Editing Slapstick

{{Short description|Style of comedy}}
{{About|the style of comedy}}
[[File:Chaplin, Charlie (His New Job) 03.jpg|thumb|A slapstick scene from the 1915 [[Charlie Chaplin]] film ''[[His New Job]]''. Chaplin started his film career as a physical comedian, and his later work continued to contain elements of slapstick.]]

'''Slapstick''' is a style of [[humor]] involving [[exaggerated]] physical activity that exceeds the boundaries of normal [[physical comedy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slapstick |title=slapstick - definition of slapstick by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> Slapstick may involve both intentional violence and violence by mishap, often resulting from inept use of props such as saws and ladders.<ref>King, Rob (2017). ''Hokum!: The Early Sound Slapstick Short and Depression-Era Mass Culture''. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 197.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Slapstick+comedy |title=Slapstick comedy definition of Slapstick comedy in the Free Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> 

The term arises from a device developed for use in the broad, physical comedy style known as ''[[commedia dell'arte]]'' in 16th-century Italy. The "[[Clapper (musical instrument)|slap stick]]" consists of two thin slats of wood, which makes a "slap" when striking another actor, with little force needed to make a loud—and comical—sound. The physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular [[Punch and Judy]] puppet show. More contemporary examples of slapstick humor include ''[[The Three Stooges]]'', ''[[The Naked Gun]]'' and ''[[Mr. Bean (character)|Mr. Bean]]''.

==Origins==
[[File:Bic (instrument).jpg|thumb|A slap stick]]
The name "slapstick" originates from the Italian ''batacchio'' or ''bataccio''—called the "[[Clapper (musical instrument)|slap stick]]" in English—a club-like object composed of two wooden slats used in ''[[commedia dell'arte]]''. When struck, the Batacchio produces a loud smacking noise, though it is only a little force that is transferred from the object to the person being struck. Actors may thus hit one another repeatedly with great audible effect while causing no damage and only very minor, if any, pain.  Along with the inflatable bladder (of which the [[whoopee cushion]] is a modern variant), it was among the earliest [[special effects]].

==Early uses==
[[File:Skämtbilden och dess historia i konsten (1910) (14578297507).jpg|thumb|upright|1841 advertisement for [[Punch and Judy]] showing Punch with his slapstick]]
Slapstick comedy's history is measured in centuries. [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] incorporated many chase scenes and beatings into his comedies, such as in his play ''[[The Comedy of Errors]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Comedy of Errors |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/C/bo155656586.html |access-date=25 February 2025 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |quote=The Comedy of Errors is a farcical tale of separated twins and mistaken identities. This slapstick play is a staple of the genre, including madcap bawdiness, love at first sight, reunions, and happily-ever-afters}}</ref> In early 19th-century England, [[pantomime]] acquired its present form which includes slapstick comedy: its most famous performer, [[Joseph Grimaldi]]—the father of modern [[clown]]ing—"was a master of physical comedy".<ref>{{cite news |last=McRobbie |first=Linda Rodriguez |date=July 31, 2013 |title=The History and Psychology of Clowns Being Scary |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-history-and-psychology-of-clowns-being-scary-20394516/ |access-date=26 Nov 2024 |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Comedy routines also featured heavily in British [[music hall]] theatre which became popular in the 1850s.<ref>David Christopher (2002). ''British Culture: An Introduction''. p. 74. Routledge,</ref><ref>Jeffrey Richards (2014). ''The Golden Age of Pantomime: Slapstick, Spectacle and Subversion in Victorian England''. I.B.Tauris,</ref> 

In [[Punch and Judy]] shows, which first appeared in England on 9 May 1662, a large slapstick is wielded by Punch against the other characters.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Judith|title=Miller's Antiques Handbook & Price Guide 2018-2019|date=2017|publisher=Hachette UK|page=351}}</ref>

==Fred Karno and music hall==
[[File:fredkarno.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Fred Karno]], [[music hall]] impresario and pioneer of slapstick comedy]]
British comedians who honed their skills at pantomime and [[music hall]] sketches include [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Stan Laurel]], [[George Formby]] and [[Dan Leno]].<ref name="Karno"/><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/enjoy_cumbria/famous_people/stan_laurel.shtml "Enjoy Cumbria – Stan Laurel"]. BBC. Retrieved 2 January 2015</ref> The English music hall comedian and theatre impresario [[Fred Karno]] developed a form of sketch comedy without dialogue in the 1890s, and Chaplin and Laurel were among the young comedians who worked for him as part of "Fred Karno's London Comedians".<ref name="Karno">McCabe, John. "Comedy World of Stan Laurel". p. 143. London: Robson Books, 2005, First edition 1975</ref><ref name="Louvish"/> Chaplin's fifteen-year music hall career inspired the comedy in all his later film work, especially as pantomimicry.<ref>{{cite book|last1=St. Pierre|first1=Paul|title=Music Hall Mimesis in British Film, 1895–1960: On the Halls on the Screen|date=2009|publisher=Associated University Press|page=38}}</ref> In 1904, Karno's Komics produced a new sketch for the [[Hackney Empire]] in London called ''Mumming Birds'', which included the [[Pieing|"pie in the face"]] gag, in which one person hits another with a pie, among other new innovations.<ref name="Louvish"/><ref name="Ellis">{{cite news |last1=Ellis |first1=Samantha |authorlink=Samantha Ellis |title=Champagne and winkles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2004/jan/28/theatre2 |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=28 January 2004}}</ref> Immensely popular, it became the longest-running sketch the music halls produced.<ref name="Louvish">{{cite news |last1=Louvish |first1=Simon |authorlink=Simon Louvish|title=Tramps like us |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/mar/06/charlie-chaplin-film |access-date=17 February 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=6 March 2009}}</ref> Chaplin and Laurel were among the music hall comedians who partook in the sketch, while Charlie's older brother [[Sydney Chaplin|Sydney]] was the first of the brothers to perform it for Karno.<ref name="Louvish"/>

In a biography of Karno, Laurel stated: "Fred Karno didn't teach Charlie [Chaplin] and me all we know about comedy. He just taught us most of it".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burton|first1=Alan|title=Pimple, pranks & pratfalls: British film comedy before 1930|date=2000|publisher=Flicks Books|page=51}}</ref> American film producer [[Hal Roach]] described Karno as "not only a genius, he is the man who originated slapstick comedy. We in Hollywood owe much to him."<ref>J. P. Gallagher (1971). "Fred Karno: master of mirth and tears". p. 165. Hale.</ref>

==In film and television==
Building on its later popularity in the 19th and early 20th-century routines of music hall in Britain and the American [[vaudeville]] house, the style was explored extensively during the "golden era" of black and white movies directed by Hal Roach and [[Mack Sennett]] that featured such notables as Charlie Chaplin, [[Mabel Normand]], [[Abbott and Costello]], [[Laurel and Hardy]], the [[Three Stooges]], and [[Larry Semon]]. The pie in the face gag was used extensively in this era.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=Rob |date=December 2007 |title=SLAPSTICK AND MIS-REMEMBRANCE |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17400300701670659 |journal=New Review of Film and Television Studies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1080/17400300701670659 |issn=1740-0309}}</ref> Chaplin's 1915 film ''[[A Night in the Show]]'', which includes the pie in the face gag, brings one of the classic music hall comedy sketches, ''Mumming Birds'', known as ''A Night in an English Music Hall'' when Chaplin performed it on tour, into his film work.<ref name="Louvish"/> Silent slapstick comedy was also popular in early French films and included films by [[Max Linder]], [[Charles Prince (actor)|Charles Prince]], and [[Sarah Duhamel]].<ref>Maggie Hennefeld [https://www.amazon.com/Specters-Slapstick-Silent-Comediennes-Culture/dp/0231179472/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1534618571&sr=8-1&keywords=hennefeld "Specters of Slapstick and Silent Film Comediennes"], Columbia UP, 2018.</ref> 
[[File:Pie in the face.jpg|thumb|The "pie in the face" is a staple of slapstick comedy.]]
Slapstick also became a common element in animated cartoons starting in the 1930s and 1940s; examples include Disney's [[Mickey Mouse (film series)|Mickey Mouse]] and [[Donald Duck]] shorts, [[Walter Lantz]]'s [[Woody Woodpecker]], [[the Beary Family]], MGM's ''[[Tom and Jerry]]'', the unrelated [[Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)|Tom and Jerry]] cartoons of [[Van Beuren Studios]], Warner Bros. ''[[Looney Tunes]]/[[Merrie Melodies]]'', MGM's ''[[Barney Bear]]'', and Tex Avery's ''[[Screwy Squirrel]]''. Slapstick was later used in Japanese [[Tokusatsu]] TV ''[[Kamen Rider Den-O|Kamen Rider Den O]], [[Kamen Rider Gaim]],'' ''[[Kamen Rider Drive]]'', by [[Benny Hill]] in ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'' in the UK, and in the US used in the three 1960s TV series, ''[[Gilligan's Island]]'', ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'', ''[[The Flying Nun]]'' and ''[[I Love Lucy]]''. Hill, whose comedy sketches first appeared on British television in the early 1950s, was described by writer [[Anthony Burgess]] as "a comic genius steeped in the British music hall tradition".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3622509/Way-of-the-world.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3622509/Way-of-the-world.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Way of the world|author=Craig Brown|date=21 January 2006|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=5 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the 1970s, the sitcom ''[[Three's Company]]'' featured slapstick infused scenes in most episodes. In 1990, ''[[Mr. Bean]]'', starring [[Rowan Atkinson]], debuted on British television, and, like Benny Hill, cartoons and other comedians whose "visual humour transcended language barriers" (description of Hill by the [[BFI]]), the show would be exported around the world.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Oliver |title=Hill, Benny (1924-1992)|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/473323/index.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=BFI|quote=One of the most popular comedians Britain has ever produced - not only in this country, but also worldwide, with his television shows having been sold to at least 109 countries (Hill's emphasis on visual humour transcending language barriers).}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rowan Atkinson Says He'll Never Retire Mr Bean |url=https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/rowan-atkinson-says-hell-never-retire-mr-bean-120136466.html |access-date=20 February 2025 |work=Yahoo movies|quote=The buffoon-ish Bean is Atkinson’s most famous export, broadcast all around the world to 245 territories, making him an international star.}}</ref>

==20th century fad==
Examples of the use of the slapstick in public places as a [[fad]] in the early 20th century include:

During the 1911 [[Veiled Prophet Parade]] in St. Louis, according to the ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stltoday.newspapers.com/image/139348844|first=Marguerite|last=Martyn|author-link=Marguerite Martyn|title=Great Crowds Lined Streets to See Pageant and Make Merry|newspaper=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|date=October 4, 1911|at=Image 11|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

{{quote|The slapstick, so long indispensable to low comedy, found a new use among the crowds&nbsp;... they used the slapstick to the extreme embarrassment of many women. The carnival spirit, for the most part tempered by high good humor, at times verged on [[rowdyism]]. Girls used a stick ripped with feathers to tickle the faces of young men, and they retaliated vigorously with the slapstick.}}

An [[editorial]] in the ''Asbury Park Press'', New Jersey, said in 1914:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/142740822|title=[No headline]|newspaper=Asbury Park Press |location=New Jersey|date=July 20, 1914|at=column 2|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

{{quote|Slapsticks are the latest "fun-making" fad for [[masque]] fetes&nbsp;...  Orders to stop the slapstick nuisance should be issued by the police and the [[Asbury Park]] carnival commissioners. Any device that cannot be operated or used without inflicting unmerited pain and injury should be excluded&nbsp;...}}

==See also==
{{portal|Comedy}}
* [[Comedy]]
* [[Slapstick Festival]]
* [[List of slapstick comedy topics]]
* [[Slapstick film]]
* [[Cartoon violence]]
* [[Stage combat]]
* [[Schadenfreude]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wiktionary inline|slapstick}}

{{Comedy footer}}

[[Category:Slapstick comedy]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Fiction about violence]]