Editing Silicone

{{Short description|Family of polymers}}
{{distinguish|text=the chemical element [[silicon]]}}
{{Lead too short|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Caulking.jpg|thumb|Silicone caulk can be used as a basic sealant against water and air penetration.]]

In [[Organosilicon chemistry|organosilicon]] and [[polymer chemistry]], a '''silicone''' or '''polysiloxane''' is a [[polymer]] composed of [[repeating unit]]s of [[siloxane]] ({{chem2|\sO\sR2Si\sO\sSiR2\s}}, where R = [[Organyl group|organic group]]).  They are typically colorless oils or [[elastomer|rubber]]-like substances.  Silicones are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, thermal insulation, and electrical insulation. Some common forms include [[silicone oil]], [[silicone grease|grease]], [[silicone rubber|rubber]], [[silicone resin|resin]], and [[Caulking|caulk]].<ref name=Ullmann/><ref>{{cite book |isbn=9781119631378 |title=Liquid Silicone Rubber: Chemistry, Materials, and Processing |last1=Fink |first1=Johannes Karl |date=5 July 2019|publisher=John Wiley & Sons }}</ref>

Silicone is often confused with one of its constituent elements, [[silicon]], but they are distinct substances.  Silicon is a [[chemical element]], a hard dark-grey [[semiconductor|semiconducting]] [[metalloid]], which in its [[crystal]]line form is used to make [[integrated circuit]]s ("electronic chips") and [[solar cell]]s. Silicones are compounds that contain silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and perhaps other kinds of atoms as well, and have many very different physical and chemical properties.

== History ==

[[Frederic Kipping|F. S. Kipping]] coined the word ''silicone'' in 1901 to describe the formula of polydiphenylsiloxane, {{chem2|Ph2SiO}} (Ph = [[phenyl]], {{chem2|C6H5}}), by analogy with the formula of the [[ketone]] [[benzophenone]], {{chem2|Ph2CO}} (his term was originally ''silicoketone''). Kipping was well aware that polydiphenylsiloxane is polymeric<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Neil R. |title=Frederic Stanley Kipping—Pioneer in Silicon Chemistry: His Life & Legacy |journal=Silicon |date=12 August 2010 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=187–193 |doi=10.1007/s12633-010-9051-x|doi-access=free }}</ref> whereas benzophenone is monomeric and noted the contrasting properties of {{chem2|Ph2SiO}} and {{chem2|Ph2CO}}.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=362}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Frederic Kipping, L. L. Lloyd |journal=[[Journal of the Chemical Society|J. Chem. Soc., Trans.]] |year=1901 |volume=79 |pages=449–459 |doi=10.1039/CT9017900449 |title=XLVII. Organic derivatives of silicon. Triphenylsilicol and alkyloxysilicon chlorides |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1753322}}</ref>  The discovery of the structural differences between Kipping's molecules and the ketones means that ''silicone'' is no longer the correct term (though it remains in common usage) and that the term ''siloxane'' is preferred according to the nomenclature of modern chemistry.<ref name="CincinnatiUniversity2005">{{cite book |author1=James E. Mark |author2=Harry R. Allcock |author3=Robert West |title=Inorganic Polymers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YybTrluKBgC&pg=PA155 |date=24 March 2005 |publisher=Oxford University |isbn=978-0-19-535131-6 |page=155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218190618/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YybTrluKBgC&pg=PA155 |archive-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

[[James Franklin Hyde]] was an American chemist and inventor. He has been called the "Father of Silicones" and is credited with the launch of the silicone industry in the 1930s. His most notable contributions include his creation of silicone from silicon compounds and his method of making [[Fused quartz|fused silica]], a high-quality glass later used in aeronautics, advanced telecommunications, and computer chips. His work led to the formation of [[Dow Corning]], an alliance between the [[Dow Chemical Company]] and [[Corning Glass|Corning Glass Works]] that was specifically created to produce silicone products.

== Chemistry ==
{{Main|Organosilicon compound}}
[[File:PDMS.svg|thumb|Chemical structure of the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)]]
[[Alfred Stock]] and Carl Somiesky examined the [[hydrolysis]] of [[dichlorosilane]], a reaction that was proposed to initially give the monomer {{chem2|H2SiO}}:
<math chem display=block>\ce{SiH2Cl2  +  H2O  ->  H2SiO  + 2 HCl}</math>
When the hydrolysis is performed by treating a solution of {{chem2|H2SiCl2}} in benzene with water, the product was determined to have the approximate formula {{chem2|[H2SiO]6}}. Higher polymers were proposed to form with time.<ref name="Seyferth">Seyferth, D., Prud'Homme, C., Wiseman, G., Cyclic Polysiloxanes from the Hydrolysis of Dichlorosilane, Inorganic Chemistry, 22, 2163-2167</ref>

Most polysiloxanes feature organic substituents, e.g., {{chem2|[(CH3)2SiO]_{''n''}|}} and {{chem2|[(C6H5)2SiO)]_{''n''}|}}. All [[polymer]]ized [[siloxane]]s or polysiloxanes, silicones consist of an inorganic silicon–oxygen [[backbone chain]] ({{chem2|***\sSi\sO\sSi\sO\sSi\sO\s***}}) with two groups attached to each silicon center. The materials can be cyclic or polymeric. By varying the {{chem2|\sSi\sO\s}} chain lengths, side groups, and [[Cross-link|crosslinking]], silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic. The most common siloxane is linear [[polydimethylsiloxane]] (PDMS), a [[silicone oil]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} The second-largest group of silicone materials is based on [[silicone resin]]s, which are formed by branched and cage-like oligosiloxanes.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

== Synthesis ==
Most common are materials based on [[polydimethylsiloxane]], which is derived by [[hydrolysis]] of [[dimethyldichlorosilane]].  This dichloride reacts with water as follows:

<math chem display=block>n\ \ce{Si(CH3)2Cl2} + n\ \ce{H2O -> [Si(CH3)2O]}_n + 2n\ \ce{HCl}</math>

The polymerization typically produces linear chains capped with {{chem2|Si\sCl}} or {{chem2|Si\sOH}} ([[silanol]]) groups.  Under different conditions, the polymer is a cyclic, not a chain.<ref name=Ullmann/>

For consumer applications such as caulks, silyl [[acetate]]s are used instead of silyl chlorides.  The hydrolysis of the acetates produces the less dangerous [[acetic acid]] (the acid found in [[vinegar]]) as the reaction product of a much slower curing process. This chemistry is used in many consumer applications, such as silicone [[caulk]] and [[adhesive]]s.

<math chem display=block>n\ \ce{Si(CH3)2(CH3COO)2} + n\ \ce{H2O -> [Si(CH3)2O]}_n + 2n\ \ce{CH3COOH}</math>

[[Branching (polymer chemistry)|Branches]] or crosslinks in the polymer chain can be introduced by using organosilicone precursors with fewer alkyl groups, such as methyl trichlorosilane and [[methyltrimethoxysilane]]. Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point. This process can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Similarly, precursors with three methyl groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site and so forms the end of a siloxane chain.

== Combustion ==

When silicone is burned in air or oxygen, it forms solid silica ([[silicon dioxide]], {{chem2|SiO2}}) as a white powder, char, and various gases.  The readily dispersed powder is sometimes called [[silica fume]]. The [[pyrolysis]] of certain polysiloxanes under an [[inert atmosphere]] is a valuable pathway towards the production of amorphous [[silicon oxycarbide]] ceramics, also known as [[polymer derived ceramics]]. Polysiloxanes terminated with functional [[ligands]] such as [[Vinyl group|vinyl]], [[mercapto]] or [[acrylate]] groups have been cross linked to yield [[preceramic polymers]], which can be [[photopolymerization|photopolymerised]] for the [[additive manufacturing]] of [[polymer derived ceramics]] by [[stereolithography]] techniques.<ref>[https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1905/1905.02060.pdf Additive manufacturing of ceramics from preceramic polymers]: A versatile stereolithographic approach assisted by thiol-ene click chemistry. ''Additive Manufacturing'', (2019) volume 27, pp. 80–90.</ref>

== Properties ==
[[File:Silicone Chessboard Folded.jpg|thumb|This silicone rubber folding chessboard resists creasing and wrinkling.]]

Silicones exhibit many useful characteristics, including:<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann|first1=Hans-Heinrich|last1=Moretto|first2=Manfred|last2=Schulze|first3=Gebhard|last3=Wagner|year=2005|title=Silicones|doi=10.1002/14356007.a24_057}}</ref>

* Low [[thermal conductivity]]
* Low chemical reactivity
* Low [[toxicity]]
* Thermal stability (constancy of properties over a wide temperature range of {{nowrap|−100 to 250 °C}})
* The ability to repel water and form watertight seals.
* Does not stick to many substrates, but adheres very well to others, e.g. glass
* Does not support [[microbe|microbiological]] growth
* Resistance to creasing and wrinkling
* Resistance to oxygen, ozone, and [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet (UV) light]]. This property has led to the widespread use of silicones in the construction industry (e.g. coatings, fire protection, glazing seals) and the [[automotive industry]] (external gaskets, external trim).
* [[Electrical insulation]] properties. Because silicone can be formulated to be electrically insulative or conductive, it is suitable for a wide range of electrical applications.
* High [[Permeation|gas permeability]]: at room temperature (25&nbsp;°C), the permeability of [[silicone rubber]] for such gases as oxygen is approximately 400 times<ref>{{Citation|title=Treeing Characteristics in HTV Silicone Rubber|date=2020|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8885-6.ch003|work=Electrical Insulation Breakdown and Its Theory, Process, and Prevention|series=Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering|pages=73–104|publisher=IGI Global|doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-8885-6.ch003|isbn=978-1-5225-8885-6|s2cid=241551199|access-date=2021-03-16}}</ref> that of [[butyl rubber]], making silicone useful for medical applications in which increased aeration is desired.  Conversely, silicone rubbers cannot be used where gas-tight seals are necessary such as seals for high-pressure gasses or high vacuum.

Silicone can be developed into rubber sheeting, where it has other properties, such as being FDA compliant. This extends the uses of silicone sheeting to industries that demand hygiene, for example, food and beverage, and pharmaceuticals.

== Applications ==

Silicones are used in many products.  ''[[Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry]]'' lists the following major categories of application: Electrical (e.g. insulation), electronics (e.g., coatings), household (e.g., sealants and cooking utensils), automobile (e.g. gaskets), airplane (e.g., seals), office machines (e.g. keyboard pads), medicine and dentistry (e.g. [[Dental impression|tooth impression molds]]), textiles and paper (e.g. coatings).  For these applications, an estimated 400,000 tonnes of silicones were produced in 1991.{{clarify|reason=where? that seems low for a worldwide figure|date=May 2018}}  Specific examples, both large and small are presented below.<ref name=Ullmann/>

=== Automotive ===
[[File:Cool-Air-intake.jpg|thumb|Silicone caulks and rubber components are often used in automotive applications]]

In the [[automobile|automotive]] field, [[silicone grease]] is typically used as a lubricant for [[brake]] components since it is stable at high temperatures, is not water-soluble, and is far less likely than other lubricants to foul. [[DOT 5]] [[brake fluid]]s are based on liquid silicones.

Automotive spark plug wires are insulated by multiple layers of silicone to prevent sparks from jumping to adjacent wires, causing misfires. Silicone tubing is sometimes used in automotive intake systems (especially for engines with [[forced-induction|forced induction]]).

Sheet silicone is used to manufacture [[gasket#Sheet gaskets|gasket]]s used in [[automotive engine]]s, [[transmission (mechanics)#Automotive basics|transmission]]s, and other applications.

Automotive body manufacturing plants and paint shops avoid silicones, as trace contamination may cause "fish eyes", which are small, circular craters which mar a smooth finish.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Additionally, silicone compounds such as silicone rubber are used as coatings and sealants for [[airbag]]s; the high strength of silicone rubber makes it an optimal adhesive and sealant for high impact airbags.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Silicones in combination with thermoplastics provide improvements in scratch and mar resistance and lowered coefficient of friction.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

=== Aerospace ===
[[File:Aviation Marines Conduct Deployment Maintenance 141218-M-QZ288-047.jpg|thumb|Silicone is often used to seal maintenance access openings in aerospace equipment]]

Silicone is a widely used material in the [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace industry]] due to its sealing properties, stability across an extreme temperature range, durability, sound dampening and anti-vibration qualities, and naturally flame retardant properties. Maintaining extreme functionality is paramount for passenger safety in the aerospace industry, so each component on an aircraft requires high-performance materials.

Specially developed aerospace grades of silicone are stable from {{nowrap|−70 to 220 °C}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vikingextrusions.co.uk/aerospace|title=Aerospace {{!}} Viking Extrusions|website=www.vikingextrusions.co.uk|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> these grades can be used in the construction of gaskets for windows and cabin doors. During operation, aircraft go through large temperature fluctuations in a relatively short period of time; from the ambient temperatures when on the ground in hot countries to sub-zero temperatures when flying at high altitude. [[Silicone rubber]] can be molded with tight tolerances ensuring [[gasket]]s form airtight seals both on the ground and in the air, where atmospheric pressure decreases.

Silicone rubber's resistance to heat corrosion enables it to be used for gaskets in aircraft engines where it will outlast other types of rubber, both improving aircraft safety and reducing maintenance costs. The silicone acts to seal instrument panels and other electrical systems in the cockpit, protecting printed circuit boards from the risks of extreme altitude such as moisture and extremely low temperature. Silicone can be used as a sheath to protect wires and electrical components from any dust or ice that may creep into a plane's inner workings.

As the nature of air travel results in much noise and vibration, powerful engines, landings, and high speeds all need to be considered to ensure passenger comfort and safe operation of the aircraft. As silicone rubber has exceptional noise reduction and anti-vibration properties, it can be formed into small components and fitted into small gaps ensuring all equipment can be protected from unwanted vibration such as overhead lockers, vent ducts, hatches, entertainment system seals, and LED lighting systems.

=== Solid propellant ===

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based binders along with [[ammonium perchlorate]] (NH<sub>4</sub>ClO<sub>4</sub>) are used as fast burning solid propellants in rockets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eisele |first1=Siegfried |last2=Gerber |first2=Peter |last3=Menke |first3=Klaus |date=June 2002 |title=Fast Burning Rocket Propellants Based on Silicone Binders – New Aspects of an Old System |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4087(200206)27:3<161::aid-prep161>3.0.co;2-4 |journal=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=161 |doi=10.1002/1521-4087(200206)27:3<161::aid-prep161>3.0.co;2-4 |issn=0721-3115}}</ref>

=== Building construction ===

The strength and reliability of [[silicone rubber]] are widely acknowledged in the construction industry. One-part silicone [[sealant]]s and caulks are in common use to seal gaps, joints and crevices in buildings. One-part silicones cure by absorbing atmospheric moisture, which simplifies installation. In plumbing, silicone grease is typically applied to O-rings in [[brass]] taps and valves, preventing [[calcium carbonate|lime]] from sticking to the metal.

Structural silicone has also been used in [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]] building façades since 1974 when the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] became the first building to receive exterior glass fixed only with the material.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Silicone membranes have been used to cover and restore industrial roofs, thanks to its extreme UV resistance, and ability to keep their waterproof performance for decades.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

=== 3D printing ===
[[File:Silicone 3d print with support material.jpg|alt=Silicone 3D print with support material|thumb|238x238px|Silicone 3D print with support material]]

[[Silicone rubber]] can be 3D printed (liquid deposition modelling, LDM) using pump-nozzle extrusion systems. Standard silicone formulations are optimized to be used by extrusion and injection moulding machines and are not applicable in LDM-based 3D printing. The rheological behavior and the [[wikt:pot life|pot life]] need to be adjusted for use with LDM.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Courtial |first1=Edwin-Joffrey |last2=Perrinet |first2=Clément |last3=Colly |first3=Arthur |last4=Mariot |first4=David |last5=Frances |first5=Jean-Marc |last6=Fulchiron |first6=René |last7=Marquette |first7=Christophe |date=2019-08-01 |title=Silicone rheological behavior modification for 3D printing: Evaluation of yield stress impact on printed object properties |journal=Additive Manufacturing |language=en |volume=28 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1016/j.addma.2019.04.006 |s2cid=146407873 |issn=2214-8604|doi-access=free }}</ref>

3D printing also requires the use of a removable support material that is compatible with the silicone rubber.

=== Coatings ===

Silicone films can be applied to such silica-based substrates as glass to form a [[covalently]] bonded [[hydrophobic]] coating. Such coatings were developed for use on aircraft [[windshield]]s to repel water and to preserve visibility, without requiring mechanical [[windshield wiper]]s which are impractical at supersonic speeds. Similar treatments were eventually adapted to the automotive market in products marketed by [[Rain-X]] and others.

Many fabrics can be coated or impregnated with silicone to form a strong, waterproof composite such as [[silnylon]].

A silicone polymer can be suspended in water by using stabilizing surfactants. This allows water-based formulations to be used to deliver many ingredients that would otherwise require a stronger solvent, or be too viscous to use effectively. For example, a waterborne formulation using a silane's reactivity and penetration ability into a mineral-based surface can be combined with water-beading properties from a siloxane to produce a more-useful surface protection product.

=== Cookware ===
[[file:Silicone ladles.jpeg|thumb|Soup ladle and pasta ladle made of silicone]]
[[file:Silicone food steamer.jpeg|thumb|A silicone food [[steamer (appliance)|steamer]] to be placed inside a pot of boiling water]]
[[file:Eiswuerfelform-silikon.jpg|thumb|Flexible ice cube trays made of silicone allow easy extraction of ice]]
[[file:Kitchen-Silicone-Brush.jpg|thumb|Silicone brush used for basting and applying flavoring liquids]]

As a low-taint, non-toxic material, silicone can be used where contact with food is required. Silicone is becoming an important product in the [[cookware]] industry, particularly [[bakeware]] and [[kitchen utensils]].
Silicone is used as an insulator in heat-resistant potholders and similar items; however, it is more conductive of heat than similar less dense fiber-based products. Silicone oven gloves are able to withstand temperatures up to {{convert|260|°C|°F}}, making it possible to reach into boiling water.

Other products include [[Mold (cooking implement)|mold]]s for chocolate, ice, cookies, muffins, and various other foods; non-stick bakeware and reusable mats used on baking sheets; [[Steamer (appliance)|steamer]]s, egg boilers or [[Poached egg|poacher]]s; cookware lids, [[pot holder]]s, [[trivet]]s, and kitchen mats.

=== Defoaming ===
Silicones are used as active compounds in [[defoamer]]s due to their low water solubility and good spreading properties.

=== Dry cleaning ===
Liquid silicone can be used as a [[dry cleaning]] [[solvent]], providing an alternative to the traditional [[chlorine]]-containing [[perchloroethylene|perchloroethylene (perc)]] solvent.  The use of silicones in dry cleaning reduces the environmental effect of a typically high-polluting industry.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

=== Electronics ===
[[File:Silicone rubber keypad example 1.jpg|thumb|Silicone rubber keypad]]

Electronic components are sometimes [[resin dispensing|encased]] in silicone to increase stability against mechanical and electrical shock, radiation and vibration, a process called "potting". Silicones are used where durability and high performance are demanded of components under extreme environmental conditions, such as in space (satellite technology). They are selected over [[polyurethane]] or [[epoxy]] encapsulation when a wide [[operating temperature]] range is required (−65 to 315&nbsp;°C). Silicones also have the advantage of little exothermic heat rise during cure, low toxicity, good electrical properties, and high purity.

Silicones are often components of [[thermal paste]]s used to improve heat transfer from power-dissipating electronic components to [[heat sinks]].

The use of silicones in electronics is not without problems, however. Silicones are relatively expensive and can be attacked by certain solvents. Silicone easily migrates as either a liquid or vapor onto other components. Silicone contamination of electrical switch contacts can lead to failures by causing an increase in contact resistance, often late in the life of the contact, well after any testing is completed.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkStW7v8VPkC&pg=PA823|chapter=16.4.1|page=823|title=Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications|author=Paul G. Slade|publisher=CRC Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8247-1934-0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218190618/https://books.google.com/books?id=EkStW7v8VPkC&pg=PA823|archive-date=2017-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=W. Witter  |author2=R. Leiper |name-list-style=amp |title=A Comparison for the Effects of Various Forms of Silicon Contamination on Contact Performance|doi=10.1109/TCHMT.1979.1135411|year=1979|journal=IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology|volume=2|pages=56–61}}</ref> Use of silicone-based spray products in electronic devices during maintenance or repairs can cause later failures.

=== Firestops ===
[[File:Sl silicone pipe covering.jpg|thumb|Red-colored silicone firestopping]]

[[Silicone foam]] has been used in North American buildings in an attempt to [[firestop]] openings within the fire-resistance-rated wall and floor assemblies to prevent the spread of flames and smoke from one room to another.  When properly installed, silicone-foam firestops can be fabricated for building code compliance. Advantages include flexibility and high [[dielectric]] strength. Disadvantages include combustibility (hard to extinguish) and significant smoke development.

Silicone-foam firestops have been the subject of controversy and press attention due to smoke development from pyrolysis of combustible components within the foam, [[hydrogen]] gas escape, shrinkage, and cracking. These problems have led to reportable events among licensees (operators of [[nuclear power plant]]s) of the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission|Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)]].{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Silicone firestops are also used in aircraft.

=== Jewelry ===

Silicone is a popular alternative to traditional metals (such as silver and gold) with jewelry, specifically rings. Silicone rings are commonly worn in professions where metal rings can lead to injuries, such as electrical conduction and ring avulsions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourorganicwedding.com/silicone-ring-trend/|title=Is the Silicone Ring Trend Here to Stay?|first=Sarah|last=Ashley|date=August 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insider.com/guides/silicone-wedding-ring-trend-2017-10|title=A ton of couples are skipping the fancy wedding rings and opting for these $20 rubber bands instead — here's why|first=Connie|last=Chen|website=Insider}}</ref> During the mid-2010's, some professional athletes began wearing silicone rings as an alternative during games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/blog/detroit-lions/post/_/id/25500/the-wedding-rings-the-thing-silicone-bands-growing-trend-in-nfl|title=The (wedding) ring's the thing: Silicone bands a growing trend in NFL|date=September 29, 2016|website=ESPN.com}}</ref>

=== Lubricants ===
[[File:Laboratory grease 1.jpg|thumb|Silicone grease is often used with laboratory glassware to prevent seizing]]

Silicone [[grease (lubricant)|grease]]s are used for many purposes, such as [[bicycle chain]]s, [[airsoft gun]] parts, and a wide range of other [[Mechanism (engineering)|mechanisms]]. Typically, a dry-set lubricant is delivered with a solvent carrier to penetrate the mechanism. The solvent then evaporates, leaving a clear film that lubricates but does not attract dirt and grit as much as an [[oil]]-based or other traditional "wet" lubricant.

Silicone [[personal lubricant]]s are also available for use in medical procedures or sexual activity.

=== Medicine and cosmetic surgery ===

Silicone is used in [[microfluidics]], seals, gaskets, shrouds, and other applications requiring high [[biocompatibility]]. Additionally, the gel form is used in bandages and dressings, [[Silicone gel-filled breast implants|breast implants]], testicle implants, pectoral implants, [[Contact lens#Silicone Hydrogel Lenses|contact lenses]], and a variety of other medical uses.

[[silicone scar sheet|Scar treatment sheets]] are often made of [[medical grade silicone]] due to its durability and biocompatibility. [[Polydimethylsiloxane|Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)]] is often used for this purpose, since its specific crosslinking results in a flexible and soft silicone with high durability and tack. It has also been used as the hydrophobic block of [[amphiphilic]] synthetic block [[copolymers]] used to form the vesicle membrane of [[polymersome]]s.

Illicit cosmetic silicone injections may induce chronic and definitive silicone blood diffusion with dermatologic complications.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bertin |first1=Chloé |last2=Abbas |first2=Rachid |last3=Andrieu |first3=Valérie |last4=Michard |first4=Florence |last5=Rioux |first5=Christophe |last6=Descamps |first6=Vincent |last7=Yazdanpanah |first7=Yazdan |last8=Bouscarat |first8=Fabrice |title=Illicit massive silicone injections always induce chronic and definitive silicone blood diffusion with dermatologic complications |journal=Medicine |date=January 2019 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=e14143 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000014143 |pmid=30681578 |pmc=6358378 }}</ref>

Ophthalmology uses many products such as silicone oil used to replace the [[vitreous humor]] following vitrectomy, silicone intraocular lenses following cataract extraction, silicone tubes to keep a nasolacrimal passage open following dacryocystorhinostomy, canalicular stents for canalicular stenosis, punctal plugs for punctal occlusion in dry eyes, silicone rubber and bands as an external [[tamponade]] in tractional retinal detachment, and anteriorly-located break in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Addition and condensation (e.g. [[polyvinyl siloxane]]) silicones find wide application as a [[dental impression]] material due to its hydrophobic property and thermal stability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 19, 2022 |title=The many uses of dental impression silicone |url=https://magazine.zhermack.com/en/laboratory-en/many-uses-of-dental-impression-silicone/ |access-date=January 16, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferracane |first=Jack L. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45604030 |title=Materials in dentistry : principles and applications |date=2001 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=0-7817-2733-2 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |oclc=45604030}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124496192 |title=Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry. |date=2018 |others=André V. Ritter, Clifford M. Sturdevant |isbn=978-0-323-47858-8 |edition=7 |location=St. Louis |oclc=1124496192}}</ref>

=== Moldmaking ===
[[File:Silicone mold.jpg|thumb|Silicone mold used to reproduce an architectural detail]]

Two-part silicone systems are used as rubber molds to cast [[resin casting|resins]], foams, rubber, and low-temperature alloys. A silicone mold generally requires little or no mold-release or surface preparation, as most materials do not adhere to silicone. For experimental uses, ordinary one-part silicone can be used to make molds or to mold into shapes. If needed, common [[cooking oil|vegetable cooking oils]] or [[petroleum jelly]] can be used on mating surfaces as a mold-release agent.<ref>Robyn Lish. [https://www.glasstradecentre.com.au/2020/04/08/what-are-the-benefits-of-silicone-caulk-moulds/ What are the benefits of Silicone Caulk Moulds]. Myheap.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-08.</ref>

Silicone cooking molds used as [[bakeware]] do not require coating with cooking oil; in addition, the flexibility of the rubber allows the baked food to be easily removed from the mold after cooking.

=== Personal care ===
[[File:Musicians orange plugs.jpg|thumb|Silicone rubber earplugs for hearing protection]]

Silicones are ingredients widely used in skincare, color cosmetic and hair care applications. Some silicones, notably the [[amine]] functionalized amodimethicones, are excellent hair conditioners, providing improved compatibility, feel, and softness, and lessening frizz. The phenyl dimethicones, in another silicone family, are used in reflection-enhancing and color-correcting hair products, where they increase shine and glossiness (and possibly impart subtle color changes). Phenyltrimethicones, unlike the conditioning amodimethicones, have refractive indices (typically 1.46) close to that of a human hair (1.54). However, if included in the same formulation, amodimethicone and phenyltrimethicone interact and dilute each other, making it difficult to achieve both high shine and excellent conditioning in the same product.<ref>Thomas Clausen et al. "Hair Preparations" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', 2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a12_571.pub2}}</ref>

Silicone rubber is commonly used in [[baby bottle]] nipples (teats) for its cleanliness, aesthetic appearance, and low extractable content.

Silicones are used in [[shaving|shaving products]] and [[personal lubricants]].<ref>Q. Ashton Acton: ''Silicones—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition'', ScholarlyEditions, 2013, {{ISBN|9781481692397}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxzUfxVh6uEC&pg=PA226 p. 226] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218190618/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxzUfxVh6uEC&pg=PA226 |date=2017-12-18 }}.</ref>

=== Toys and hobbies ===
[[File:OBall and silicone coasters (9832197103).jpg|thumb|Baby toys made of nontoxic silicone rubber]]

[[Silly Putty]] and similar materials are composed of silicones [[siloxane|dimethyl siloxane]], [[polydimethylsiloxane]], and [[cyclopentasiloxane|decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane]], with other ingredients.  This substance is noted for its unusual characteristics, e.g., that it bounces, but breaks when given a sharp blow; it will also flow like a liquid and form a puddle given enough time.

Silicone "rubber bands" are a long-lasting popular replacement refill for real rubber bands in the 2013 fad "[[Wonder Loom|rubber band loom]]" toys at two to four times the price (in 2014). Silicone bands also come in bracelet sizes that can be custom embossed with a name or message. Large silicone bands are also sold as utility tie-downs.

[[Formerol]] is a silicone rubber (marketed as [[Sugru]]) used as an arts-and-crafts material, as its plasticity allows it to be molded by hand like modeling clay. It hardens at room temperature and it is adhesive to various substances including glass and aluminum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sugru.com/pdfs/tds.pdf"|title=Formerol/Sugru technical data sheet}}</ref>

[[Oogoo]] is an inexpensive silicone clay, which can be used as a substitute for [[Sugru]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instructables.com/How-To-Make-Your-Own-Sugru-Substitute/|title=How to Make Your Own Sugru Substitute|website=Instructables}}</ref>

In making [[aquarium]]s, manufacturers now commonly use 100% silicone sealant to join glass plates. Glass joints made with silicone sealant can withstand great pressure, making obsolete the original aquarium construction method of angle-iron and putty. This same silicone is used to make hinges in aquarium lids or for minor repairs. However, not all commercial silicones are safe for aquarium manufacture, nor is silicone used for the manufacture of acrylic aquariums as silicones do not have long-term adhesion to plastics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aquarium-pond-answers.com/2007/03/aquarium-silicone.html |title=Aquarium Silicone Applications |publisher=Aquarium-pond-answers.com |date=March 2007 |access-date=2012-02-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315074424/http://www.aquarium-pond-answers.com/2007/03/aquarium-silicone.html |archive-date=2012-03-15 }}</ref>

=== Special effects ===

Silicone is used in [[special effects]] as a material for simulating realistic skin, either for [[prosthetic makeup]], prop body parts, or [[Rubber mask|rubber masks]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chant |first1=Justin |title=Unmasking the Chemistry Behind Special Effects Makeup |url=https://www.monarchchemicals.co.uk/Information/News-Events/979-/Unmasking-the-Chemistry-Behind-Special-Effects-Makeup |website=www.monarchchemicals.co.uk |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=en-gb}}</ref> Platinum silicones are ideal for simulating flesh and skin due to their strength, firmness, and translucency, creating a convincing effect.
Silicone masks have an advantage over latex masks in that because of the material properties, the mask hugs the wearers face and moves in a realistic manner with the wearer's facial expressions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chapman |first1=Kit |title=What are Halloween costume masks made from? |url=https://edu.rsc.org/everyday-chemistry/what-are-halloween-costume-masks-made-from/4015878.article |website=RSC Education |access-date=29 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>  Silicone is often used as a hypoallergenic substitute for [[foam latex]] prosthetics.

== Marketing ==

The leading global manufacturers of silicone base materials belong to three regional organizations: the European Silicone Center (CES) in [[Brussels, Belgium]]; the Silicones Environmental, Health, and Safety Center (SEHSC) in [[Herndon, Virginia]], US; and the Silicone Industry Association of Japan (SIAJ) in [[Tokyo, Japan]]. Dow Corning Silicones, Evonik Industries, Momentive Performance Materials, Milliken and Company (SiVance Specialty Silicones), Shin-Etsu Silicones, Wacker Chemie, Bluestar Silicones, JNC Corporation, Wacker Asahikasei Silicone, and Dow Corning Toray represent the collective membership of these organizations. A fourth organization, the Global Silicone Council (GSC) acts as an umbrella structure over the regional organizations. All four are non-profit, having no commercial role; their primary missions are to promote the safety of silicones from a health, safety, and environmental perspective. As the European chemical industry is preparing to implement the [[Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals|Registration, Evaluation, and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) legislation]], CES is leading the formation of a consortium<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reach.silicones.eu/ |title=REACH consortium |publisher=Reach.silicones.eu |access-date=2012-02-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315074426/http://reach.silicones.eu/ |archive-date=2012-03-15 }}</ref> of silicones, silanes, and siloxanes producers and importers to facilitate data and cost-sharing.

== Safety and environmental considerations ==

Silicone compounds are pervasive in the environment. Particular silicone compounds, cyclic siloxanes [[Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane|D<sub>4</sub>]] and [[Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane|D<sub>5</sub>]], are air and water pollutants and have negative health effects on test animals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bienkowski|first1=Brian|title=Chemicals from Personal Care Products Pervasive in Chicago Air|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemicals-from-personal-care-products-pervasive-in-chicago-air/|access-date=8 April 2015|work=Scientific American|date=30 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620142403/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/chemicals-from-personal-care-products-pervasive-in-chicago-air/|archive-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> They are used in various personal care products. The European Chemicals Agency found that "D<sub>4</sub> is a persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) substance and D<sub>5</sub> is a very persistent, very bioaccumulative (vPvB) substance".<ref>{{cite web |last1=European Chemicals Agency |title=Committee for Risk Assessment concludes on restricting D4 and D5 |url=https://echa.europa.eu/-/committee-for-risk-assessment-concludes-on-restricting-d4-and-d5 |publisher=European Chemicals Agency |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ECHA classifies cyclic siloxanes as SVHCs |date=25 June 2018 |url=https://www.foodpackagingforum.org/news/echa-classifies-cyclic-siloxanes-as-svhcs |publisher=[[Food Packaging Forum]] Foundation |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Other silicones biodegrade readily, a process that is accelerated by a variety of catalysts, including clays.<ref name=Ullmann/> Cyclic silicones have been shown to involve the occurrence of [[silanol]]s during biodegradation in mammals.{{clarify|date=May 2023}}<ref>S. Varaprath, K. L. Salyers, K. P. Plotzke and S. Nanavati: "Identification of Metabolites of Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in Rat Urine", Drug Metab Dispos 1999, 27, 1267-1273.</ref> The resulting silanediols and silanetriols are capable of inhibiting hydrolytic enzymes such as [[thermolysin]], [[acetylcholinesterase]]. However, the doses required for inhibition are by orders of magnitude higher than the ones resulting from the accumulated exposure to consumer products containing [[cyclomethicone]].<ref>[[Scott Sieburth|S. M. Sieburth]], T. Nittoli, A. M. Mutahi and L. Guo: ''Silanediols: a new class of potent protease inhibitors'', Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, volume 37, 812-814.</ref><ref>M. Blunder, N. Hurkes, M. List, S. Spirk and R. Pietschnig: ''Silanetriols as in vitro AChE Inhibitors'', Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, volume 21, 363-365.</ref>

At around {{convert|200|C}} in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, polydimethylsiloxane releases traces of [[formaldehyde]] (but lesser amounts than other common materials such as polyethylene<ref>{{cite web |first=Dave|last=Hard |url=http://apps.geindustrial.com/publibrary/checkout/Dielectric?TNR=White%20Papers%7CDielectric%7Cgeneric |title=Dielectric Fluids for Transformer Cooling — History and Types|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719194959/http://apps.geindustrial.com/publibrary/checkout/Dielectric?TNR=White%20Papers%7CDielectric%7Cgeneric |archive-date=2016-07-19 |url-status=live |publisher=[[General Electric]]}}</ref><ref name="tl">David C. Timpe Jr. [https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/99/Formaldehyde_Generation_from_Silicone_Rubber.pdf Formaldehyde Generation from Silicone Rubber] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124801/https://imageserv5.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/99/Formaldehyde_Generation_from_Silicone_Rubber.pdf |date=2015-04-27 }} Arlon</ref>).  At this temperature, silicones were found to have lower formaldehyde generation than [[mineral oil]] and [[plastic]]s (less than 3 to 48&nbsp;μg&nbsp;CH<sub>2</sub>O/(g·hr) for a high consistency [[silicone rubber]], versus around 400&nbsp;μg&nbsp;CH<sub>2</sub>O/(g·hr) for plastics and mineral oil).  By {{convert|250|C}}, copious amounts of formaldehyde have been found to be produced by all silicones (1,200 to 4,600&nbsp;μg&nbsp;CH<sub>2</sub>O/(g·hr)).<ref name="tl"/>

Some persons have been found to develop silicone allergies or extreme sensitivity,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medisearch.io/blog/understanding-silicone-allergy-causes-symptoms-and-treatment | title=Understanding Silicone Allergy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment }}</ref> particularly after prolonged exposure to certain types of silicone products such as cosmetics, medical equipment including CPAP masks<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.98.18_supplement.3672 | doi=10.1212/WNL.98.18_supplement.3672 | title=Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Silicone causing PAP Intolerance (P1-1.Virtual) | date=2022 | last1=Rath | first1=Subhendu | last2=Kaplish | first2=Neeraj | journal=Neurology | volume=98 | issue=18_supplement }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://connect.mayoclinic.org/discussion/cpap-silicone-allergy/ | title=CPAP silicone allergy: Anyone know of other options? Solutions? &#124; Mayo Clinic Connect }}</ref> and implanted medical devices.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=11418643 | date=2024 | last1=Riffo | first1=C. | last2=Rolack | first2=N. | last3=Mohor | first3=D. | last4=Berkhoff | first4=A. | last5=Monnier | first5=E. | last6=Antonio | first6=L. | last7=Cerda | first7=C. | last8=Araya | first8=J. P. | title=Silicone allergy manifestation in pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunting: Navigating diagnostic challenges and customizing therapeutic approaches. Illustrative case | journal=Journal of Neurosurgery. Case Lessons | volume=8 | issue=13 | pages=CASE2474 | doi=10.3171/CASE2474 | pmid=39312808 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14670100.2024.2413265?src= | doi=10.1080/14670100.2024.2413265 | title=Silicone allergy can lead to cochlear implant complication and explantation: A case report | date=2024 | last1=Ahsan | first1=Syed | journal=Cochlear Implants International | pages=1–4 | pmid=39422374 }}</ref>

== Similar substances ==

Compounds containing silicon–oxygen double bonds, now called [[silanones]], but which could deserve the name "silicone", have long been identified as [[reaction intermediate|intermediates]] in gas-phase processes such as [[chemical vapor deposition]] in [[microelectronics]] production, and in the [[ceramic forming techniques|formation of ceramics]] by combustion.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Organometallic Chemistry|J. Organomet. Chem.]] |volume=566 |issue=1–2 |year=1998 |pages=45–59 |title=Matrix isolation infrared and density functional theoretical studies of organic silanones, (CH<sub>3</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>Si=O and (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Si=O |author1=V. N. Khabashesku |author2=Z. A. Kerzina |author3=K. N. Kudin |author4=O. M. Nefedov | doi= 10.1016/S0022-328X(98)00726-8}}</ref>  However, they have a strong tendency to polymerize into siloxanes. The first stable silanone was obtained in 2014 by [[Alexander C. Filippou|A. Filippou]] and others.<ref name=filippou>Alexander C. Filippou, Bernhard Baars, Yury N. Lebedev, and Gregor Schnakenburg (2014): "Silicon–Oxygen Double Bonds: A Stable Silanone with a Trigonal‐Planar Coordinated Silicon Center". ''Angewandte Chemie International Edition'', volume 53, issue 2, pages 565–570. {{doi|10.1002/anie.201308433}}.</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Toys}}

* {{anl|Injection molding of liquid silicone rubber}}

== References ==
{{refs}}

== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}

* {{commonscat-inline}}

[[Category:Cosmetics chemicals]]
[[Category:Silicones| ]]
[[Category:Thermosetting plastics]]
[[Category:Siloxanes|*]]
[[Category:Adhesives]]
[[Category:Impression material]]