=right|1,180
|-class="sortbottom"
| colspan=11 align="left" |Source: [[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]<ref name="Years2000-2006">{{cite journal|issn=1334-0565|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|journal=Priopćenja 2002–2007|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv/publication/2009/12-1-5_1h2009.htm|language=hr|title=Bruto domaći proizvod za Republiku Hrvatsku, prostorne jedinice za statistiku 2. razine i županije od 2000. do 2006.|trans-title=Gross domestic product of the Republic of Croatia, 2nd tier spatial units and counties, from 2000 to 2006|date=3 July 2009|volume=46|issue=12.1.5|location=Zagreb}}</ref><ref name="Year2007">{{cite journal|issn=1330-0350|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|journal=Priopćenje DZS|volume=47|date=1 March 2010|location=Zagreb|number=12.1.2|title=Gross domestic product for Republic of Croatia, statistical regions at level 2 and counties, 2007}}</ref><ref name="Year2008">{{cite journal|issn=1330-0350|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|journal=Priopćenje DZS|volume=48|date=11 February 2011|location=Zagreb|number=12.1.2|title=Gross domestic product for Republic of Croatia, statistical regions at level 2 and counties, 2008}}</ref><ref name="Year2009">{{cite journal|issn=1330-0350|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|journal=Priopćenje DZS|volume=49|date=14 March 2012|location=Zagreb|number=12.1.2|title=Gross domestic product for Republic of Croatia, statistical regions at level 2 and counties, 2009}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: right; width: auto;"
! colspan=11|Counties of Slavonia by [[GDP]] per capita, in [[Euro]]
|-
! data-sort-type="text" | [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
! data-sort-type="number" | 2000
! data-sort-type="number" | 2001
! data-sort-type="number" | 2002
! data-sort-type="number" | 2003
! data-sort-type="number" | 2004
! data-sort-type="number" | 2005
! data-sort-type="number" | 2006
! data-sort-type="number" | 2007
! data-sort-type="number" | 2008
! data-sort-type="number" | 2009
|-
| align="left" |[[Brod-Posavina County|Brod-Posavina]]
|align=right|3,260
|align=right|3,633
|align=right|3,955
|align=right|4,065
|align=right|4,452
|align=right|4,487
|align=right|4,972
|align=right|5,345
|align=right|6,183
|align=right|5,606
|-
| align="left" |[[Osijek-Baranja County|Osijek-Baranja]]
|align=right|4,147
|align=right|4,537
|align=right|5,149
|align=right|5,199
|align=right|5,750
|align=right|6,127
|align=right|6,757
|align=right|7,875
|align=right|8,871
|align=right|8,112
|-
| align="left" |[[Požega-Slavonia County|Požega-Slavonia]]
|align=right|3,934
|align=right|4,320
|align=right|4,610
|align=right|5,020
|align=right|5,383
|align=right|5,605
|align=right|5,786
|align=right|6,505
|align=right|6,750
|align=right|6,229
|-
| align="left" |[[Virovitica-Podravina County|Virovitica-Podravina]]
|align=right|4,045
|align=right|4,654
|align=right|5,016
|align=right|5,176
|align=right|5,410
|align=right|5,485
|align=right|6,497
|align=right|6,923
|align=right|7,485
|align=right|6,399
|-
| align="left" |[[Vukovar-Srijem County|Vukovar-Srijem]]
|align=right|3,184
|align=right|3,528
|align=right|3,903
|align=right|4,127
|align=right|4,414
|align=right|4,807
|align=right|5,501
|align=right|5,756
|align=right|6,647
|align=right|5,974
|-class="sortbottom"
| colspan=11 align="left" |Source: [[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]<ref name="Years2000-2006"/><ref name="Year2007"/><ref name="Year2008"/><ref name="Year2009"/>
|}

In 2010, only two companies headquartered in Slavonia ranked among top 100 [[List of companies of Croatia|Croatian companies]]—[[Belje]], agricultural industry owned by [[Agrokor]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Belje d.d.|url=http://www.belje.hr/eng/onama/index.asp|title=About us|access-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115075031/http://www.belje.hr/eng/onama/index.asp|archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> and [[Belišće (company)|Belišće]], [[paper mill]] and paper [[packaging material]] factory,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Belišće d.d.|url=http://www.belisce.hr/onama/O%20nama.aspx|language=hr|title=Od 1884. do danas|trans-title=From 1884 until today|access-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623142729/http://www.belisce.hr/onama/O%20nama.aspx|archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> headquartered in [[Darda, Croatia|Darda]] and [[Belišće]] respectively, both in Osijek-Baranja County. Belje ranks as the 44th and Belišće as the 99th largest Croatian company by [[Earnings before interest and taxes|income]]. Other significant businesses in the county include civil engineering company [[Osijek-Koteks]] (rank 103),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Koteks|url=http://www.osijek-koteks.hr/index.php?page=o-nama|language=hr|title=Na čvrstim temeljima povijesti|trans-title=On solid foundations of history|access-date=17 June 2012|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523174530/http://www.osijek-koteks.hr/index.php?page=o-nama}}</ref> [[Saponia]] [[detergent]] and [[personal care]] product factory (rank 138),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Saponia|url=http://www.saponia.hr/company|title=Company profile|access-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618120441/http://www.saponia.hr/company|archive-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> [[Biljemerkant]] retail business (rank 145),<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Biljemerkant|url=http://www.biljemerkant.hr/eng/onama.php|title=About us|access-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908004200/http://www.biljemerkant.hr/eng/onama.php|archive-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> and [[Našicecement]] [[cement plant]] (rank 165), a part of [[Nexe Grupa]] construction product manufacturing company.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Nexe Grupa|url=http://www.nexe.hr/default.aspx?ID=1071|title=Structure of shareholders|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> Sugar refining company [[Viro (company)|Viro]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Viro|url=http://www.secerana.hr/default.aspx?id=130|title=History of the factory|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref> ranked the 101st and headquartered in Virovitica, is the largest company in Virovitica-Podravina County. Đuro Đaković Montaža d.d., a part of metal processing industry [[Đuro Đaković (company)|Đuro Đaković Holding]] of Slavonski Brod,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Đuro Đaković Holding|url=http://www.duro-dakovic.com/company_profile/about_as/default.aspx|title=About us|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626213210/http://www.duro-dakovic.com/company_profile/about_as/default.aspx|archive-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> ranks the 171st among the Croatian companies and it is the largest business in Brod-Posavina County. Another agricultural industry company, [[Kutjevo (company)|Kutjevo d.d.]], headquartered in [[Kutjevo]], is the largest company in Požega-Slavonia County,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Kutjevo d.d.|url=http://www.kutjevo.com/en/about-us/vision-and-mission|title=Vision and mission|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922130624/http://www.kutjevo.com/en/about-us/vision-and-mission|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> ranks the 194th in Croatia by business income. Finally, the largest company by income in Vukovar-Syrmia county is another Agrokor owned agricultural production company—[[Vupik]], headquartered in Vukovar,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Agrokor]]|url=http://www.agrokor.hr/hr-HR/Vupik.html|language=hr|title=Vupik|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=17 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717214050/http://www.agrokor.hr/hr-HR/Vupik.html}}</ref> and ranking the 161st among the companies headquartered in Croatia.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Privredni vjesnik]]|url=http://issuu.com/nestar/docs/400naj2010|pages=38–50|title=Rang-ljestvica 400 najvećih|language=hr|trans-title=Ranking of the top 400|date=July 2011|publisher=[[Croatian Chamber of Commerce]]|volume=58|issue=3687|access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{see also|Culture of Croatia}}
[[File:1910, Miroslav Kraljevic, Autoportret sa psom, ulje, 110x85,5, Moderna galerija Zagreb.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Miroslav Kraljević]], self-portrait]]
The [[cultural heritage]] of Slavonia represents a blend of social influences through its history, especially since the end of the 17th century, and the traditional culture. A particular impact was made by [[Baroque]] art and architecture of the 18th century, when the cities of Slavonia started developing after the Ottoman wars ended and stability was restored to the area. The period saw great prominence of the nobility, who were awarded estates in Slavonia by the imperial court in return for their service during the wars. They included [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]], the [[House of Esterházy]], the House of [[Odescalchi]], [[Philipp Karl von Eltz-Kempenich]], the House of [[Prandau-Normann Castle|Prandau-Normann]], the [[House of Pejačević]] and the [[List of noble families of Croatia|House of Janković]]. That in turn encouraged an influx of contemporary European culture to the region. Subsequent development of the cities and society saw the influence of [[Neoclassicism]], [[Historicism (art)|Historicism]] and especially of [[Art Nouveau]].<ref name="Heritage-modern">{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=31|title=Novi vijek|trans-title=Modern history|language=hr|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref>

The heritage of the region includes numerous [[landmark]]s, especially [[manor house]]s built by the nobility in largely in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Those include [[Prandau-Normann Castle|Prandau-Normann]] and [[Prandau-Mailath Castle|Prandau-Mailath]] manor houses in [[Valpovo]] and [[Donji Miholjac]] respectively,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/prandau-mailath-castle,4215.html|title=Prandau – Mailath Castle|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235242/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/prandau-mailath-castle,4215.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/hr/posjetite/kulturne-atrakcije/dvorac-prandau-normann,4216.html|title=Dvorac Prandau – Normann|trans-title=Prandau – Normann Castle|language=hr|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429191543/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/hr/posjetite/kulturne-atrakcije/dvorac-prandau-normann,4216.html}}</ref> manor houses in Baranja—in [[Bilje, Croatia|Bilje]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-bilje,3683.html|title=The castle in Bilje|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721050928/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-bilje,3683.html}}</ref> at a former Esterházy estate in Darda,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-darda,3684.html|title=The castle in Darda|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721053457/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-darda,3684.html}}</ref> in [[Tikveš, Croatia|Tikveš]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-tikves,3685.html|title=The castle in Tikveš|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721060120/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-tikves,3685.html}}</ref> and in [[Kneževo, Croatia|Kneževo]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-knezevo,3686.html|title=The castle in Kneževo|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-date=21 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721060145/http://www.tzosbarzup.hr/en/visit/cultural-attractions/the-castle-in-knezevo,3686.html}}</ref> Pejačevićs built several residences, the most representative ones among them being [[Pejačević Castle in Virovitica|manor house in Virovitica]] and the [[Pejačević manor house in Našice]].<ref name="Tportal-Landmarks">{{cite web|publisher=t-portal.hr|url=http://www.tportal.hr/lifestyle/putovanja/160308/Najljepsi-hrvatski-dvorci.html|title=Najljepši hrvatski dvorci|trans-title=The most beautiful castles of Croatia|language=hr|date=18 November 2011|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> Further east, along the Danube, there are [[Ilok Castle|Odescalchi manor house]] in Ilok,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Ilok Tourist Board|url=http://turizamilok.hr/index.php?&article_id=23&lang=en|title=The Odescalchi Castle -The Ilok town Museum|access-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524034743/http://turizamilok.hr/index.php?&article_id=23&lang=en|archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> and [[Eltz Manor|Eltz manor house]] in Vukovar—the latter sustained extensive damage during the Battle of Vukovar in 1991,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Vukovar Tourist Board|url=http://www.turizamvukovar.hr/index.php?lang=en&article_id=62|title=The Eltz Castle|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> but it was reconstructed by 2011.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian Radiotelevision]]|url=http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136385&cHash=e775165268|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217175632/http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=136385&cHash=e775165268|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2013|title=Otvoren obnovljeni dvorac Eltz|language=hr|trans-title=Reconstructed Eltz manor house opens|date=30 October 2011|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> In the southeast of the region, the most prominent are [[Kutjevo Jesuit manor house]],<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Požega-Slavonia County Tourist Board|url=http://www.tzzps.hr/ponuda/7-isusovacki-dvorac-kutjevo|language=hr|title=Isusovački dvorac Kutjevo|trans-title=Kutjevo Jesuit manor house|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235340/http://www.tzzps.hr/ponuda/7-isusovacki-dvorac-kutjevo|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> and [[Cernik manor house]], located in [[Kutjevo]] and [[Cernik, Brod-Posavina County|Cernik]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Brod-Posavina County Tourist Board|url=http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/kultura/barokni_dvorac_cernik/default.aspx|language=hr|title=Barokni dvorac Cernik|trans-title=Baroque Cernik manor house|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=31 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031032729/http://www.bpz.hr/opci_podaci/kultura/barokni_dvorac_cernik/default.aspx}}</ref> The period also saw construction of [[Tvrđa]] and [[Brod Fortress|Brod]] [[fortifications]] in Osijek and Slavonski Brod.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/osijek/sightseeing/essentialosijek/venue/6088-tvra.html|title=Tvrđa|work=Essential Osijek|publisher=[[In Your Pocket City Guides|In Your Pocket]]|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012003431/http://www.inyourpocket.com/croatia/osijek/sightseeing/essentialosijek/venue/6088-tvra.html|archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|publisher=Croatian History Institute|issn=1332-4853|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=14184|title=Zapovjednici brodske tvrđave i načelnici grada Broda u 18. i 19. stoljeću|language=hr|trans-title=The military commanders and mayors of Brod in the 18th and 19th centuries|author=Josip Kljajić|volume=2|issue=1|date=October 2002|pages=16–45|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Older, medieval fortifications are preserved only as [[ruins]]—the largest among those being [[Ružica Castle]] near [[Orahovica]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Papuk Nature Park]]|url=http://www.pp-papuk.hr/1english/znamenitosti/ruzica.htm|title=Ružica grad|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425083941/http://www.pp-papuk.hr/1english/znamenitosti/ruzica.htm|archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> Another landmark dating to the 19th century is the [[Đakovo Cathedral]]—hailed by the [[Pope John XXIII]] as the most beautiful church situated between [[Venice]] and [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Croatian National Tourist Board]]|url=http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Destinations/Town/Dakovo?ZHNcNDkyLHBcNw%3d%3d|title=Đakovo|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Osijek-Baranja County Tourist Board|language=hr|url=http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/VodicHr.pdf|year=2005|title=Kulturno-povijesna baština Osječko-baranjske županije|trans-title=Cultural and historical heritage of Osijek-Baranja County|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071742/http://www.obz.hr/hr/pdf/VodicHr.pdf}}</ref>

[[File:Erdut.jpg|thumb|right|[[Erdut Castle]], 15th-century fortification near [[Erdut]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Erdut Municipality Tourist Board|url=http://tz.opcina-erdut.hr/o-turizmu/|title=O turizmu|date=3 May 2011 |language=hr|trans-title=About tourism|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=22 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622171550/http://tz.opcina-erdut.hr/o-turizmu/}}</ref>]]
Slavonia significantly contributed to the culture of Croatia as a whole, both through works of artists and through patrons of the arts—most notable among them being [[Josip Juraj Strossmayer]].<ref name=Writers>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=63|title=Jezik i književnost|trans-title=Language and literature|language=hr|access-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> Strossmayer was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts]], later renamed the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy|publisher=[[Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]|title=The Founding of the Academy|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606084626/http://info.hazu.hr/foundation_of_academy|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref> and the reestablishment of the [[University of Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/about-university/history/|publisher=[[University of Zagreb]]|title=University of Zagreb 1699 – 2005|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> A number of Slavonia's artists, especially writers, made considerable contributions to Croatian culture. Nineteenth-century writers who are most significant in Croatian literature include [[Josip Eugen Tomić]], [[Josip Kozarac]], and [[Miroslav Kraljević (writer)|Miroslav Kraljević]]—author of the first Croatian novel.<ref name=Writers/> Significant twentieth-century poets and writers in Slavonia were [[Dobriša Cesarić]], [[Dragutin Tadijanović]], [[Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić]] and [[Antun Gustav Matoš]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=216|title=Književnost u Slavoniji u 20. stoljeću|trans-title=Literature in Slavonia in the 20th century|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Painters associated with Slavonia, who contributed greatly to Croatian art, were [[Miroslav Kraljević]] and [[Bela Čikoš Sesija]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.min-kulture.hr/default.aspx?id=5091|title=Uzbudljiva šetnja kroz povijest Slavonije|trans-title=An exciting walk through history of Slavonia|language=hr|author=Vesna Latinović|date=9 August 2009|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Slavonia is a distinct region of Croatia in terms of ethnological factors in traditional music. It is a region where traditional culture is preserved through [[folklore]] festivals. Typical traditional music instruments belong to the [[tamburica]] and [[Croatian bagpipes|bagpipe]] family.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=78|title=Tradicijska i popularna glazba i ples|trans-title=Traditional and popular music and dance|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> The tamburica is the most representative musical instrument associated with Slavonia's traditional culture. It developed from music instruments brought by the Ottomans during their rule of Slavonia, becoming an integral part of the traditional music, its use surpassing or even replacing the use of bagpipes and [[gusle]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Croatia)]]|url=http://www.bastina-slavonija.info/TematskeCjeline.aspx?id=81|title=Tamburaštvo|trans-title=Tradition of tamburica|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> A distinct form of traditional song, originating in Slavonia, the [[bećarac]], is recognized as an [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|intangible cultural heritage]] by [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.glas-slavonije.hr/vijest.asp?rub=1&ID_VIJESTI=152153|language=hr|title=UNESCO uvrstio bećarac u svjetsku baštinu!|trans-title=UNESCO lists bećarac as world heritage!|date=28 November 2011|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00358|title=Bećarac singing and playing from Eastern Croatia|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Out of 122&nbsp;Croatia's universities and other institutions of [[higher education]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/higher-education/higher-education-institutions-in-the-republic-of-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Higher education institutions in the Republic of Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Slavonia is home to one university—[[Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek]]—<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/universities-in-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Universities in Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317000923/http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/universities-in-croatia|archive-date=17 March 2012}}</ref> as well as three [[Institute of technology|polytechnics]] in Požega, Slavonski Brod and Vukovar, as well as a [[college]] in Virovitica—all set up and run by the [[Ministry of Science, Education and Sports (Croatia)|government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/polytechnics-in-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Polytechnics in Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428125800/http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/polytechnics-in-croatia|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/colleges-in-croatia|publisher=Agency for Science and Higher Education (Croatia)|title=Colleges in Croatia|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330020145/http://www.azvo.hr/en/statistics/colleges-in-croatia|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref> The University of Osijek, has been established in 1975,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[University of Osijek]]|url=http://www.unios.hr/?g=12&i=150|title=History of Higher Education in Osijek|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> but the first institution of higher education in the city was ''Studium Philosophicum Essekini'' founded in 1707, and active until 1780.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[University of Osijek]]|url=http://web.ffos.hr/?id=4|language=hr|title=Povijest|trans-title=History|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> Another historical institution of higher education was ''Academia Posegana'' operating in Požega between 1761 and 1776,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=City of Požega Tourist Board|url=http://www.pozega-tz.hr/component/content/article/41-preporuamo-posjetiteljima/97-poeka-gimnazija.html|title=Požeška Gimnazija|trans-title=Požega gymasium|language=hr|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012023013/http://www.pozega-tz.hr/component/content/article/41-preporuamo-posjetiteljima/97-poeka-gimnazija.html|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> as an extension of a [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] operating in the city continuously,<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Požega Gymnasium|url=http://www.gimpoz.hr/rubrika/english|title=A brief survey of Gymnasium|access-date=19 June 2012|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923172107/http://www.gimpoz.hr/rubrika/english}}</ref> since it opened in 1699 as the first [[secondary education]] school in Slavonia.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Obnovljeni život|publisher=Filozofsko teološki institut Družbe Isusove|issn=0351-3947|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=90849|title=Stogodišnjica požeške kolegije|language=hr|trans-title=A century of Požega's college|author=T. Matić|volume=16|issue=9–10|date=November 1935|access-date=19 June 2012}}</ref>

===Cuisine and wines===
{{see also|Cuisine of Croatia|Croatian wine}}
[[File:Graševina i traminac.jpg|thumb|left|Graševina wine ([[Welshriesling]]) and [[Gewürztraminer]] (Traminac) wine, dry white wine, produced in [[Kutjevo]], [[Požega-Slavonia County]].]]

The cuisine of Slavonia reflects cultural influences on the region through the diversity of its culinary influences. The most significant among those were from [[Hungarian cuisine|Hungarian]], [[Viennese cuisine|Viennese]], Central European, as well as [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]] and [[Arab cuisine]]s brought by series of conquests and accompanying social influences. The ingredients of traditional dishes are [[pickling|pickled]] vegetables, dairy products and [[smoked meat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Podravka]]|url=http://www.vegeta.hr/articles/slavonija|title=Slavonija|trans-title=Slavonia|language=hr|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428182913/http://www.vegeta.hr/articles/slavonija|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> The most famous traditional preserved meat product is [[kulen]], one of a handful Croatian products protected by the EU as indigenous products.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Vjesnik]]|url=http://www.vjesnik.com/Article.aspx?ID=FE306176-7636-464D-9CF8-1F25DD84E187|title=Paška sol prvi autohtoni proizvod s Unijinom oznakom izvornosti|trans-title=Pag slat as the first indigenous product to receive the EU authenticity certificate|language=hr|date=21 August 2011|author=Marinko Petković|access-date=1 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Slavonia is one of Croatia's winemaking sub-regions, a part of its continental winegrowing region. The best known winegrowing areas of Slavonia are centered on [[Đakovo]], [[Ilok]] and [[Kutjevo]], where [[Graševina]] grapes are predominant, but other [[cultivar]]s are increasingly present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://croatia.hr/hr-HR/Odredista/Mjesto/Ilok/Slavonska-vina?Y2lcOTMxLGRzXDQ5NSxwXDI0|publisher=[[Croatian National Tourist Board]]|title=Ilok|trans-title=Ilok|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> In past decades, an increasing quantity of wine production in Slavonia was accompanied by increasing quality and growing recognition at home and abroad.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]]|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatskoj-cak-osam-zlatnih-medalja-za-vina-/300711/|title=Hrvatskoj čak osam zlatnih medalja za vina!|language=hr|trans-title=Croatian wines awarded as many as eight gold medals!|date=20 June 2009|author=Davor Butković|access-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524105116/http://www.jutarnji.hr/hrvatskoj-cak-osam-zlatnih-medalja-za-vina-/300711/|archive-date=24 May 2013}}</ref> Grape vines were first grown in the region of Ilok, as early as the 3rd century AD. The oldest Slavonian wine cellar still in continuous use for winemaking is located in Kutjevo—built in 1232 by [[Cistercians]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Jutarnji list]]|language=hr|url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/top-10-vinara--kraljica-grasevina----a-onda-sve-ostalo-/875536/|title=TOP 10 vinara: Kraljica graševina... A onda sve ostalo!|trans-title=Top 10 winemakers: Graševina reigns... and everything else follows!|date=7 August 2010|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Slavonian [[oak (wine)|oak]] is used to make ''botti'', large barrels traditionally used in the [[Piemonte (wine)|Piedmont region]] of [[Italy]] to make [[nebbiolo]] wines.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Savino|first1=Anna|title=The Effects of Oak on Nebbiolo|url=http://langhe.net/11768/the-effects-of-oak-on-nebbiolo/?lang=en|website=Langhe.Net|date=September 2015|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Croatia}}
*[[Regions of Croatia]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C|author=Richard C. Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|access-date=18 October 2011}}
* {{cite journal | url = https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/200144 | language = hr | journal = Zbornik Muzeja Đakovštine | volume = 11 | number = 1 | year = 2013 | title = Potres u Đakovštini 1964. godine | first = Slađana | last = Josipović Batorek }}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORSMBFwjAKcC|author1=Matjaž Klemenčič|author2=Mitja Žagar|title=The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-57607-294-3|access-date=17 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|author=Frederic Chapin Lane|title=Venice, a Maritime Republic|publisher=JHU Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8018-1460-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQpU2JGJCMwC|access-date=18 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|author=Ivan Mužić|title=Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća|trans-title=Croatian Ninth Century History|language=hr|url=http://www.muzic-ivan.info/hrvatska_povijest.pdf|isbn=978-953-263-034-3|year=2007|publisher=Naklada Bošković|access-date=14 October 2011|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808024028/http://www.muzic-ivan.info/hrvatska_povijest.pdf}}
*{{cite book|last=Nation|first=R. Craig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-lOPQAACAAJ|title=War in the Balkans, 1991–2002|year=2004|publisher=[[Lightning Source]]|isbn=978-1-4102-1773-8|access-date=1 April 2012}}
* {{Cite book|last=Taube|first=Friedrich Wilhelm von|title=Historische und geographische Beschreibung des Königreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien|volume=1|year=1777|location=Leipzig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-FqcUaKaLoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Taube|first=Friedrich Wilhelm von|title=Historische und geographische Beschreibung des Königreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien|volume=2|year=1777|location=Leipzig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofvHYs8LX8MC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Taube|first=Friedrich Wilhelm von|title=Historische und geographische Beschreibung des Königreiches Slavonien und des Herzogthumes Syrmien|volume=3|year=1778|location=Leipzig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQ2kqcHW07wC}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Slavonia}}
*[http://croatia.hr/en-GB/Destinations/Regions/Cluster/Slavonia?ZHNcOSxwXDQy Croatian National Tourist Board – Slavonia]
*[http://www.slavonija.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=49&Itemid=41 Regional Development Agency of Slavonia and Baranja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929230329/http://www.slavonija.hr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=49&Itemid=41 |date=29 September 2020 }}

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[[Category:Slavonia| ]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Regions of Croatia]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Croatia]]
[[Category:Rusyn communities]]