Editing Six Acts

{{Short description|1819 UK counter-revolutionary legislation}}
{{For|the 2012 film|Six Acts (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
Following the [[Peterloo Massacre]] on 16 August 1819, the [[Liverpool ministry|government of the United Kingdom]] under [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]] acted to prevent any future disturbances by the introduction of new legislation, the so-called '''Six Acts''' aimed at suppressing any meetings for the purpose of [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] reform. [[Élie Halévy]] considered them a panic-stricken extension of "the counter-revolutionary terror&nbsp;... under the direct patronage of [[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth|Lord Sidmouth]] and his colleagues";{{sfn|Halévy|1961|pp=25, 61}} some later historians have treated them as relatively mild gestures towards law and order, only tentatively enforced.{{sfn|McCord|Purdue|2007|pp=27–28}}

==The setting, and the passing of the acts==
Following the [[Yeomanry]] killing of unarmed men and women in St Peter's Field ([[Peterloo Massacre|Peterloo]]),<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/Manchester/content/articles/2008/03/19/190308_peter loo_law_feature.shtml Peter loo]</ref> a wave of protest meetings swept the North of England, spilling over into the Midlands and the Lowlands, and involving in all some seventeen counties.{{sfn|Halévy|1961|p=67}} Local magistrates appealed in the face of the protests for central support; and in response the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] was reconvened on 23 November and the new acts were introduced by the Home Secretary, [[Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth#Loss of office|Henry Addington]]. By 30 December the legislation was passed, despite the opposition of the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] to both their principles and many of their details.

The acts were aimed at gagging radical [[newspaper]]s, preventing large meetings, and reducing what the government saw as the possibility of armed insurrection. During the Commons debates, each of the parties appealed to the example of the [[French Revolution]] to make their case. The Tories pointed to the weakness of the French forces of law and order; the Whigs, conversely, to the need for the safety valve of free speech and a free press.

Strengthened by their success at the 1818 elections, the Whigs were able to make three significant amendments to the bills as originally proposed: public meetings were to be allowed behind closed doors, and the ban on outside meetings was to be limited in time; transportation of Press offenders was made more difficult; and the curtailment of legal delays was extended to include prosecution as well as defendant.{{sfn|Halévy|1961|pp=76–77}} Nevertheless, the Six Acts were eventually passed by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Lord Liverpool]] and his colleagues, as part of their repressive approach focused on preventing a British revolution.

==Details of the acts==
{{further|Unlawful Drilling Act 1819|Seditious Meetings Act 1819}}

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Unlawful Drilling Act 1819
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to prevent the training of Persons to the Use of Arms, and to the Practice of Military Evolutions and Exercise.
| year                  = 1819
| citation              = [[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 1
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| royal_assent          = 11 December 1819
| commencement          = 11 December 1819
| expiry_date           =
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]|[[Public Authorities Protection Act 1893]]|[[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1989]]}}
| repealing_legislation = {{ubli|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1983]] (Republic of Ireland)|[[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 2008]]}}
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Partially_Repealed
| status_NI             = current
| original_text         = {{GBurl|Kqg3AAAAMAAJ|page=1}}
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Seizure of Arms Act 1819
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to authorise Justices of the Peace in certain disturbed Counties to seize and detain Arms collected or kept for purposes dangerous to the Public Peace to continue in force until the Twenty fifth Day of March One thousand eight hundred and twenty two.
| year                  = 1819
| citation              = [[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 2
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 18 December 1819 
| commencement          = 18 December 1819
| expiry_date           = 25 March 1822
| repeal_date           = 5 August 1873
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = {{GBurl|Kqg3AAAAMAAJ|page=3}}
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Misdemeanours Act 1819
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to prevent Delay in the Administration of Justice in Cases of Misdemeanor.
| year                  = 1819
| citation              = [[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 4
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 23 December 1819 
| commencement          = 23 December 1819
| expiry_date           =
| repeal_date           = 5 August 1873
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = {{GBurl|Kqg3AAAAMAAJ|page=11}}
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Seditious Meetings Act 1819
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for more effectually preventing Seditious Meetings and Assemblies; to continue in force until the End of the Session of Parliament next after five Years from the passing of the Act.
| year                  = 1819
| citation              = [[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 6
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]]
| territorial_extent    = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| royal_assent          = 24 December 1819
| commencement          = 24 December 1819
| expiry_date           = 6 July 1825
| repeal_date           = 5 August 1873
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = Repealed
| original_text         = {{GBurl|Kqg3AAAAMAAJ|page=15}}
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Criminal Libel Act 1819
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act for the more effectual Prevention and Punishment of blasphemous and seditious Libels.
| year                  = 1819
| citation              = [[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 8
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 30 December 1819
| commencement          =
| expiry_date           =
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = {{ubli|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1873]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1888]]|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1890]]}}
| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = partially_repealed
| original_text         = {{GBurl|Kqg3AAAAMAAJ|page=30}}
| revised_text          = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo3and1Geo4/60/8/contents
| collapsed             = yes
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act 1819
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to subject certain Publications to the Duties of Stamps upon Newspapers and to make other Regulations for restraining the Abuses arising from the Publication of blasphemous and seditious Libels.
| year                  = 1819
| citation              = [[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 9
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 30 December 1819 
| commencement          =
| expiry_date           =
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
| replaces              = 
| amendments            = 
| repealing_legislation = [[Newspapers, Printers, and Reading Rooms Repeal Act 1869]]
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = repealed
| original_text         = {{GBurl|Kqg3AAAAMAAJ|page=33}}
| collapsed             = yes
}}

The six acts were:

*The ''Training Prevention Act'', now known as the [[Unlawful Drilling Act 1819]] ([[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 1), made any person attending a meeting for the purpose of receiving training or drill in weapons liable to arrest and [[penal transportation|transportation]]. More simply stated, military training of any sort was to be conducted only by [[municipal]] bodies and above.
*The ''Seizure of Arms Act'' ([[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 2) gave local [[magistrate]]s the powers, within the disturbed counties, to search any private property for weapons and seize them and arrest the owners.{{sfn|Halévy|1961|pp=67, 77}}
*The ''Misdemeanours Act'' ([[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 4) attempted to increase the speed of the administration of justice by reducing the opportunities for [[bail]] and allowing for speedier court processing.
*The ''[[Seditious Meetings Act 1819|Seditious Meetings Act]]'' ([[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 6) required the permission of a [[sheriff]] or magistrate in order to convene any [[General public|public]] [[meeting]] of more than 50 people if the subject of that meeting was concerned with "church or state" matters. Additional people could not attend such meetings unless they were inhabitants of the [[parish]].
*The ''[[Blasphemous libel|Blasphemous]] and [[Seditious libel|Seditious Libels]] Act'' (or ''Criminal Libel Act'') ([[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 8),<ref>"Criminal Libel Act 1819 (60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4 c. 8)", [http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&Year=1819&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=1029120&ActiveTextDocId=1029120&filesize=14110 Statute Law Database (SLD)], Accessed 11 May 09</ref> toughened the existing laws to provide for more punitive sentences for the authors of such writings. The maximum sentence was increased to fourteen years' [[Penal transportation|transportation]].
*The ''Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act'' ([[60 Geo. 3 & 1 Geo. 4]]. c. 9) extended and increased taxes to cover those publications which had escaped duty by publishing opinion and not news. Publishers were also required to post a [[Surety|bond]] for their behaviour.

==Repeal of the acts, and their influence==
Different time-scales applied to the different acts.

*The prohibition of drilling was maintained into the twentieth century,{{sfn|Trevelyan|1922|p=190}} and only repealed in 2008.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2008/03/19/190308_peterloo_law_feature.shtml History features (BBC)]</ref>  
*By contrast, the seizure of arms was set up to elapse after 27 months;{{sfn|Steinberg|1963|p=335}} while the Seditious Meetings Prevention Act had a five-year time limit built in, and was repealed in 1824.  
*[[G.&nbsp;M. Trevelyan]] considered that "The most lasting injury to the community was done by the Act imposing a four-penny stamp on all periodical publications"—a charge reduced (to a penny) in 1836, before such taxes on knowledge finally vanished mid-century.{{sfn|Trevelyan|1922|pp=190–191}}

The Six Acts went down in folk history, alongside Peterloo, as symbols of the repressive nature of the [[Pittite]] regime.{{sfn|Plowright|1996|p=31}}

==See also==
*[[Cato Street Conspiracy]]
*[[Coercion Act]]
*[[Earl of Eldon]]
*[[Police state]]
*[[Radicalism (historical)]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|22em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book
|last=Halévy
|first=Élie
|author-link=Élie Halévy
|year=1961
|title=The Liberal Awakening
|location=London
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=McCord
|first1=Norman
|last2=Purdue
|first2=Bill
|year=2007
|title=British History, 1815–1914
|location=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Plowright
|first=John
|year=1996
|title=Regency England: The Age of Lord Liverpool
|location=London
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0-203-13022-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Steinberg
|first=S.&nbsp;H.
|year=1963
|title=A New Dictionary of British History
|location=London
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Trevelyan
|first=G.&nbsp;M.
|author-link=G. M. Trevelyan
|year=1922
|title=British History in the Nineteenth Century
|location=London
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading ==
* [[Patricia Hollis, Baroness Hollis of Heigham|Hollis, Patricia]], ''Class and conflict in nineteenth-century England, 1815-1850'', Birth of modern Britain series, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction, Routledge, 1973, {{ISBN|0-7100-7419-0}}
{{Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool}}
[[Category:6 (number)]]
[[Category:December 1819]]
[[Category:Political repression in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1819]]
[[Category:Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]]
[[Category:Henry Addington]]