Editing Sif

{{short description|Norse goddess, wife of Thor}}
{{other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
[[File:Sif Was Queen of the Fields.jpg|thumb|The goddess Sif holds her long, golden hair while grain grows behind her in an illustration from 1897]]
In [[Norse mythology]], '''Sif''' is a golden-haired [[Æsir|goddess]] associated with earth. Sif is attested in the ''[[Poetic Edda]]'', compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the ''[[Prose Edda]]'', written in the 13th century by [[Snorri Sturluson]], and in the poetry of [[skald]]s. In both the ''Poetic Edda'' and the ''Prose Edda'', she is known for her golden hair and is married to the thunder god [[Thor]].

The ''Prose Edda'' recounts that Sif once had her hair [[shorn]] by [[Loki]], and that Thor forced Loki to have a golden headpiece made for Sif, resulting in not only Sif's golden tresses but also five other objects for other gods. Sif is also named in the ''Prose Edda'' as the mother of [[Þrúðr]] (by Thor) and 
[[Ullr]].

Scholars have proposed that Sif's hair may represent fields of [[wheat|golden wheat]], that she may be associated with fertility, family, wedlock and/or that she is connected to [[rowan]], and that there may be an allusion to her role or possibly her name in the [[Old English]] poem ''[[Beowulf]]''.

== Etymology ==
The name ''Sif'' is the singular form of the plural [[Old Norse]] word {{wikt-lang|non|sifjar}}. {{lang|non|Sifjar}} only appears in singular form when referring to the goddess as a proper noun. {{lang|non|Sifjar}} is cognate to the [[Old English]] {{wikt-lang|ang|sibb}} and [[english language|modern English]] {{wikt-lang|en|sib}} (meaning "affinity, connection, by marriage") and in other Germanic languages: [[Gothic language|Gothic]] {{wikt-lang|got|𐍃𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰}} ({{lang|got-Latn|sibja}}), [[Old High German]] {{wikt-lang|goh|sippa}}, and [[german language|modern German]] {{wikt-lang|de|Sippe}}. {{lang|non|Sifjar}} appears not only in ancient poetry and records of law, but also in compounds ({{lang|non|[[wikt:byggja#Old Norse|byggja]] sifjar}} means "to marry").<ref name=VIGFUSSON526>Gudbrandur Vigfusson (1874:526).</ref> Using this etymology, scholar [[John Lindow]] gives the meanings "in-law-relationship", scholar Andy Orchard provides "relation", and scholar [[Rudolf Simek]] gives "relation by marriage".<ref name=MODERNSCHOLARSETYMOLOGY>Lindow (2001:266), Orchard (1997:138), and Simek (2007:283).</ref>

== Attestations ==

=== Poetic Edda ===

In stanza 48 of the ''Poetic Edda'' poem ''[[Hárbarðsljóð]]'', [[List of names of Odin|Hárbarðr]] ([[Odin]], father of Thor, in disguise) meets [[Thor]] at an [[inlet]] of a gulf. The two engage in [[flyting]], and Hárbarðr refuses to [[ferry]] Thor across the bay. Among numerous other insults, Hárbarðr claims that Sif has a lover at home. In response, Thor says that Hárbarðr is speaking carelessly "of what seems worst to me" and also lying.<ref name=LARRINGTON75>Larrington (1999:75–76).</ref>

[[File:Lokasenna by Lorenz Frølich.jpg|thumb|''Lokasenna'' (1895) by [[Lorenz Frølich]]]]

In stanzas 53 and 54 of the poem ''[[Lokasenna]]'', after pouring Loki a crystal cup of [[mead]] during his series of insults towards the gods, Sif states that there is nothing Loki can say only in regard to her. In response, [[Loki]] claims that Sif has had an affair with him:

{{poemquote|
''Then Sif went forward and poured out mead for Loki into a crystal cup and said:''
:Welcome now, Loki, and take the crystal cup
:full of ancient mead,
:you should admit, that of the children of the [[Æsir]],
:that I alone am blameless.

''He took the horn and drank it down:''
:That indeed you would be, if you were so,
:if you were shy and fierce towards men;
:I alone know, as I think I do now,
:your lover beside Thor,
:and that was the wicked Loki.<ref name=LARRINGTON93>Larrington (1999:93).</ref>
}}

Sif does not respond, and the exchange turns to [[Beyla]].<ref name=LARRINGTON94>Larrington (1999:94).</ref> Sif is additionally mentioned in two kennings found in poems collected in the ''Poetic Edda''; ''[[Hymiskviða]]'' (where Thor is referred to as the "Husband of Sif" thrice<ref name=LARRINGTON78-80-82>Larrington (1999:78, 80, and 82.).</ref>), and ''[[Þrymskviða]]'' (where Thor is once referred to as "Husband of Sif"<ref name=LARRINGTON100>Larrington (1999:100).</ref>).

=== Prose Edda ===

[[File:How loki wrought mischief in Asgard by Willy Pogany.png|thumb|''How Loki wrought mischief on Asgard'' (1920) by [[Willy Pogany]]]]

[[File:The third gift — an enormous hammer by Elmer Boyd Smith.jpg|thumb|upright|''The third gift&nbsp;– an enormous hammer'' (1902) by [[Elmer Boyd Smith]]. The bottom right corner depicts the ship [[Skíðblaðnir]] "afloat" Sif's new hair.]]

In the ''Prose Edda'', Sif is mentioned once in the [[Prologue (Prose Edda)|Prologue]], in chapter 31 of ''[[Gylfaginning]]'', and in ''[[Skáldskaparmál]]'' as a guest at [[Ægir]]'s feast, the subject of a jötunn's desire, as having her hair shorn by Loki, and in various kennings.

Sif is introduced in chapter three of the [[Prologue (Prose Edda)|Prologue section]] of the ''Prose Edda''; Snorri's [[Euhemerism|euhemerized]] account of the origins of [[Norse mythology]]. Snorri states that Thor married Sif, and that she is known as "a prophetess called [[Sibyl]], though we know her as Sif".<ref name="BYOCK6">{{harvcoltxt|Byock|2006|p=6}}</ref> Sif is further described as "the loveliest of women" and with hair of gold.<ref name="BYOCK6"/> Although he lists her own ancestors as unknown, Snorri writes that Thor and Sif produced a son by the name of [[Lóriði]], who "took after his father".<ref name=FAULKES3>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|p=3}}</ref>

In chapter 31 of the ''Prose Edda'' book ''Gylfaginning'', Ullr is referred to as a son of Sif and a stepson of Thor (though his father is not mentioned):

{{blockquote|Ull is the name of one. The son of Sif, he is the stepson of Thor. He is so skillful a bowman and skier that no one can compete with him. He is beautiful to look at, and is an accomplished warrior. He is also a good person to pray to when in single combat.<ref name=BYOCK38>{{harvcoltxt|Byock|2006|p=38}}</ref>}}

As reported in the ''Prose Edda'' book ''Skáldskaparmál'', Thor once engages in a duel with [[Hrungnir]], there described as the strongest of the [[jötunn|jötnar]]. Prior to this, Hrungnir had been drunkenly boasting of his desire to, amongst other things, kill all of the gods except [[Freyja]] and Sif, whom he wanted to take home with him. However, at the duel, Hrungnir is quickly killed by the enraged Thor.<ref name=FAULKES77-79>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|pp=77–79}}</ref>

Further in ''Skáldskaparmál'', Snorri relates a story where Loki cuts off Sif's hair as a prank. When Thor discovers this, he grabs hold of Loki, resulting in Loki swearing to have a headpiece made of gold to replace Sif's locks. Loki fulfills this promise by having a headpiece made by [[Dwarf (Germanic mythology)|dwarfs]], the [[Sons of Ivaldi]]. Along with the headpiece, the dwarfs produced Odin's spear, [[Gungnir]]. As the story progresses, the incident leads to the creation of the ship [[Skíðblaðnir]] and the boar [[Gullinbursti]] for [[Freyr]], the multiplying ring [[Draupnir]] for Odin, and the mighty hammer [[Mjöllnir]] for Thor.<ref name=FAULKES96-97>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|pp=96–97}}</ref>

Sif also appears in ''Skáldskaparmál'' listed as a [[heiti]] for "earth",<ref name=FAULKES160>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|p=163}}</ref> appears in a kenning for a gold-keeping woman,<ref name=FAULKES115>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|p=115}}</ref> and once for [[Hildr]].<ref name=FAULKES123>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|p=123}}</ref> Poetic means of referring to Sif calling her "wife of Thor", "mother of Ullr", "the fair-haired deity", "rival of [[Járnsaxa]]", and as "mother of Þrúðr".<ref name=FAULKES86>{{harvcoltxt|Faulkes|1995|p=86}}</ref>

=== Swedish folklore ===

19th-century scholar [[Jacob Grimm]] records that in his time residents of [[Värmland]], [[Sweden]] "call[ed] Thor's wife ''godmor'', good mother."<ref name=GRIMM1364>Grimm (1888:1364).</ref>

== Theories ==

[[File:Sif by Dollman.jpg|thumb|upright|''Sif'' (1909) by [[John Charles Dollman]]]]

=== ''Beowulf'' ===

In [[Old English]], ''sib'' ("family") is cognate with Old Norse ''Sif'' and ''sif''. In the Old English poem ''[[Beowulf]]'' (lines 2016 to 2018), [[Hroðgar]]'s wife, [[Wealhþeow]], moves through the hall serving mead to the warriors and defusing conflict. Various scholars beginning with [[Magnus Olsen]] have pointed to the similarity with what Sif does at the feast described in ''[[Lokasenna]]''.<ref name="BAKER153">{{harvcoltxt|Baker|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vvsnR9yba7gC&dq=Sif+Beowulf&pg=PA153 153, n. 72]}}</ref><ref name="ENRIGHT15">{{harvcoltxt|Enright|1996|p=15}}</ref> [[Richard S. North|Richard North]] further notes that unusually, ''sib'' is personified here and in lines 2599 to 2661, and suggests they may be references to Sif in Danish religion: "Both instances may indicate that the poet of ''Beowulf'' was in a position to imagine a sixth-century Scandinavia on the basis of his knowledge of contemporary Danish legends."<ref name="NORTH235-236">North (1998:235–236, n. 126).</ref>

=== Hair as wheat and potential cognates ===

19th-century scholar [[Jacob Grimm]] proposes a reconstruction of a Germanic deity cognate to Sif in other Germanic cultures and proposes a similar nature to that of the goddesses [[Frigg]] and [[Freyja]]:
<blockquote>
The [[Gothic language|Goth.]] {{lang|got-Latn|sibja}}, [[Old High German|OHG]]. {{lang|goh|sippia}}, {{lang|goh|sippa}}, [[Old English|AS]]. {{lang|ang|sib}} [[genitive case|gen]]. {{lang|ang|sibbe}}, denote peace, friendship, kindred; from these I infer a divinity ''Sibja'', ''Sippia'', ''Sib'', corresponding to [[Old Norse|ON]]. {{lang|non|Sif}} gen. {{lang|non|Sifjar}}, the wife of [[Thor|Thôrr]], for the ON. too has a pl. {{lang|non|sifjar}} meaning cognatio, sifi amicus (OHG. {{lang|goh|sippio}}, {{lang|goh|sippo}}), sift genus, cognatio. By this sense of the word, ''Sif'' would appear to be, like [[Frigg]] and [[Freyja]], a goddess of loveliness and love; as attributes of [[Odin|Oðinn]] and Thôrr agree, their wives Frigg and Sif have also a common signification.<ref name=GRIMM309>Grimm (1882:309).</ref>
</blockquote>
Grimm connects Eddic references to Sif's golden hair (gold is referred to as {{lang|non|Sifjar haddr}}; Sif's hair) with the herb name {{lang|non|haddr Sifjar}} (''[[Polytrichum aureum]]''){{verify source|date=June 2018}}<!-- probably Polytrichum commune ("golden maidenhair moss" etc), but "P. aureum" is not a valid scientific name as per http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/B/Polytrichaceae/Polytrichum/ -->. Grimm says that "expositors see in this the  golden fruits of the Earth burnt up by fire and growing again, they liken Sif to [[Ceres (Roman mythology)|Ceres]]", and Grimm says that "with it agrees the fact that [[Old Church Slavonic|O. Slav]]. {{lang|cu-Latn|[[Živa (goddess)|Siva]]}} is a gloss on {{lang|la|Ceres dea frumenti}}" but cites [[etymology|etymological]] problems between the potential cognate. Grimm says that Thor's mother was the earth, and not his wife, yet "we do find the simple ''Sif'' standing for earth." Grimm adds that he is inconclusive regarding Sif and that, "we ought to have fuller details about Sif, and these are wholly wanting in our mythology. Nowhere amongst us is the mystic relation of the seed-corn of [[Demeter]], whose poignant grief for her daughter threatens to bring famine on mankind (Hymn to Cer. 305–306), nor anything like it, recorded."<ref name=GRIMM309-310>Grimm (1888:309–310).</ref>

Citing the etymology of her name, 19th century scholar [[Guðbrandur Vigfússon]] theorizes that Sif "betokens mother earth with her golden sheaves of grain; she was the goddess of the sanctity of the family and wedlock".<ref name=VIGFUSSON526/>

Scholar [[Rudolf Simek]] theorizes that Sif likely originated as a complement to Thor through his fertility associations, and that the name ''Sif'' (Simek provides the etymology "relation by marriage") may have originally simply meant "the wife (of Thor)". Simek rejects notions of a "vegetation cult" venerating Sif, says that Sif does not appear to have a function, dismisses theories proposing connections between Sif's hair and grain as "over-zealous interpretation[s]", and theorizes that Snorri invented the story of Sif's shorn locks in attempt to explain the attributes of various gods.<ref name=SIMEK283>Simek (2007:283).</ref>

Scholar [[Hilda Ellis Davidson|H. R. Ellis Davidson]] states that Sif may have been an ancient fertility goddess, agreeing with a link between her lustrous hair and fields of [[wheat|golden wheat]].<ref name=DAVIDSON84>{{harvcoltxt|Davidson|1965|p=84}}</ref> Regarding Sif, Thor, and fertility, Davidson says:

{{blockquote|The cult of Thor was linked up with men's habitation and possessions, and with well-being of the family and community. This included the fruitfulness of the fields, and Thor, although pictured primarily as a [[storm god]] in the myths, was also concerned with the fertility and preservation of the seasonal round. In our own times, little stone axes from the distant past have been used as fertility symbols and placed by the farmer in the holes made by the drill to receive the first seed of spring. Thor's marriage with Sif of the golden hair, about which we hear little in the myths, seems to be a memory of the ancient symbol of [[Hieros gamos|divine marriage]] between [[sky deity|sky god]] and [[earth goddess]], when he comes to earth in the thunderstorm and the storm brings the rain which makes the fields fertile. In this way Thor, as well as Odin, may be seen to continue the cult of the sky god which was known in the [[Nordic Bronze Age|Bronze Age]].<ref name="DAVIDSON-II-72">{{harvcoltxt|Davidson|1975|p=72}}</ref>}}

Scholar John Lindow proposes that a potentially understated mythological importance of Sif's role in the story of her sheared hair exists; her headpiece is created along with the most important and powerful items in Norse mythology. Lindow further states that it may be easy to lose sight of the central role Sif plays in the creation of these objects.<ref name=LINDOW266>Lindow (2001:266).</ref>

=== Rowan ===

Sif has been linked with [[Ravdna]], the consort of the [[Sami shamanism|Sami]] thunder god [[Horagalles]]. Red berries of [[rowan]] were holy to Ravdna and the name ''Ravdna'' resembles the North Germanic words for the tree (for example, Old Norse ''reynir''). According to ''Skáldskaparmál'', the rowan is called "the salvation of Thor" because Thor once saved himself by clinging to it. It has been theorized that Sif was once conceived in the form of a rowan to which Thor clung."<ref name=TURVILLE-PETRE98>{{cite book |author-link=Gabriel Turville-Petre |author=Turville-Petre, E. O. G. |year=1964 |title=Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia |page=98 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson}}</ref>

=== ''Lokasenna'' accusations ===
[[File:Loki and Sif by A Chase.jpg|thumb|Sif sleeps while Loki lurks behind in an illustration (1894) by A. Chase]]

Regarding the accusations that Loki makes to Sif in ''Lokasenna'', Carolyne Larrington says that Sif is not elsewhere attested as unfaithful, though notes that Odin makes a similar accusation in ''Hárbarðsljóð'', and theorizes a potential connection between the story of Loki cutting off Sif's hair with these references. Larrington says "how he got close enough to carry this out might be explained by this verse."<ref name=LARRINGTON276>Larrington (1999:276).</ref>

=== Identity of Sif's first husband ===
Several identities have been suggested for Sif's first husband, the father of Ullr, but since neither ''Edda'' names this husband, most scholars continue to consider him unidentified. N. A. Nielsen suggests that she was married to [[Njord]] before the [[Æsir–Vanir War]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Niels Åge |title=Freyr, Ullr and the Sparlösa Stone |journal=Mediaeval Scandinavia |date=1969 |volume=2 |pages=102–128}}</ref> an interpretation which depends on considering Ullr identical with [[Freyr]], which Rudolf Simek characterizes as "very precarious."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Simek |first1=Rudolf |title=Dictionary of Northern Mythology |date=1984 |publisher=D. S. Brewer |isbn=978-0-85991-513-7 |page=283}}</ref>

== Modern influence ==

Sif has inspired the name of a [[volcano]] on the planet [[Venus]] ([[Sif Mons]]).<ref>Lang (2003:221).</ref>

Sif's characterization in modern media tends to be much more martial than in the original sources. The [[Marvel Comics]] character, [[Sif (Marvel Comics)|Sif]], is based on the Sif of Norse myth and is portrayed by [[Jaimie Alexander]] in the [[Marvel Studios]] film ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]'', its [[Thor: The Dark World|sequel]], the ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]''<ref name=MODERNINFLUENCE>Mansour (2005:485).</ref> television series, and the ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]'' streaming series episode ''[[The Nexus Event]]'', where the hair shearing incident has loosely been adapted.<ref>{{cite web |title=Loki's Surprise Cameo Reimagines a Classic Myth |url=https://www.cbr.com/loki-sif-cameo-norse-myth/ |website=CBR |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711115252/https://www.cbr.com/loki-sif-cameo-norse-myth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Loki' Episode 4 Recap: Redefining Self Love |url=https://collider.com/loki-episode-4-recap-explained/ |website=Collider |access-date=3 July 2021 |date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704163453/https://collider.com/loki-episode-4-recap-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lady Sif appears in [[Santa Monica Studio]]'s 2022 video game ''[[God of War Ragnarök]]'', where she is voiced by [[Emily Rose (actress)|Emily Rose]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olah |first=Lucas |date=28 November 2022 |title=God Of War Ragnarok: All Main Characters And Their Actors |url=https://www.thegamer.com/god-of-war-ragnarok-main-cast-actors/ |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=TheGamer |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Sif Glacier]] in northern Greenland
* [[Ullr]], her son

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=Peter S. |year=1994 |title=The Beowulf Reader |series=Garland reference library of the humanities; vol. 1431 |place=New York & London |publisher=Garland Publishing |isbn=978-0815336662}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Byock |editor-first=Jesse |translator=Jesse Byock |year=2006 |title=The Prose Edda |publisher=[[Penguin Classics]] |isbn=0-14-044755-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=H. R. Ellis |author-link=H. R. Ellis Davidson |year=1965 |title=Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe |publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin Publishing Group]] |isbn=0-14-013627-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=H. R. Ellis |date=1975 |title=Scandinavian Mythology |publisher=[[Paul Hamlyn]] |isbn=0-600-03637-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Enright |first=Michael J. |year=1996  |title=Lady with a Mead Cup: Ritual, Prophecy, and Lordship in the European Warband from La Tène to the Viking Age |place=Blackrock, County Dublin/Portland, Oregon |publisher=Four Courts Press |isbn=978-1851821884}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Faulkes |editor-first=Anthony |translator=Anthony Faulkes |year=1995 |title=Edda |publisher=[[Everyman's Library|Everyman]] |isbn=978-0460876162}}
* [[Jacob Grimm|Grimm, Jacob]] (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1882). ''[[Deutsche Mythologie|Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix by James Stallybrass]]'' Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons.
* Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1888). ''[[Deutsche Mythologie|Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix by James Stallybrass]]''. Volume IV. London: George Bell and Sons.
* [[Guðbrandur Vigfússon|Gudbrandur Vigfusson]] (1874). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RnEJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP11 An Icelandic-English Dictionary: Based on the Ms. Collections of the Late Richard Cleasby]''. [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]].
* [[Lee M. Hollander|Hollander, Lee]] (Trans.) (1990). ''The Poetic Edda''. (2nd edition). [[University of Texas Press]]. {{ISBN|0-292-76499-5}}
* Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RdCUsMy3l7EC The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419083832/https://books.google.com/books?id=RdCUsMy3l7EC |date=19 April 2023 }}''. {{ISBN|0-521-81306-9}}
* Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). ''The Poetic Edda''. [[Oxford World's Classics]]. {{ISBN|0-19-283946-2}}
* [[John Lindow|Lindow, John]] (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs]''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-515382-0}}.
* Mansour, David (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hK0rPUF85loC From Abba to Zoom: A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century]''. Andrews McMeel Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7407-5118-2}}
* North, Richard (1998). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&q=Sif+Beowulf Heathen Gods in Old English Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419083813/https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC&q=Sif+Beowulf |date=19 April 2023 }}''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-55183-8}}
* Orchard, Andy (1997). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5hbPHQAACAAJ Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend]''. [[Orion Publishing Group|Cassell]]. {{ISBN|0-304-34520-2}}
* [[Rudolf Simek|Simek, Rudolf]] (2007) translated by Angela Hall. ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology''. [[Boydell & Brewer|D.S. Brewer]]. {{ISBN|0-85991-513-1}}
* [[Gabriel Turville-Petre|Turville-Petre, E. O. G.]] (1964). ''[https://ia600508.us.archive.org/34/items/TurvillePetreMythAndReligionOfTheNorth/Turville-Petre_Myth_and_Religion_of_the_North_text.pdf Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia]''. [[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]].
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://myndir.uvic.ca/Sif01.html MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)]  Illustrations of Sif from manuscripts and early print books.

{{Norse mythology}}

[[Category:Ásynjur]]
[[Category:Earth goddesses]]
[[Category:Marriage goddesses]]
[[Category:Norwegian folklore]]
[[Category:Scandinavian folklore]]
[[Category:Swedish folklore]]
[[Category:Thor]]