Editing Sister Carrie

{{Short description|1900 novel by Theodore Dreiser}}
{{about|the novel|the opera based on the novel|Sister Carrie (opera)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
| name          = Sister Carrie
| title_orig    = 
| translator    = 
| image         = Sister.carrie.cover.jpg
| caption = ''Sister Carrie'' first edition 1900. The publishers kept the cover intentionally bland in order not to promote what was expected to be a controversial work.<ref>*Theodore Dreiser. ''Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition''. New York Public Library Collector's Edition. 1997 Doubleday. {{ISBN|978-0-385-48724-5}} – see "Introduction"</ref>
| author        = [[Theodore Dreiser]]
| illustrator   = 
| cover_artist  = 
|set_in=[[Chicago]], [[New York City]] and [[Montreal]], 1889–93
| country       = United States
| language      = English
| series        = 
| genre         = [[Literary realism]]
| publisher     = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday, Page]]
| release_date  = 1900
| media_type    = Print (hardback)
| pages         = 557
| oclc = 11010924
|congress=PS3507 .R55
|dewey=	813.52
| preceded_by   = 
| followed_by   = [[Jennie Gerhardt]]
|wikisource=Sister Carrie
}}
[[File:Chicago - State St at Madison Ave, 1897.ogv|thumb|upright=1.1|A [[kinetoscope]] film of turn-of-the-century Chicago, the initial setting of ''Sister Carrie'']]

'''''Sister Carrie''''' is a 1900 novel by [[Theodore Dreiser]] (1871–1945) about a young woman who moves to the big city where she starts realizing her own [[American Dream]]. She first becomes a [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] to men that she perceives as superior, but later becomes a famous actress. It has been called the "greatest of all American urban novels".<ref>Donald L. Miller, ''City of the Century,'' (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996) p. 263.</ref>

==Plot==
In late 1889, dissatisfied with life in [[Columbia County, Wisconsin]], 18-year-old Caroline Meeber, "Sister Carrie" to her family, takes the train to Chicago to live with her older sister Minnie and Minnie's husband. On the train, Carrie meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman who is attracted to her because of her simple beauty and unspoiled manner. They exchange contact information, but upon discovering the "steady round of toil" and somber atmosphere at her sister's flat, she writes to Drouet and discourages him from calling on her there.

Carrie soon finds a job running a machine in a shoe factory and gives most of her meager salary to the Hansons for room and board. One day, after an illness costs her job, she encounters Drouet. He persuades her to leave this dull, constricted life and move in with him. To press his case, he slips Carrie two $10 bills, opening a vista of material possibilities to her. The next day, he rebuffs her feeble attempt to return the money and retain her virtue, taking her shopping at a Chicago department store and buying her a jacket and some shoes. That night, she moves in with him.

Drouet installs her in a much nicer apartment. She gradually sheds her provincial mannerisms. By the time he introduces her to George Hurstwood, the manager of Fitzgerald and Moy's – a respectable bar that Drouet describes as a "way-up, swell place" – her material appearance has improved considerably. Hurstwood, a married man with a social-climbing wife, a 20-year-old son, and a 17-year-old daughter, becomes infatuated with Carrie, and they start an affair, meeting secretly while Drouet is on a business trip.

One night, Drouet casually agrees to find an actress to play Laura in an amateur theatrical presentation of [[Augustin Daly]]'s melodrama ''[[Under the Gaslight]]'' for his local chapter of the [[Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks|Elks]]. He encourages a hesitant Carrie to take the part. Carrie turns out to have acting talent, and her ambition is born. Initially, she falls victim to [[stage fright]], but Drouet's encouragement between acts enables her to give a fine performance that rivets the audience's attention and inflames Hurstwood's passion. He then decides to take Carrie away from Drouet. 

The next day, Drouet finds out about the affair, and Hurstwood's wife Julia learns that Hurstwood has been seen with another woman. Hurstwood makes advances, and when Carrie asks if he will marry her, he says yes. Later, Drouet confronts Carrie and informs her that Hurstwood is married, then walks out on her. After a night of drinking, and despairing at his now-emboldened wife's demands and Carrie's rejection letter, Hurstwood finds that the safe in Fitzgerald and Moy's offices has accidentally been left unlocked. When he inadvertently locks the safe after taking the money out, he drunkenly panics and steals the day's proceeds — more than $10,000. Under the false pretext of Drouet's sudden illness, he lures Carrie onto a train and takes her to Canada. In Montreal, Hurstwood is found by a private investigator; he returns most of the stolen funds to avoid prosecution. Hurstwood mollifies Carrie by arranging a marriage ceremony (but he still is married to Julia), and the couple move to New York City.

They rent a flat, where they live as George and Carrie Wheeler. Hurstwood buys a minority interest in a saloon, and initially he can provide Carrie with an adequate, if not lavish, lifestyle. The couple grow distant, however, as their finances do not improve. Carrie's dissatisfaction only increases when she makes friends with Mrs. Vance, a neighbor whose husband is prosperous. Through Mrs. Vance, Carrie meets Robert Ames, a young scholar from [[Indiana]] and her neighbor's cousin, who introduces her to the idea that great art, rather than showy materialism, is worthy of admiration.

After only a few years, the saloon's landlord sells the property, and Hurstwood's business partner decides to terminate the partnership. Too proud to accept any of the limited job opportunities available to him, Hurstwood watches his savings dwindle. He urges Carrie to economize, which she finds humiliating and distasteful. As Hurstwood sinks into apathy, Carrie becomes a [[Chorus line|chorus girl]] through her good looks. While he deteriorates, she rises from the chorus line to small roles. Her performance as a minor, non-speaking character, a frowning [[Quakers|Quakeress]], greatly amuses the audience and makes the play a hit. She is befriended by Lola Osborne, another chorus girl, who urges Carrie to become her roommate. In a final attempt to earn money, Hurstwood becomes a [[Strikebreaker|scab]], driving a Brooklyn [[tram|streetcar]] during a streetcar operator's strike. His ill-fated venture lasts only two days, ending after a couple of violent encounters with the strikers. Carrie, unaware of Hurstwood's reason for quitting, leaves him.

Hurstwood ultimately becomes one of the homeless of New York, taking odd jobs, falling ill with [[pneumonia]], and finally becoming a beggar. He ultimately commits suicide in a [[flophouse]]. Carrie achieves stardom, but finds that, even with fame and fortune, she is lonely and unhappy.

==Characters==
* '''Caroline "Carrie" Meeber''', a.k.a. Carrie Wheeler and Carrie Madenda, the latter her stage name
* '''Minnie Hanson''', Carrie's elder sister
* '''Sven Hanson''', Minnie's husband
* '''Charles H. Drouet''', a buoyant traveling salesman
* '''George W. Hurstwood''', a.k.a. George Wheeler
* '''Julia Hurstwood''', George's strong-willed, social-climbing wife
* '''Jessica Hurstwood''', George's daughter
* '''George Hurstwood, Jr''', George's son
* '''Mr. and Mrs. Vance''', a wealthy merchant and his vivacious young wife, who live in the same building as Hurstwood and Carrie in New York City. Mrs. Vance and Carrie become friends.
* '''Robert Ames''', Mrs. Vance's cousin from Indiana, a handsome young scholar whom Carrie regards as a male ideal
* '''Lola Osborne''', a friendly chorus girl Carrie meets during a theatre production. She provides helpful advice, then seeing that Carrie shows much promise, becomes her "satellite".

==Publication history and response==
[[File:House of the Four Pillars from the northeast.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|House of Four Pillars, Dreiser's home in Maumee, where the book was written<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marker #2-48 House of Four Pillars |url=http://www.remarkableohio.org/HistoricalMarker.aspx?historicalMarkerId=54 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014337/http://www.remarkableohio.org/HistoricalMarker.aspx?historicalMarkerId=54 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |website=Remarkable Ohio}}</ref>]]

At the urging of his journalist friend Arthur Henry, Dreiser began writing his manuscript in 1899. He frequently gave up on it but Henry urged him to continue. From the outset, his title was ''Sister Carrie'', but he changed it to ''The Flesh and the Spirit'' while writing it; he restored the original name once complete.<ref>Madison, Charles A. ''Irving to Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974''. New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1974: 95. {{ISBN|978-0-8352-0772-0}}.</ref>

Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for ''Sister Carrie''. [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday & McClure Company]] accepted the manuscript, but the wife of one of the publishers declared it to be too sordid.<ref>''Books of the Century'', Random House, 1998 New York Times Co., p. 6 {{ISBN|978-0-8129-2965-2}}</ref> Dreiser insisted on publication, and Doubleday & McClure were legally bound to honor their contract; 1,008 copies were printed on November 8, 1900, but the publisher made no effort to advertise the book and only 456 copies were sold.<ref>Madison, Charles A. ''Irving to Irving: Author-Publisher Relations 1800–1974''. New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1974: 97. {{ISBN|978-0-8352-0772-0}}.</ref> However, [[Frank Norris]], who was working as a reader at Doubleday, sent a few copies to literary reviewers.<ref>Theodore Dreiser in [https://books.google.com/books?id=3wiH7tmabm0C&q=%22elmer+adler%22&pg=PA69 ''Breaking Into Print''], ed. Elmer Adler, 2007, pp. 69–71</ref>

From 1900 to 1980, all editions of the novel were of a second altered version. Dreiser's unaltered version was not published until 1981, when the [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] issued a scholarly edition based upon the original manuscript held by the [[New York Public Library]]. It is a reconstruction by a team of leading scholars to represent the novel before it was edited by people other than Dreiser.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sister Carrie (Pennsylvania Edition) |url=http://textsvr.library.upenn.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=141ec7b284f10db37cc911db0394fb9f&page=pagespec&pagename=abouttse.tpl&cc=carrie_penn&c=carrie_penn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720100434/http://textsvr.library.upenn.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?sid=141ec7b284f10db37cc911db0394fb9f&page=pagespec&pagename=abouttse.tpl&cc=carrie_penn&c=carrie_penn |archive-date=2011-07-20 |website=Schoenberg Database of Manuscripts}}</ref>

In his [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] Lecture of 1930, [[Sinclair Lewis]] said that "Dreiser's great first novel, ''Sister Carrie'', which he dared to publish thirty long years ago and which I read twenty-five years ago, came to housebound and airless America like a great free Western wind, and to our stuffy domesticity gave us the first fresh air since [[Mark Twain]] and [[Walt Whitman|Whitman]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1930/lewis/lecture/|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1930|website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>

In 1998, the [[Modern Library]] ranked ''Sister Carrie'' 33rd on its list of the [[Modern Library 100 Best Novels|100 best English-language novels of the 20th century]].

==Style and genre==
Theodore Dreiser is considered one of America's great [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalists]], significant because he wrote at the early stages of the naturalist movement. ''Sister Carrie'' was a movement away from the emphasis on [[Victorian morality|morals of the Victorian era]] and focused more on [[Literary realism|realism]] and the base instincts of humans.<ref name="bookmarks">"Theodore Dreiser." Bookmarks Jan. – Feb. 2011: 13+. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. April 12, 2011.{{Full citation needed|date=December 2018|reason=It says Web. Where is the URL?}}</ref>

''Sister Carrie'' went against social and moral norms of the time as Dreiser presented his characters without judging them. Dreiser fought against censorship of ''Sister Carrie'', brought about because Carrie engaged in affairs and other "illicit sexual relationships" without suffering any consequences. This flouted prevailing norms, that a character who practiced such sinful behavior must be punished in the course of the plot in order to be taught a lesson.<ref name="bookmarks"/>

Dreiser sometimes has been criticized for his writing style. In 1930, [[Arnold Bennett]] stated "Dreiser simply does not know how to write, never did know, never wanted to know." Other critics called his style "vulgar", "uneven", "clumsy", "awkward", and "careless". His plots were decried as unimaginative, with critics citing his lack of education and claiming that he lacked intellectualism.<ref name="lydon">Lydon, Michael. "Justice to Theodore Dreiser: on the greatness of a writer whom critics have long treated with either scorn or condescension." The Atlantic, August 1993: 98+. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. April 12, 2011.</ref>

However, [[Alfred Kazin]]—while criticizing Dreiser's style—pointed out that Dreiser's novels had survived and remained influential works. Michael Lydon, in defense of Dreiser, claims that his patience and powers of observation created accurate depictions of the urban world and the desires and ambitions of the people of the time. Lydon stated that Dreiser's intent was to focus on the message of ''Sister Carrie'', not on its writing style.<ref name="lydon"/>

==General reception==
Theodore Dreiser's ''Sister Carrie'' was not widely accepted after it was published, but it was not completely withdrawn by its publishers as some sources say it was. Neither was it received with the harshness that Dreiser reported. For example, the ''[[The Blade (Toledo, Ohio)|Toledo Blade]]'' reported that the book "is a faithful portraiture of the conditions it represents, showing how the tangle of human life is knotted thread by thread" but that it was "too realistic, too somber to be altogether pleasing".<ref name="salzman2">Salzman, Jack. "The Critical Recognition of Sister Carrie 1900–1907." ''[[Journal of American Studies]]''. Vol. 3, No. 1 (1969). 123–133. Web.</ref> There is also the receipt of sale which Doubleday sent to Dreiser showing that ''Sister Carrie'' was not withdrawn from the shelves, reporting that 456 copies of the 1,008 copies printed were sold.<ref name="salzman2"/>

''Sister Carrie'' evoked different responses from the critics, and although the book did not sell well among the general public, it often received positive reviews.<ref name="west">West, James L. W. III, John C. Berkey, and Alice M. Winters. Historical Commentary. Sister Carrie: Manuscript to Print. By Theodore Dreiser. 1981. The Pennsylvania edition. PA: The University of Pennsylvania P, 1981. 503–541. Print.</ref> Some of the reason for lack of sales came from a conflict between Dreiser and his publishers, who did little to promote the book.<ref name="west"/> However, critics did praise the book, and a large number seemed most affected by the character of Hurstwood, such as the critic writing for the ''[[New Haven Journal-Courier|New Haven Journal Courier]]'', who wrote "One of the most affecting passages is where Hurstwood falls, ruined, disgraced."<ref name="salzman">Salzman, Jack. ''Theodore Dreiser: The Critical Reception''. New York: Davis Lewis, Inc. 1972. Print.</ref> [[Edna Kenton]] in the ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'' wrote in 1900 that ''Sister Carrie'' is "well worth reading simply for this account of Hurstwood".<ref name="salzman" />

Reviews mentioned the novel's realistic depiction of the human condition. A 1901 review in ''[[The Academy (periodical)|The Academy]]'' wrote that ''Sister Carrie'' was "absolutely free from the slightest trace of sentimentality or pettiness, and dominated everywhere by a serious and strenuous desire for truth."<ref name="salzman"/> ''The London Express'' claimed that realism made the book appealing: "It is a cruel, merciless story, intensely clever in its realism, and one that will remain impressed in the memory of the reader for many a long day."<ref name="salzman"/> The novel has been praised for its accurate depiction of the protests in New York and the city life in Chicago.<ref name="salzman"/>

Negative response to the novel came largely from the book's sexual content, which made ''Sister Carrie'', in the words of the ''[[Omaha Daily Bee]]'' in 1900, "not a book to be put into the hands of every reader indiscriminately."<ref name="salzman"/> Another review in ''Life'' criticized Carrie's success and warned "Such girls, however, as imagine that they can follow in her footsteps will probably end their days on the Island or in the gutter."<ref name="salzman" /> The book also was criticized for never mentioning the name of God.<ref name="salzman" />

Several critics complained the title made the book sound as if the main character is a nun.<ref name="salzman" /> The title of the book was considered by ''The Newark Sunday News'' to be the "weakest thing about the book" because it "does not bear the faintest relation to the story."<ref name="salzman"/> Similarly, [[Frederic Taber Cooper]] in ''[[The Bookman (New York City)|The Bookman]]'' declared it to be a "colourless and misleading title". Other common complaints were about the length of the book and that it is so depressing that it is unpleasant to read.<ref name="salzman"/>

While some viewed his work as grammatically and syntactically inaccurate, others found his detailed storytelling intriguing.<ref name="rovit">Rovit, Earl. "Theodore Dreiser: Overview." Reference Guide to American Literature. Ed. Jim Kamp. 3rd ed. Detroit: St. James Press, 1994. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. April 13, 2011.</ref> [[H. L. Mencken]], an avid supporter and friend, referred to Dreiser as "a man of large originality, of profound feeling, and of unshakable courage".<ref name="bookmarks"/> Mencken believed that Dreiser's raw, honest portrayal of Carrie's life should be seen as a courageous attempt to give the reader a realistic view of the life of women in the 19th century.<ref name="henningfeld">Henningfeld, Diane Andrews. "Overview of 'Sister Carrie'." Novels for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski and Deborah A. Stanley. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale, 2000. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. April 12, 2011.</ref>

In opposition, one critic, Karl F. Zender, argued that Dreiser's stress on circumstance over character was "adequate neither to the artistic power nor to the culture implications of Sister Carrie".<ref name="henningfeld"/> Many found Dreiser's work attractive due to his lenient "moralistic judgments" and the "spacious compassion" in which he viewed his characters' actions.<ref name="rovit"/> This tolerance of immorality was an entirely new idea for the readers of Dreiser's era. In fact, the novel and its modern ideas of morality helped to produce a movement in which the literary generation of its time was found "detaching itself from its predecessor".<ref>Sherman, Stuart P. "The Barbaric Naturalism of Theodore Dreiser." On Contemporary Literature. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1917. 85–101. Rpt. in Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. April 12, 2011.</ref> There remained some who disapproved of Dreiser's immoral, atypical story. David E.E. Sloan argued that Dreiser's novel undermined the general opinion that hard work and virtue bring success in life.<ref>Rozga, Margaret. "Sisters in a Quest—Sister Carrie and A Thousand Acres: The Search for Identity in Gendered Territory." Midwestern Miscellany 22 (1994): 18–29. Rpt. in ''Contemporary Literary Criticism''. Ed. Jeffrey W. Hunter. Vol. 144. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. April 13, 2011.</ref>

Although Dreiser has been criticized for his writing style and lack of formal education, ''Sister Carrie'' remains an influential example of naturalism and realism. While it initially did not sell well (fewer than 500 copies) and encountered censorship, it now is considered one of the great American [[Urban fiction|urban novels]], which explores the gritty details of human nature and the effect of [[Industrialisation|industrialization]] on the American people.<ref name="bookmarks"/>

== On screen and stage ==
[[File:Sister Carrie by Raimonds Pauls 1979 LP.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''Sister Carrie'' by [[Raimonds Pauls]]; 1979 LP]]
[[Laurence Olivier]] and [[Jennifer Jones]] starred in the 1952 film adaptation ''[[Carrie (1952 film)|Carrie]]''.

The musical ''Sister Carrie'' ({{lang|ru|Māsa Kerija}}) by [[Raimonds Pauls]] (music) and {{ill|Jānis Peters|lv}} (lyrics) premiered at the Riga State Operetta Theatre in 1978, with [[Mirdza Zīvere]] as Carrie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Māsa Kerija / Сестра Керри (1979, Raimonds Pauls) - Мир мюзиклов |url=http://musicalworld.ws/other/kerri.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912094244/http://musicalworld.ws/other/kerri.html |archive-date=2016-09-12 |website=Musical World |language=ru}}</ref>

The [[Florentine Opera]] Company in Milwaukee, Wisconsin produced the world premiere of [[Robert Aldridge (composer)|Robert Aldridge]] and [[Herschel Garfein]]'s operatic adaptation of the book in October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noth |first=Dominique Paul |title=Classical: Florentine's 'Sister Carrie' Is a Triumph |url=https://urbanmilwaukee.com/2016/10/10/classical-florentines-sister-carrie-is-a-triumph/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Urban Milwaukee |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Sources'''
*Theodore Dreiser, Neda Westlake (ed.). ''Sister Carrie''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. A reconstruction by leading scholars to represent the novel before it was edited by hands other than Dreiser's. Including annotations and scholarly apparatus. Also available online, see External links below.
*Theodore Dreiser. ''Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition''. New York Public Library Collector's Edition. 1997 Doubleday. {{ISBN|978-0-385-48724-5}} – text based on the 1981 University of Pennsylvania Press edition.
*Theodore Dreiser, Donald Pizer (ed.). ''Sister Carrie''. Norton Critical Edition, 1970. Authoritative edition of the censored version plus a lot of source and critical material.
'''Criticism'''
*Miriam Gogol, ed. ''Theodore Dreiser: Beyond Naturalism''. New York University Press, 1995. The first major collection of scholarly articles on Dreiser to appear since 1971.
*[[Donald Pizer]], ed. ''New Essays on Sister Carrie''. Cambridge University Press, 1991. A recent collection of articles about ''Sister Carrie''.
*James West. ''A Sister Carrie Portfolio''. University Press of Virginia, 1985. A companion volume to the 1981 Pennsylvania edition. A pictorial history of ''Sister Carrie'' from 1900 to 1981.

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121011211221/http://www.dreisersociety.org/ The International Theodore Dreiser Society]}}
{{wikisource|Sister Carrie|''Sister Carrie''}}
'''Sources'''
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/theodore-dreiser/sister-carrie}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070821214307/http://textsvr.library.upenn.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=carrie_penn;cc=carrie_penn;page=pagespec;pagename=home.tpl ''Sister Carrie''], restored text, 1981 Pennsylvania Edition. A reconstruction by leading scholars to represent the novel before it was edited by hands other than Dreiser's. Online edition, for print edition see "Sources" in "Bibliography" above.
* {{Gutenberg|no=5267|name=Sister Carrie}} Plain text.
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3Acarrie%20creator%3ADreiser%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts ''Sister Carrie''], available at Internet Archive. Scanned illustrated original edition books.
* [http://sistercarrie.wikispaces.com ''Sister Carrie'']. An interactive wikisite mapping the geography of the novel.
* {{librivox book | title=Sister Carrie | author=Theodore DREISER}}

'''Commentary'''
*[http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/dreiser/sc.html Sister Carrie] from the Dreiser Web Source. Commentary from the authors of the University of Pennsylvania edition (see Bibliography sources above).
*Shawcross, Nancy M. [http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/dreiser/exhibit/ "Sister Carrie: 'A Strangely Strong Novel in a Queer Milieu"]. A virtual exhibition. 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071030191452/http://www.salon.com/feature/1997/10/cov_13keillor.html "Why did they ever ban a book this bad?"] by [[Garrison Keillor]], ''[[Salon Magazine]]'', October 13, 1997.

{{Dreiser}}
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[[Category:1900 American novels]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Doubleday, Page & Company books]]
[[Category:Novels by Theodore Dreiser]]
[[Category:Novels set in Chicago]]
[[Category:Novels set in New York City]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into operas]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1889]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1890]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1891]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1892]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1893]]
[[Category:Theatre-fiction]]