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{{Short description|Siege during the Bosnian War (1992–1996)}} {{About|the siege of the capital of Bosnia during 1992-1996|the 1945 operation|Sarajevo Operation}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Siege of Sarajevo | partof = the [[Bosnian War]] | image = Siege of Sarajevo.png | image_size = 300px | caption = Clockwise from top left:<br> Crashed civilian vehicle after being fired upon with small arms; [[United Nations Protection Force|UNPROFOR]] forces in the city; Government building hit by tank shelling; [[United States Air Force|U.S.]] airstrike on [[Republika Srpska|VRS]] positions; Overview of the city in 1996; [[Army of Republika Srpska|VRS]] soldiers before a prisoner exchange. | date = 5 April 1992{{efn|5 April 1992 was the date of the first attack which was launched on Sarajevo by the JNA and Serb paramilitaries and it is also considered the starting date of the siege. However, as early as 2 March 1992, barricades and gunmen started to appear on the streets of Sarajevo.}} – 29 February 1996{{efn|29 February 1996 was declared the official ending date of the siege by the Bosnian government. The war ended with the signing of the Dayton Accords on 21 November 1995 and the signing of the Paris Protocol on 14 December 1995. However, the Serbs had not yet implemented the Dayton deal which required them to withdraw from areas to the north and west of Sarajevo as well as other parts of the city and as a result, the Bosnian government did not declare that the siege was over. The Serbs also violated the Dayton Peace Accords by [[1996 Sarajevo tram attack|firing a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) at a Sarajevo tram on 9 January 1996, killing 1 and wounding 19]].}}<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=04|day1=05|year1=1992|month2=02|day2=29|year2=1996}}) | place = [[Sarajevo]], [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | territory = 65% of [[Sarajevo]] heavily damaged or destroyed<ref name="Building Desctruction/Damage">{{cite web |last1=Al-Bayati |first1=Sundus |title=A City that Doesn’t Forget: Sarajevo Thirty Years after the War |url=https://www.sah.org/publications/sah-blog/blog-detail/sah-blog/2022/07/08/a-city-that-doesn-t-forget-sarajevo-thirty-years-after-the-war |website=Society of Architectural Historians |publisher=Society of Architectural Historians |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref><br>[[Sarajevo]] split between [[Republika Srpska|RS]] and [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|FBiH]] in [[Eastern Sarajevo]] for the Serbs and [[Sarajevo]] for the Bosniaks | result = Military stalemate * Ceasefire; [[Dayton Agreement]] signed * [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Army]] unable to break siege * [[Army of Republika Srpska|Republika Srpska]] captures villages surrounding Sarajevo, including [[Ilidza]] *[[United Nations|UN]] takes control of [[Sarajevo International Airport|International Airport]] * [[NATO]] [[Operation Deliberate Force|bombing campaign]]{{efn|Following the second Markale massacre on 28 August 1995, the Secretary General of NATO announced the start of air strikes on 30 August, in direct response.}} | combatant1 = {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<br><br>{{flagicon|Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia}} [[Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia]]<br> ---- '''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TINpAAAAMAAJ&q=isi+bosnia|title=Intelligence and the War in Bosnia, 1992–1995: Volume 1 of Studies in intelligence history|last=Wiebes|first=Cees|publisher=LIT Verlag|year=2003|isbn=978-3-8258-6347-0|pages=195|quote=Pakistan definitely defied the United Nations ban on supply of arms to the Bosnian Muslims and sophisticated anti-tank guided missiles were airlifted by the Pakistani intelligence agency, [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]], to help Bosnians fight the Serbs.}}</ref><br><small>(Intelligence support and military equipment)</small> | combatant2 = {{Flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations]] ---- '''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagicon|NATO}} [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]<br><small>(1994–96)</small> | commander1 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Army]] | · '''[[Alija Izetbegović]]'''<small>{{POW}}<br>(April–May 1992)</small> | · [[Hakija Turajlić]]{{KIA}} | · [[Sefer Halilović]] | · [[Rasim Delić]] | · [[Jovan Divjak]] | · [[Dragan Vikić]] | · [[Enver Hadžihasanović]] | · [[Mustafa Hajrulahović Talijan|Mustafa Hajrulahović]] | · [[Vahid Karavelić]] | · [[Nedžad Ajnadžić]] | · [[Mušan Topalović|Mušan "Caco" Topalović]]{{KIA}} | · [[Ismet Bajramović|Ismet "Ćelo" Bajramović]]{{WIA}} | · [[Jusuf Prazina|Jusuf "Juka" Prazina]] | · [[Ramiz Delalić]] | · [[Zaim Imamović (officer)|Zaim Imamović]]{{KIA}} | · [[Enver Šehović]]{{KIA}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|Flag of Croatian Defence Council.svg}} [[Croatian Defence Council]] | · [[Vladimir Šaf]] | · [[Ivan Vulić (officer)|Ivan Vulić]] }} | commander2 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{Flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations|UN]] | {{Flagdeco|France}} [[Bernard Janvier]] | {{Flagdeco|France}} [[François Mitterrand]] | {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Lewis MacKenzie]] }}<br> {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon|NATO}} [[NATO]] | {{flagicon|United States}} [[Leighton W. Smith]] }} | units1 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Army]] | · [[1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|1st Corps]] | · [[3rd Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|3rd Corps]] | · [[4th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|4th Corps]] | · [[7th Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|7th Corps]] | [[Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)|Green Berets]] <small>(1992)</small> | [[Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Patriotic League]] | [[Black Swans (special forces)|Black Swans]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=VdDvDeT1mcQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/VdDvDeT1mcQ| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title = Bosnia Heavy fighting Army-Black Swans unit part 1|website=[[YouTube]] |date=30 May 2012 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ANPgVMia0PU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/ANPgVMia0PU| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|title = Bosnia Heavy fighting Army-Black Swans unit part 2|website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref> | Irregulars }}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Croatian Defence Council.svg}} [[Croatian Defence Council]]<br><br>{{flagicon image|HOS flag.svg}} [[Croatian Defence Forces]] | units2 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{Flagdeco|United Nations}} [[United Nations|UNPROFOR]] <small>(1992-95)</small> | {{flagicon|France}} [[French Army]] | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Army]] | {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canadian Army]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Royal Netherlands Army]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish Army]] | {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Royal Danish Army]] | {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Garda Síochána]] }}<br> {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|border=|Insignia NATO Army IFOR.svg|size=23px}} [[Implementation Force|IFOR]] <small>(1995-96)</small><br> | {{flagicon|France}} [[French Army]] | {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian Army]] | {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portuguese Army]] | {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egyptian Army]] | {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] }}<br> {{Collapsible list | title = {{Flagdeco|NATO}} [[NATO]] <small>(1994-95)</small> | {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] | {{flagicon|France}} [[French Air Force]] | {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Royal Air Force]] | {{flagicon|Germany}} [[German Air Force]] | {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spanish Air Force]] }} | strength1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} 73,141 soldiers and [[Irregular military|irregulars]]<ref name="Command Structure of the Sarajevo Romanija Corps">{{cite web |last1=Wilcoxson |first1=Andy |title=The Prosecution’s Military Expert Testifies About the Command Structure of the Sarajevo Romanija Corps |url=http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/kt061510.htm |access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref><br>(lightly armed) | strength2 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{Flagdeco|United Nations}} [[UNPROFOR|Rapid Reaction Force]] <small>(1995)</small> | {{flagicon|France}} 2,000 soldiers, 8 155 mm [[AMX-30 AuF1|AUF1]] howitzers | {{flagicon|Britain}} 1,500 soldiers, 12 105 mm [[L118 light gun|light guns]] | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} 500 soldiers }} <br>{{Collapsible list | title = {{Flagdeco|NATO}} [[NATO]] <small>(1994-96)</small> |{{Flagdeco|United States}} 2 [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]], 2 [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]] aircraft{{Efn|On 5 August 1994, two US A-10 aircraft strafed Serb targets. On 25–26 May 1995, two US F-16s participated in the [[1995 Pale air strikes]]}} | {{Flagdeco|France}} 1 [[Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D|Mirange 2000N]] aircraft{{Efn|See [[Operation Deliberate Force]]}} | {{Flagdeco|Britain}} 2 [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] aircraft{{Efn|On 22 September 1994, two British SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft struck near a Serb tank, destroying it.}} | {{Flagdeco|Germany}} 14 [[Panavia Tornado|Tornado]] aircraft{{Efn|Unknown date. Six interdictor-strike version Tornados, escorted by eight ECR Tornados, pinpointed Serb targets around Sarajevo for the Rapid Reaction Force artillery to attack.}} | {{Flagdeco|Spain}} 2 [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|EF-18A]] aircraft{{Efn|On 25–26 May 1995, Spanish EF-18As conducted strikes near Pale [[1995 Pale air strikes]]}} }} | casualties1 = *6,137 killed<ref name="rdc">{{cite web|publisher=Prometej.ba|author=Ivan Tučić|title=Pojedinačan popis broja ratnih žrtava u svim općinama BiH|url=http://www.prometej.ba/clanak/drustvo-i-znanost/pojedinacan-popis-broja-ratnih-zrtava-u-svim-opcinama-bih-997|date=February 2013|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref> *3,587 injured | casualties2 = {{Flagdeco|France}} [[France]]{{efn|Two killed by gunfire on 27 May 1995. Two killed by sniper fire, on 14 and 15 August 1995, respectively; the latter who was erecting anti-sniper barricades. Two killed by shelling during humanitarian aid convoy on 23 July 1995. Three killed while defusing 90 mm tank shell on 23 April 1995. Nine killed during road accident on 14 March 1995. 1 killed during road accident on 19 August 1995. 1 killed during road accident on 16 September 1995. One wounded by gunfire on 3 December 1993 while protecting humanitarian aid convoy. One wounded by mortar fire at a UN compound on 2 July 1995. One wounded by sniper fire on 11 May 1995. 2 wounded by sniper fire on 7 June 1995. 1 wounded by mine or unexploded shell on 6 January 1996. 17 wounded by gunfire on 27 May 1995 during Battle of Vrbanja Bridge. 12 taken hostage on 27 May 1995 during Battle of Vrbanja Bridge. ~20 Foreign Legion taken hostage during capture of UN Lukevitza barracks on 27 May 1995. 2 pilots captured on 30 August 1995 after Mirage plane shoot down near Pale. 1 AMX-10 RC damaged during an attack on 23 September 1994.}} *20 killed *25 injured *~30 held hostage *2 pilots captured *1 [[Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D|Mirage 2000N]] shot down *1 [[AMX-10 RC]] damaged {{Flagdeco|Italy}} [[Italy]]{{efn|On 3 September 1992, an Italian humanitarian relief transport plane was shot down by a missile, some 18 kilometers from Sarajevo, during Operation Provide Promise.}} *1 [[Aeritalia G.222]] shot down *4 crew killed {{Flagdeco|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]{{efn|Result of road accident on 19 May 1995.}} *1 police officer killed *1 police officer injured {{Flagdeco|Canada}} [[Canada]]{{efn|On 15 April 1994, 16 Canadian soldiers were captured from observation posts where they were monitoring Serb heavy weapons. The soldiers were held hostage by Bosnian-Serb forces in a school on the outskirts of the city<ref>https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1994/04/15/serbs-detaining-canadian-troops/#:~:text=Bosnian%20Serb%20troops%20are%20holding%20hostage%2016,soldiers%20at%20a%20school%20just%20outside%20Sarajevo.</ref>}} *15 injured<ref>https://www.lermuseum.org/1946-to-present/1990-2000/1st-battalion-le-royal-22e-regiment-and-the-opening-of-sarajevo-airport-july-1992#:~:text=The%20airport%20had%20been%20scheduled,lightly%20armed%20bodies%20of%20soldiers.</ref> *16 held hostage *1 [[AVGP]] captured<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armoured Vehicle, General Purpose (AVGP) |url=https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/vehicles/avgp/avgp.htm |website=canadiansoldiers.com |access-date=2017-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728135538/http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/vehicles/avgp/avgp.htm |archive-date=2017-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Flagdeco|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]{{efn|On 5 August 1994, a Ukrainian soldier guarding the Illidža Weapons Collection site was injured during a raid by Bosnian Serb forces. On 8 September 1996, a Ukrainian soldier guarding an election ballot warehouse sustained a gunshot wound.}} *2 injured {{Flagdeco|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]{{efn|On 27 May 1995, Swedish Major was taken hostage during capture of UN Lukevitza barracks by Bosnian Serb forces.}} *1 held hostage {{Flagdeco|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]{{efn|On 27 May 1995, Danish Captain was taken hostage during capture of UN Lukevitza barracks by Bosnian Serb forces.}} *1 held hostage | casualties3 = *2,241 killed *71–73 injured *215–218 captured *38 vehicles damaged or destroyed *1 tank destroyed{{efn|Wounded and captured figures are a result of 1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo. One tank recorded to have been destroyed by British aircraft.}} | casualties4 = 5,434 civilians killed, including 1,601 children<br>56,000 injured, including 15,000 children<br>55,000 – 145,980 expelled (estimated){{efn|Pre war (1991) population of 435,000-525,980. A census reported a population decrease from 300,000-380,000 after the war.}} | combatant3 = {{flagcountry|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|name=SFR Yugoslavia|size=23px}}<br><small>(April–May 1992)</small><br><br>{{flagcountry|Republika Srpska (1992–95)}}<br><small>(May 1992–96)</small> ---- '''Supported by:''' <br>{{flag icon|FR Yugoslavia}} [[FR Yugoslavia]]<br><small>(Diplomatic support and military equipment)</small> | units3 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|border=|Insignia of the Yugoslav People's Army Ground Forces.png|size=23px}} [[Yugoslav Ground Forces]] <small>(April–May 1992)</small> | · [[Yugoslav Ground Forces|4th Corps]] }}<br> {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|border=|Patch of the Army of Republika Srpska.svg|size=23px}} [[Army of Republika Srpska|Republika Srpska Army]]<br><small>(May 1992–96)</small> | · [[General Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska|General Staff]] * 1st Guards Motorized Brigade * 65th Protection Regiment | · [[Sarajevo-Romanija Corps]] * 1st Sarajevo Mechanized Brigade * Serb Guard Ilidža | · [[Herzegovina Corps]] }} | strength3 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|border=|Patch of the Army of Republika Srpska.svg|size=23px}} [[Army of Republika Srpska|Republika Srpska Army]]<br><small>(Peak strength)</small><br><ref name="Republika Srpska Army">{{cite web |last1=Mackic |first1=Erna |title=Siege of Sarajevo: perpetrators of deadly attacks remain unprosecuted |url=https://www.socialeurope.eu/siege-of-sarajevo |website=Social Europe |publisher=Social Europe |access-date=16 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Command Structure of the Sarajevo Romanija Corps">{{cite web |last1=Wilcoxson |first1=Andy |title=The Prosecution’s Military Expert Testifies About the Command Structure of the Sarajevo Romanija Corps |url=http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/kt061510.htm |access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> | · 23,000 soldiers{{Efn|Estimated to be 6-13 brigades. 8 or 10 brigades are widely accepted.}} | · 1,700 [[Howitzer|howizers]], [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[rocket launcher]]s, [[assault gun]]s | · 500 [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] weapons, [[machine gun]]s | · 150 [[Armoured personnel carrier|APCs]] | · 100 [[tank]]s | · 1 captured [[French Army|French]] [[Armoured personnel carrier|APC]]{{efn|Captured during Battle of Vrbanja Bridge.}} }} | commander3 = {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|border=|Emblem of the Yugoslav People's Army (1991-1992).svg|size=23px}} [[Yugoslav People's Army]]<br><small>(April–May 1992)</small> | · [[Milutin Kukanjac]] }}<br> {{Collapsible list | title = {{flagicon image|border=|Patch of the Army of Republika Srpska.svg|size=23px}} [[Army of the Republika Srpska|Republika Srpska Army]]<br><small>(May 1992-96)</small> | ·'''[[Radovan Karadžić]]''' | · '''[[Ratko Mladić]]''' | · [[Milan Gvero]] | · [[Momir Talić]] | · [[Tomislav Šipčić]] | · [[Stanislav Galić]] | · [[Dragomir Milošević]] | · [[Željko Ražnatović]] }} }} {{Campaignbox Bosnian War}} The '''siege of Sarajevo''' ({{Langx|sh|Опсада Сарајева|Opsada Sarajeva}}) was a prolonged military [[blockade]] of [[Sarajevo]], the capital of [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], during the ethnically charged [[Bosnian War]]. After it was initially besieged by Serbian forces of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]], the city was then besieged by the [[Army of Republika Srpska]]. Lasting from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 (1,425 days), it was three times longer than the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], more than a year longer than the [[siege of Leningrad]], and was therefore the longest [[siege]] of a capital city in the history of [[modern warfare]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Connelly |first=Charlie |date=8 October 2005 |title=The new siege of Sarajevo |work=The Times |location=UK |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575571.ece |access-date=10 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> When Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] after the [[Bosnian independence referendum, 1992|1992 Bosnian independence referendum]], the [[Bosnian Serbs]]—whose strategic goal was to create a new Bosnian Serb state of [[Republika Srpska]] (RS) that would include [[Bosniak]]-majority areas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.org.rs/tjgenocide_t01.html |title=A statement at the seventh biennial meeting of the International Association of Genocide Scholars |last=Hartmann |first=Florence |date=July 2007 |publisher=Helsinki |access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref>—encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 13,000<ref name="UNCOE">{{cite web|url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm |title=Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992) – Annex VI – part 1 – Study of the battle and siege of Sarajevo |last=Bassiouni |first=Cherif |date=27 May 1994 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222115037/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm |archive-date=22 February 2001 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| publisher= Associated Press| url= https://apnews.com/69dc92c01508282f3e55c0a1aaa4e843| author= Srećko Latal| title= Bosnian Army Says Battle for Sarajevo Will Last Months| date= 25 June 1995| access-date= 9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Northern Echo|title=The Siege of Sarajevo: 'The blood of children has a different texture on white snow' – a survivor speaks, 20 years on|url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/features/13380084.The_Siege_of_Sarajevo___The_blood_of_children_has_a_different_texture_on_white_snow____a_survivor_speaks__20_years_on/?ref=rss|date=9 July 2015|access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> stationed in the surrounding hills. From there they blockaded the city, and assaulted it with artillery, tanks, and small arms,<ref name=Times>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903014053/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2011 |title=Serb general Dragomir Milosevic convicted over Sarajevo siege |last=Strange |first=Hannah |date=12 December 2007 |work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=10 May 2010}}</ref> dropping at least 500,000 bombs.<ref>The inexhaustible well of Sarajevo, Manila Times 7 July 2024 | https://www.manilatimes.net/2024/07/08/opinion/columns/the-inexhaustible-well-of-sarajevo/1955686</ref> Units of the [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (ARBiH) inside the city, who numbered around 70,000 troops,<ref>{{cite news| newspaper= The New York Times| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/06/world/stalemate-like-a-victory-for-sarajevo.html| author= John Kifner| title= Stalemate Like a Victory for Sarajevo| date= 6 December 1993| access-date= 15 April 2013}}</ref> without heavy weapons or armor, defended much of the urban area of the city throughout the war but were unable to break the siege, which was lifted following the signing of the [[Dayton Agreement]] on 14 December 1995. A total of 13,952 people were killed during the siege, including 5,434 civilians. The ARBiH sustained 6,137 fatalities, while Bosnian Serb military casualties numbered 2,241 killed soldiers. The 1991 census indicates that before the siege, the city and its surrounding areas had a total population of 525,980. According to some estimates, the total population of the city proper prior to the siege was 435,000. Estimates of the population of Sarajevo after the siege ranged from 300,000 to 380,000.<ref name="UNCOE" /> Sarajevo's population endured up to six months without gas, electricity or water supply during certain stages of the siege.<ref name=CSMonitor>{{cite news| title=Lights, Water, Action: Life in Sarajevo Returns to the Basics|author=Stacy Sullivan| date=12 October 1995|work=CSMonitor.com |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1995/1012/12012.html| access-date= 15 April 2013}}</ref> After the war, the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) convicted four Serb officials for numerous counts of [[crimes against humanity]] which they committed during the siege, including [[terrorism]]. [[Stanislav Galić]]<ref name="galic">{{cite web |url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/galic/acjug/en/gal-acjud061130.pdf |title=ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement |date=30 November 2006 |publisher=[[ICTY]] |access-date=3 March 2010}}</ref> and [[Dragomir Milošević]]<ref name="milosevic">{{cite web |url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/dragomir_milosevic/acjug/en/091112.pdf |title=ICTY: Dragomir Milošević judgement |date=12 November 2009 |publisher=[[ICTY]] |access-date=3 March 2010}}</ref> were sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] and 29 years imprisonment respectively. Their superiors, [[Radovan Karadžić]]<ref name="tran">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/02/radovan-karadzic-siege-sarajevo-myth |title=Radovan Karadzic claims Bosnian Muslims 'killed own people' in Sarajevo |last=Tran |first=Mark |date=2 March 2010 |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=3 March 2010}}</ref> and [[Ratko Mladić]], were also convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/world/un-appeals-court-increases-radovan-karadzics-sentence-to-life-imprisonment/2019/03/20/ece3a78e-4b18-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html?nid=menu_nav_accessibilityforscreenreader&outputType=accessibility|title=UN appeals court increases Radovan Karadzic's sentence to life imprisonment|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=2019-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322075741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/un-appeals-court-increases-radovan-karadzics-sentence-to-life-imprisonment/2019/03/20/ece3a78e-4b18-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|archive-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/22/ratko-mladic-convicted-of-genocide-and-war-crimes-at-un-tribunal|title=Ratko Mladic found guilty|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|first2=Julian|last2=Borger|author-link2=Julian Borger|date=22 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> ==Background== From its establishment after [[World War II in Yugoslavia|World War II]] until its [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|breakup]] in 1991 and 1992, the government of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] suppressed the [[nationalism|nationalist]] sentiments which existed among the many ethnic and religious groups which comprised the population of the country, a policy which prevented the occurrence of chaos and the breakup of the state. When Yugoslavia's longtime leader Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]] died in 1980, this policy of containment underwent a dramatic reversal. Nationalism experienced a renaissance in the following decade after violence erupted in [[Kosovo]].<ref name=Pavkovic>{{cite book |last= Pavkovic |first= Aleksandar |title= The fragmentation of Yugoslavia: nationalism and war in the Balkans |publisher= MacMillan Press |year= 1997 |page=85 |isbn= 0-312-23084-2}}</ref> While the goal of [[Serbian nationalist]]s was the centralization of a [[Serb]]-dominated Yugoslavia, other nationalities in Yugoslavia aspired to federalization and the decentralization of the state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Krieger| first=Joel|title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World 2nd ed.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2001|page=476}}</ref><ref name=Crnobanja>{{cite book |last= Crnobrnja |first= Mihailo |title= The Yugoslav drama |publisher= I. B. Tauris & Co |year= 1994 |page= 107 |isbn=1-86064-126-1}}</ref> On 18 November 1990, the first multi-party parliamentary elections were held in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (with a second round on 25 November). They resulted in a [[National Assembly|national assembly]] dominated by three ethnically based parties, which had formed a loose coalition to oust the [[communist]]s from power.<ref name="phron1">{{cite web |url=http://phron.org/Reference/Books/Balkans%20-%20post%20communist%20history.pdf |title=The Balkans: A post-Communist History |access-date=14 June 2006 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701210204/http://phron.org/Reference/Books/Balkans%20-%20post%20communist%20history.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> [[Croatia]] and [[Slovenia]]'s subsequent declarations of independence and the warfare that ensued placed Bosnia and Herzegovina and its three constituent peoples in an awkward position. A significant split soon developed on the issue of whether to stay with the Yugoslav federation (overwhelmingly favoured among Serbs) or to seek independence (overwhelmingly favoured among [[Bosniaks]] and [[Croats]]). Throughout 1990, the [[RAM Plan]] was developed by the [[State Security Administration]] (SDB or SDS) and a group of selected Serb officers of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] (JNA) with the purpose of organizing Serbs outside [[Serbia]], consolidating control of the fledgling SDP, and the prepositioning of arms and ammunition.<ref name="Judah1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxQaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT273| title= The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia|first=Tim |last=Judah|publisher=Yale University Press|year= 2008|isbn= 9780300147841|page=273}}</ref> The plan was meant to prepare the framework for a third Yugoslavia in which all Serbs with their territories would live together in the same state. Alarmed, the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence from Yugoslavia on 15 October 1991, shortly followed by the establishment of the [[National Assembly (Republika Srpska)|Serbian National Assembly]] by Bosnian Serbs.<ref name=Reneo>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPhhLfp8huIC&pg=PA204| title= Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union|first1=Reneo |last1=Lukic|first2=Allen |last2=Lynch|publisher=SIPRI, Oxford University Press|year= 1996|isbn= 9780198292005|page=204}}</ref> The Serb members of parliament, consisting mainly of [[Serbian Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Serb Democratic Party]] (SDP) members, abandoned the central parliament in Sarajevo, and formed the [[National Assembly of the Republika Srpska|Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] on 24 October 1991, which marked the end of the tri-ethnic coalition that had governed after the 1990 elections. This Assembly established the [[Republika Srpska (1992–1995)|Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] on 9 January 1992, which became the Republika Srpska in August 1992. The declaration of Bosnian sovereignty was followed by a [[Bosnian independence referendum, 1992|referendum for independence]] on 29 February and 1 March 1992, which was boycotted by the vast majority of Serbs. The turnout in the [[referendum]] was 63.4% with 99.7% of voters choosing independence.<ref name=CSCE>{{cite web|url=http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=UserGroups.Home&ContentRecord_id=250&ContentType=G&ContentRecordType=G&UserGroup_id=5&Subaction=ByDate|title=The Referendum on Independence in Bosnia-Herzegovina: February 29 – March 1, 1992|year=1992|publisher=Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe|page=19|access-date=2009-12-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132353/http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=UserGroups.Home&ContentRecord_id=250&ContentType=G&ContentRecordType=G&UserGroup_id=5&Subaction=ByDate|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref> ==Timeline== ===1992=== ====Start of the war==== Violence broke out in many places during and after the referendum. On 1 March, a [[Sarajevo wedding shooting|gunman opened fire]] at a Bosnian Serb wedding procession in [[Baščaršija]], Sarajevo's historical centre and a [[Bosniak]] section of the city. The guests were carrying and waving Serbian flags, an act which the Bosniaks, who mostly supported independence, interpreted as a deliberate provocation. The groom's father was killed, and an Orthodox priest was wounded.<ref name="Radha">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHEXb81jRMcC&pg=PA38| last=Kumar| first=Radha| title=Divide and Fall? Bosnia in the Annals of Partition| publisher=Verso |year=1999| isbn=978-1-85984-183-9| page=38}}</ref><ref name="Judah">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxQaCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT321| title= The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia|first=Tim |last=Judah|publisher=Yale University Press|year= 2008|isbn= 9780300147841|pages=320–321}}</ref> Some of the witnesses identified the shooter as [[Ramiz Delalić]], a Bosniak gangster who had become increasingly brazen since the collapse of communism. [[Arrest warrant]]s were issued for him and another assailant, but little effort was made by the Sarajevo police to apprehend them. The killing was denounced by the SDS, who charged that the SDA or the government was complicit in the shooting, as evidenced by their failure to arrest the suspects.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FrpUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 | title= Radovan Karadzic: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide|first=Robert J. |last=Donia|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year= 2014|isbn= 9781107073357|pages=162}}</ref> An SDS spokesman claimed the wedding attack was evidence of the mortal danger Serbs would be subject to in an independent Bosnia. This statement was rejected by the founder of the [[Patriotic League (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Patriotic League]], [[Sefer Halilović]], who stated that the procession was not a wedding but was in fact intended as a provocation.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2FBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88| title= Sarajevo's Holiday Inn on the Frontline of Politics and War|first=Kenneth |last=Morrison|publisher=Springer|year= 2016|isbn= 9781137577184|pages=88}}</ref> On 2 March, [[Serb paramilitaries]] set up barricades and positioned [[sniper]]s near Sarajevo's [[Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building|parliament building]], but their ''[[coup d'état]]'' was thwarted by thousands of Sarajevo citizens who took to the streets and placed themselves in front of the snipers.<ref name=Malcolm>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=Noel |title=Bosnia: A Short History |publisher=New York University Press |year=1996 |page=231 |isbn=0-8147-5561-5}}</ref> Armed Bosniaks known as "[[Green Berets (Bosnian paramilitary)|Green Berets]]" also erected barricades in and around Sarajevo. More barricades appeared near [[Banja Luka]], and a motorist was killed by armed Serbs in [[Doboj]]. By the end of the day, twelve people had been killed in the fighting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nltdtAo38K0C&pg=PA19| title=War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Volume 1| publisher=Human Rights Watch |year=1992| isbn=978-1-56432-083-4| pages=18–19}}</ref> Following Bosnia and Herzegovina's official declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992, sporadic fighting broke out between Serbs and government forces all across the territory.<ref>Cannon, P., The Third Balkan War and Political Disunity: Creating A Cantonal Constitutional System for Bosnia-Herzegovina, Jrnl. Trans. L. & Pol., Vol. 5-2</ref> It continued through the run-up to Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognition as an independent state.<ref name="Helsinki Watch">{{cite book |last=Nizich |first=Ivana |title=War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina |publisher=Helsinki Watch |year=1992 |pages=18–20 |isbn=1-56432-083-9}}</ref> On 3 March, Bosnia's Bosniak President [[Alija Izetbegović]] claimed that Serbs from [[Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina|Pale]] were marching on Sarajevo. Fighting soon broke out in the town of [[Bosanski Brod]]. Eleven Serbs were [[Sijekovac killings|killed]] in the village of [[Sijekovac]] outside of Brod on 26 March, and the SDS claimed they were massacred by a Croat-Bosniak militia. The town was besieged and shelled by the JNA and Serbian paramilitaries on 29 March.<ref name="Judah"/> There were further clashes in [[Bijeljina]], which was attacked by a Serb force led by [[Serb Volunteer Guard]]. On 4 April, as the information of the [[Bijeljina massacre|killings]] in Bijeljina came to light, the Bosnian government announced a general mobilisation call. The SDS responded that this call brought Sarajevo one step closer to war.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2FBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103| title= Sarajevo's Holiday Inn on the Frontline of Politics and War|first=Kenneth |last=Morrison|publisher=Springer|year= 2016|isbn= 9781137577184|pages=103}}</ref> On 4 April 1992, when Izetbegović ordered all reservists and police in Sarajevo to mobilize, and the SDS called for evacuation of the city's Serbs, there came the "definite rupture between the Bosnian government and Serbs".{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=129}} The following day, ethnic Serb policemen attacked police stations and an Interior Ministry training school. The attack killed two officers and one civilian. The Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared a [[state of emergency]] the following day.<ref name="Helsinki Watch" /> Later that day, Serb paramilitaries in Sarajevo repeated their action of the previous month. A crowd of peace marchers, between 50,000 and 100,000 comprising all ethnic groups, [[1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo|rallied in protest]].<ref name=Malcolm/> When a huge crowd approached a barricade, a demonstrator was killed by Serb forces.{{sfn|Donia|2006|p=284}} Six Serb snipers were arrested, but were exchanged when the Serbs threatened to kill the commandant of the Bosnian police academy arrested the previous day with the takeover of the academy.<ref name="Cass2005">{{cite book|title=The Modern Yugoslav Conflict 1991–1995: Perception, Deception and Dishonesty|author=O'Shea, B.|date=2005|publisher=Frank Cass|isbn=9780415357050|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoHQEEDzL5AC&pg=PA35|page=35|access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref><ref name="Kurspahić2003">{{cite book|author=Kemal Kurspahić|title=Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyN2xrDAE98C&pg=PA99|access-date=22 July 2013|year=2003|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press|isbn=978-1-929223-39-8|page=99}}</ref> Bosnia and Herzegovina received international recognition on 6 April 1992.{{sfn|Bose|2009|p=124}} The most common view is that the war started that day.<ref>{{harvnb|Mulaj|2008|p=53}}, {{harvnb|Hammond|2007|p=51}}</ref> On 6 April, Serb forces began shelling Sarajevo, and in the next two days crossed the [[Drina]] from Serbia proper and besieged Bosniak-majority [[Zvornik]], [[Višegrad]] and [[Foča]].{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=129}} All of Bosnia was engulfed in war by mid-April.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=129}} There were some efforts to halt violence.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|pp=129–131}} On 27 April, the Bosnian government ordered the JNA to be put under civilian control or expelled, which was followed by a series of conflicts in early May between the two.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=131}} On 2 May, the Green Berets and local gang members fought back a disorganized Serb attack aimed at cutting Sarajevo in two.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=131}} On 3 May, Izetbegović was kidnapped at [[Sarajevo International Airport|Sarajevo Airport]] by JNA officers, and used to gain safe passage of JNA troops from downtown Sarajevo.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=131}} However, Bosnian forces dishonoured the agreement and [[1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo|ambushed the departing JNA convoy]], which embittered all sides.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=131}} A [[ceasefire]] and agreement on evacuation of the JNA was signed on 18 May, while on 20 May the Bosnian presidency declared the JNA an occupation force.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=131}} The JNA attacked the Ministry of Training Academy in Vraca, the central [[tram]]way depot, and the Old Town district with [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]], artillery and tank fire. The Bosnian government had expected the international community to deploy a [[peacekeeping force]] following recognition, but it did not materialize in time to prevent war from breaking out across the country. [[File:Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars.png|thumb|right|Territories controlled by Serb forces]] Bosnian Serb and JNA troops overwhelmed the poorly equipped and unprepared Bosnian security forces to take control of large areas of Bosnian territory, beginning with attacks on Bosniak civilians in the east. Serb military, police and paramilitary forces attacked towns and villages and then, sometimes assisted by local Serb residents, applied what soon became their standard operating procedure: Bosniak houses and apartments were systematically ransacked or burned; civilians were rounded up, some beaten or killed; and men were separated from the women. Many of the men were forcibly removed to [[Internment|prison camps]]. The women were incarcerated in detention centres in extremely unhygienic conditions and suffered numerous severe abuses. Many were repeatedly [[rape]]d. Survivors testified that Serb soldiers and police would visit the detention centres, select one or more women, take them out and rape them.<ref name="ICTY: Kunarac, Kovač and Vuković judgement – Foča">{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/icty/kunarac/trialc2/judgement/kun-tj010222e-5.htm#VC|title=ICTY: The attack against the civilian population and related requirements}}</ref> On 22 April, a peace rally in front of the Republic Assembly building was broken up by shots that came from the nearby [[Holiday Inn]].<ref name="galic" /> By the end of April, the form of the siege was largely established. The Serb-inhabited Sarajevan suburb of [[Ilidža]] saw heavy fighting between the local Serb forces on one side and various Bosniak forces on the other. The local Serbs soon formed the Ilidža Brigade, which became a part of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps of the VRS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palelive.com/sluzen-parastos-poginulim-pripadnicima-srpske-garde-ilidza/|title=Služen parastos poginulim pripadnicima Srpske garde Ilidža | Palelive.com|first=Admin|last=Palelive.com|date=29 September 2013 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2017}} ====Early fighting for control of the city==== [[File:Sarajevo May 2 1992.JPG|thumb|left|A [[CIA]] map of the JNA attack on 2 May 1992]] In the months leading up to the war, JNA forces in the region began to mobilize in the hills surrounding Sarajevo. Artillery, together with other ordnance and equipment that would prove key in the coming siege of the city, was deployed at this time. In April 1992, the Bosnian government under Izetbegović demanded that the Yugoslav government remove these forces. [[Slobodan Milošević]], the president of Serbia, agreed only to withdraw individuals who originated from outside Bosnia's borders, an insignificant number.<ref name="UNCOE" /> JNA soldiers who were ethnic Serbs from Bosnia were transferred to the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) under the command of General [[Ratko Mladić]], with the VRS having rescinded its allegiance to Bosnia a few days after Bosnia seceded from Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=131}} On 5 April 1992, a unit of the Yugoslav Peoples Army (JNA) seized the airport of Sarajevo.<ref name="galic" /><ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=The Death Of Yugoslavia [4/6] The Gates Of Hell -BBC Documentary | date=12 September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hY7BwM952ZY |language=en |access-date=2022-09-20}}. Watch 30:09 - 30:50</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 January 2017 |title=Sarajevo International Airport |url=https://sarajevo.travel/en/text/sarajevo-international-airport/560#:~:text=On%20the%20night%20of%20April%205%2C%201992%2C%20the,in%20modern%20history%2C%20lasting%20an%20unbelievable%201%2C425%20days.?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=48472935B41D4AB8A7A3807319867D05 |website=Destanation Sarajevo}}</ref> It was under the direct control of [[Belgrade]].<ref name=":1" /> In May 1992, units of the JNA stationed in Sarajevo found themselves repeatedly under attack. On 2 May, Bosniak forces consisting of the Green Berets and the Patriotic League, opened fire on a column of eight JNA [[MEDEVAC]] vehicles in Vojvode Stepe street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borackars.org/srpski-borac-120-121/|title=Српски борац 120 -121|date=28 January 2015}}</ref> This attack caused the JNA to retreat to Serb-held positions in [[Lukavica (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Lukavica]] district. On 2 May 1992, Bosnian Serb forces established a total blockade of the city. They blocked the major access roads, cutting supplies of food and medicine, and also cut off the city's utilities (e.g., water, electricity and heating). Although they possessed superior weaponry, they were greatly outnumbered by ARBiH soldiers who were defending the city. After numerous JNA armored columns failed to take the city, the Serbs began to concentrate their efforts on weakening it by using continual [[bombardment]] from at least 200 reinforced positions and [[bunker]]s in the surrounding hills.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=the siege of sarajevo summary |url=https://ninaspezzaferro.com/a2eq4m/the-siege-of-sarajevo-summary |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=ninaspezzaferro.com}}</ref> [[File:Damaged government building in Sarajevo, 1996.JPEG|thumb|The damaged [[Greece–Bosnia and Herzegovina Friendship Building|government building]]]] On 3 May 1992, members of the ARBiH attacked a convoy of withdrawing JNA soldiers on [[1992 Yugoslav People's Army column incident in Sarajevo|Dobrovoljačka Street]] in Sarajevo.<ref name="b92">{{cite web| publisher=B92| url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=03&dd=05&nav_category=64&nav_id=497006| title=Sarajevo ogorčeno zbog Divjaka| date=5 March 2011| access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> The attack is thought to have been in retaliation for the arrest of Izetbegović, who was detained at Sarajevo Airport by Yugoslav police the previous day.<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/03/world/sarajevo-s-center-erupts-in-war-weakening-yugoslav-truce-effort.html?scp=1&sq=sarajevo%20may%203%201992&st=cse| author=John F. Burns| title=Sarajevo's Center Erupts in War, Weakening Yugoslav Truce Effort| date=3 May 1992| access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> The attack started with the convoy being separated when a car was driven into it. Then sporadic and disorganized fighting took place for several minutes in and around the convoy. 6–42 soldiers were killed in the incident.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2010 |title=О Ганићевој одговорности |pages=1 |work=[[Radio Television of Serbia|RTS]] |url=https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/134/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/543301/%D0%9E+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2011 |title=Sarajevo ogorčeno zbog Divjaka |url=https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2011&mm=03&dd=05&nav_category=64&nav_id=497006 |website=B92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Radovanovic |first=Rade |date=2 February 2012 |title=Slučaj Dobrovoljačka: Falsifikovanje istine |pages=1 |work=[[Alj Azeera]] |url=https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2012/2/2/slucaj-dobrovoljacka-falsifikovanje-istine}}</ref> General [[Milutin Kukanjac]], the commander of the JNA in Sarajevo, confirmed that just in Dobrovoljačka street alone four officers, one soldier and one civilian were killed in the attack.<ref name=":0" /> General [[Lewis MacKenzie]], the UN peacekeeper in Sarajevo and who was in the convoy described what he saw: "I could see the Territorial Defense soldiers push the rifles through the windows of civilians' cars, which were part of the convoy, and shoot [...] I saw blood flow down the windshields. It was definitely the worst day of my life."<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacKenzie |first=Lewis |title=Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo |publisher=[[LewisMacKenzie]] |date=1 January 1993 |language=English}}</ref> In the Documentary ''The Death of Yugoslavia'' Lewis MacKenzie described how the convoy split in half: "I believe a red [[Volkswagen]] took off and driven across the intersection and blocked and split the convoy in two."<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=The Death Of Yugoslavia Part 4 The Gates Of Hell 5 | date=May 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28ixEP9dY6Y |language=en |access-date=2022-09-05}}</ref> General [[Jovan Divjak|Jovan Divijak]], a commander for the ARBiH in Sarajevo, tried to stop the shooting and calm things down.<ref name="youtube.com"/> Shellings of Sarajevo on 24, 26, 28 and 29 May were attributed to Mladić by [[Boutros-Ghali]].{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} Civilian casualties of a 27 May shelling of the city led to Western intervention, in the form of sanctions imposed on 30 May through [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757]].{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} That same day Bosnian forces attacked the JNA barracks in the city, which was followed by heavy shelling.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} On 5 and 6 June the last JNA personnel left the city during heavy street fighting and shelling.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} The 20 June cease-fire, executed to allow the UN takeover of Sarajevo Airport for humanitarian flights, was broken as both sides battled for control of the territory between the city and airport.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} The airport crisis led to Boutros-Ghali's ultimatum on 26 June, that the Serbs stop attacks on the city, allow the UN to take control of the airport, and place their heavy weapons under UN supervision.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} Meanwhile, media reported that President [[George H. W. Bush]] considered the use of force in Bosnia.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} French President [[François Mitterrand]] visited Sarajevo on 28–29 June.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}}<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John |date=30 June 1992 |title=CONFLICT IN THE BALKANS; U.N. Takes Control of Airport At Sarajevo as Serbs Pull Back |pages=A10 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/30/world/conflict-balkans-un-takes-control-airport-sarajevo-serbs-pull-back.html?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=A764DF8A71724215A1E476D17126691A}}</ref> Undramatically, the Serbs handed over the airport to UNPROFOR on 29 June.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=132}} World public opinion was 'decisively and permanently against the Serbs' following media reports on the sniping and shelling.{{sfn|Burg|Shoup|1999|p=133}} From 25 to 26 August, under command of Colonel [[Tomislav Šipčić]], the [[Vijećnica|Sarajevo City Hall]] was burned down by cannon fire from Serb positions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2022 |title=Tomislav Šipčić: General koji je spalio vijecnicu |pages=1 |work=[[Grad Sarajevo]] |url=https://www.sarajevo.ba/en/article/10160/tomislav-sipcic-general-koji-je-spalio-vijecnicu?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=EFA57BA1BFEF4C0CA6BCE14239D7366F}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=KOŠUTA |first=ZILHA |date=10 February 2022 |title=Umro Tomislav Šipčić, general koji je ubijao sarajevsku djecu, spalio Vijećnicu i tvrdio da "muslimani bacaju Srbe lavovima" |pages=1 |work=[[STAV]] |url=https://stav.ba/vijest/umro-tomislav-sipcic-general-koji-je-ubijao-sarajevsku-djecu-spalio-vijecnicu-i-tvrdio-da-muslimani-bacaju-srbe-lavovima/11399?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=CC34279A480A413D8E9A83AE608ACF5B}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation |title=Bosnians fear another war three decades on | date=6 April 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ca2KuTtaqQc |language=en |access-date=2022-10-01}}</ref> On 30 August 1992, an artillery shell crashed into a crowded marketplace on the western edge of Sarajevo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=31 August 1992 |title=Shell Kills 15 in Sarajevo Marketplace : Balkans: Dozens are wounded in one of the bloodiest attacks of the Serbian siege of the Bosnian capital. |pages=1 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-31-mn-5905-story.html#:~:text=A%20howitzer%20shell%20crashed%20into%20a%20crowded%20marketplace,bodies%20into%20pickup%20trucks%20parked%20on%20bloodstained%20ground.?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=DC0BB06A869446D8919CAF5EDA202035}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Sudetic |first=Chuck |date=31 August 1992 |title=15 Killed by Artillery Shell In a Busy Sarajevo Market |pages=6 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/31/world/15-killed-by-artillery-shell-in-a-busy-sarajevo-market.html#:~:text=An%20artillery%20shell%20crashed%20and%20exploded%20in%20a,were%20ending%20a%20siege%20of%20another%20Bosnian%20town.?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=EAB5E67BC09D4E0BA3CC84319B5F3127}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=31 August 1992 |title=Shelling at marketplace kills 15, injures dozens in Sarajevo |pages=6 |work=[[Tampa Bay Times]] |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/08/31/shelling-at-marketplace-kills-15-injures-dozens-in-sarajevo/?adlt=strict&toWww=1&redig=5BEB1BC52ED942AA85B83D7E5C8C8386}}</ref> The resulting explosion killed 15 people and wounded 100 others.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> [[File:Sarajevo Siege Turajlic grave.jpg|thumb|Dutch reporter [[Robert Dulmers]] at Hakija Turajlić's graveside, [[Ali Pasha Mosque (Sarajevo)|Ali Pasha Mosque]], March 1993]] ===1993=== On 8 January 1993, [[Hakija Turajlić]], the Deputy Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb soldier.<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0111/11032.html| title= Bosnia Talks Resume in Geneva| date= 11 January 1993| access-date= 10 October 2012}}</ref> Turajlić, who had gone to Sarajevo Airport to greet a Turkish delegation, was returning to the city in a United Nations armored vehicle that had taken him there when a force of two tanks and 40–50 Bosnian Serb soldiers blockaded the road. The Serbs, acting on radioed information from a Serbian military liaison officer at the airport that "Turkish fighters" were on their way to reinforce the Bosnian defenders, accused the three French soldiers manning the armored vehicle of transporting "Turkish mujahedeen". After a Serbian military liaison officer identified the passenger as Turajlić, the Serbs ordered the UN soldiers to hand him over. The rear door was opened, and one of the Serbs fired seven shots at Turajlić from an automatic weapon. Six bullets struck him in the chest and arms, killing him instantly.<ref>{{cite news| newspaper= The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/10/world/bosnian-muslims-criticize-un-over-official-s-killing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm| author= John F. Burns| title= Bosnian Muslims Criticize U.N. Over Official's Killing| date= 10 January 1993| access-date= 10 November 2012}}</ref> A Bosnian Serb soldier, Goran Vasić, was eventually charged with Turajlić's murder but was ultimately acquitted of that charge in 2002.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/98024384.html?dids=98024384:98024384&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&fmac=&date=Jan+4%2C+2002&author=&desc=WORLD%3B+In+Brief WORLD; In Brief.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015075242/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/98024384.html?dids=98024384:98024384&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&fmac=&date=Jan+4%2C+2002&author=&desc=WORLD%3B+In+Brief |date=15 October 2012 }} [[Washington Post]], 4 January 2002. Quote:"A Sarajevo court has convicted a Bosnian Serb soldier of committing war crimes against prisoners but acquitted him of killing the country's deputy prime minister. Goran Vasić was sentenced to 4½ years in prison, local media reported. He was convicted on charges of beating prisoners at the Medjarici camp in Sarajevo during the country's 1992–1995 war. The court said it lacked evidence to convict him of killing Hakija Turajlić, the deputy prime minister of Bosnia in 1992."</ref> On 6 May 1993, the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 824]] declared that Sarajevo be a UN Safe Area (along with Žepa, Goražde, Tuzla, and Bihać). These cities and territories were placed under the protection of UNPROFOR peacekeeping units. ===1994=== ====Markale massacres==== {{Main|Markale massacres}} On 5 February 1994 at 12:10–12:15, a 120-millimeter mortar shell landed in the center of the crowded marketplace<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarajevo: 1994 market massacre |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-17439158 |access-date=2022-09-11}}</ref> and killed 68 and injured 144. The perpetrators were the Army of Republika Srpska.<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement, para 438-496">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/galic/acjug/en/gal-acjud061130.pdf|title=ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement, para 438–496}}</ref><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/dragomir_milosevic/tjug/en/071212.pdf|title=ICTY: Dragomir Milošević judgement}}</ref> In December 2003, the ICTY convicted Bosnian Serb General [[Stanislav Galić]], concluded that the Serb forces around Sarajevo committed the massacre.<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement, para 438-496"/><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement"/> In February 1994 (when air strikes were originally threatened), [[NATO]] had created a heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and collected weapons at a number of sites. On 5 August, the VRS seized several weapons from the Illidža Weapons Collection site in clear violation of the exclusion zone agreement. During the seizure, Serb forces injured a Ukrainian UNPROFOR peacekeeper. In response to the attack, the UN once again requested NATO air support. Two U.S. [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]] aircraft repeatedly strafed Serb targets, and the Serbs returned the seized weapons to the collection site.<ref name="Bucknam, p. 163">Bucknam, p. 163</ref> On 22 September, UNPROFOR again requested NATO air support in the Sarajevo area after Serb forces attacked a French [[armored personnel carrier]]. In response, two British [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] aircraft struck near a Serb tank, destroying it.<ref name = "AFSOUTH"/> ===1995=== From 15 to 22 June, the ARBiH would launch an offensive into the Sarajevo Region to try to recapture lost territories from the Serbs. In the north, the 16th Division/[[1st Corps (Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)|1st Corps]] attacked [[Cemerska Hills]] and recaptured it. The Serbs would attack and capture Cemerska hills from the ARBiH. From the center, the 12th Division/1st Corps attacked Serb position of [[Debelo Brdo mountian|Debelo Brdo]]. In the south, the 14 Division/1st managed to push the Serbs back to [[Route Viper]] and captured the most land from the offensive. On 28 August 1995 at around 11:00 ([[Central European Time]]), five shells were fired onto the Markale Market, causing the 2nd Markale massacre. Casualties were fewer however, 43 died<ref>{{cite web| publisher= RTS| url= http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/135/Hronika/1252690/Svedok%3A+Markale+nisu+inscenirane.html |title=Svedok: Markale nisu inscenirane|date=23 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2013}}</ref> and 73 were wounded. But just several hours prior to the attack, Bosnian Serb authorities tentatively expressed their will to accept [[Richard Holbrooke]]'s peace plan.<ref>{{cite book|author = M. Waldenberg| title = Rozbicie Jugosławii| publisher = Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR| location = Warszawa| year = 2005| page = 176| isbn = 83-7383-154-1}}</ref> Again the perpetrator was the VRS.<ref name="ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement, para 438-496"/><ref name="ICTY:Dragomir Milošević judgement"/> == Humanitarian airlift == UNPROFOR launched its [[humanitarian]] [[airlift]] operations, providing Sarajevo with much-needed supplies from mid-1992 to the beginning of 1995. More than 13,000 flights were made over the course of more than three years.<ref name=":2" /> It was the most airlifts to a capital city since the [[Berlin airlifts]].<ref name=":2" /> While capitalizing on the fact that the airport was under the control of UNPROFOR, defenders of Sarajevo began digging a tunnel beneath the runway that ran between the Sarajevo neighborhoods of [[Dobrinja]] and [[Butmir]]. It would be known as the "[[Sarajevo Tunnel]]". It would become the only land link besieged Sarajevo had with the rest of the world. Several hundred people died while running across the airstrip, which was the only way in or out of besieged Sarajevo before the Sarajevo War Tunnel was dug.<ref name=":2" /> ==Atrocities== [[File:Shells - Sarajevo Tunnel Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Examples of weapons used against [[Sarajevo|Sarajevans]] displayed at [[Sarajevo Tunnel]] Museum]] The second half of 1992 and the first half of 1993 were the height of the siege of Sarajevo, and atrocities were committed during heavy fighting. Serb forces outside the city continuously shelled the government defenders. Inside the city, the Serbs controlled most of the major military positions and the supply of arms. With snipers taking up positions in the city, signs reading ''Pazite, Snajper!'' ("Beware, Sniper!") became commonplace and certain particularly dangerous streets, most notably Ulica Zmaja od Bosne, the main street which eventually leads to the airport, were known as "[[Sniper Alley|sniper alleys]]". The sniper killings of Admira Ismić and Boško Brkić, a mixed Bosnian-Serbian couple who tried to cross the lines, became a symbol of the suffering in the city and the basis of ''[[Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo]]'', but it is unknown from which side the snipers opened fire.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Bosnia/updates/9604/10/ |publisher=CNN |title='Only a bullet' could separate them |date=10 April 1996 |access-date=10 May 2010}}</ref> [[File:Sarajevo Siege Collecting Firewood 2.jpg|thumb|Sarajevo residents collecting firewood, winter of 1992–1993]] Within Bosniak-held areas of Sarajevo, public services quickly collapsed and the crime rate skyrocketed. During the first year of the siege, the 10th Mountain Division of the ARBiH, led by a rogue commander, [[Mušan Topalović]], engaged in a campaign of mass executions of Serb civilians who still lived within the Bosniak-held areas. Many of the victims were transported to the [[Kazani pit killings|Kazani pit]] near Sarajevo, where they were executed and buried in a mass grave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zurnal.info/novost/18413/casno-novinarstvo-kako-su-sarajevski-mediji-tokom-rata-pisali-o-zlocinu-u-kazanima|title=ČASNO NOVINARSTVO: Kako su sarajevski mediji tokom rata pisali o zločinu u Kazanima|website=zurnal.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sarajevotimes.com/performance-in-memory-of-kazani-pay-tribute-to-all-victims/|title=Performance in Memory of Kazani: Pay Tribute to all Victims!|date=26 October 2015}}</ref> Bosnian Serb [[offensive (military)|offensives]] were mounted to take over some neighbourhoods, especially in [[Novo Sarajevo]]. Compared with the siege force, the Bosnian government forces were very poorly armed. Bosnian [[black market]] criminals who joined the army at the outset of the war illegally smuggled arms into the city through Serb lines, and [[raid (military)|raids]] on Serb-held positions within the city yielded more. [[File:Evstafiev-bosnia-sarajevo-water-line.jpg|thumb|left|Citizens of Sarajevo in line for water]] Reports indicated an average of approximately 329 shell impacts per day during the course of the siege, with a maximum of 3,777 on 22 July 1993.<ref name="UNCOE" /> This [[urbicide]] by shellfire extensively damaged the city's structures, both residential and cultural. By September 1993 it was estimated that virtually all the buildings in Sarajevo had suffered some degree of damage, and 35,000 were completely destroyed.<ref name="UNCOE" /> Among buildings targeted and destroyed were hospitals and medical complexes, media and communication centres, industrial complexes, government buildings and military and UN facilities. Other significant buildings damaged or destroyed included the Parliament buildings and the City Hall/National Library, which was set on fire and burned to the ground, destroying over 1,500,000 volumes and 600,000 serials.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1996-07-01|title=The National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Current War|journal=The Library Quarterly|volume=66|issue=3|pages=294–301|doi=10.1086/602886|s2cid=147428591|issn=0024-2519}}</ref><ref name="erasingthepast">{{cite web|url=http://fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/Bulletin/bosnia.htm|title=Erasing the Past: The Destruction of Libraries and Archives in Bosnia-Herzegovina|first=András|last=Riedlmayer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118204551/http://fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/Bulletin/bosnia.htm|archive-date=2012-01-18}}</ref> [[File:Sarajevo 19.3.1996 war.JPG|thumb|Overall view of downtown Grbavica, a suburb of Sarajevo. March 1996]] The shelling took a heavy toll on residents. [[Mass murder|Mass killings]] of civilians, primarily by mortar attacks, made headline news in the West. On [[Dobrinja mortar attack|1 June 1993]], 11 people were killed and 133 were wounded<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1/newsid_2493000/2493441.stm |title=On this day: 1993: Serb attack on football match kills 11 |date= 1 June 1993|work=BBC News |access-date=3 February 2010}}</ref> in an attack on a football game. On 12 July, twelve people were killed while waiting in line for water. The biggest single loss of life was the first [[Markale massacres|Markale marketplace massacre]] on 5 February 1994, in which 68 civilians were killed and 200 were wounded. Medical facilities were overwhelmed by the scale of the civilian casualties, and only a small number of the wounded benefited from medical evacuation programmes like 1993's [[Operation Irma]].<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Keesing's Record of World Events |title=Geneva talks (Bosnia) |date=August 1993 |url=http://www.keesings.com/search?kssp_search_phrase=%22operation+irma%22&x=0&y=0&kssp_a_id=39603n05xxx&kssp_selected_tab=article&kssp_rspn=1&kssp_v_id=39 }}</ref> ==NATO's intervention== {{main|1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[File:Sarajevo Tower.jpg|thumb|left|The remains of the building of Sarajevo newspaper ''[[Oslobođenje]]'', kept as a memorial for several years after the siege]] On 6 February 1994, a day after the first Markale marketplace massacre, UN [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] Boutros-Ghali formally requested NATO's confirmation that air strikes would be carried out immediately.<ref name="Bethlehem1997pliii">{{cite book|title=The 'Yugoslav' Crisis in International Law|last1=Bethlehem|first1=Daniel L.|last2=Weller|first2=Marc|year=1997|page=liii|series=Cambridge International Documents Series|volume=5|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46304-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SczBzxA6-IC&pg=PR53}}</ref> On 9 February 1994, agreeing to the request of the UN, the [[North Atlantic Council]] of NATO authorized the Commander of [[Allied Forces Southern Europe]] (CINCSOUTH), U.S. Admiral [[Jeremy Boorda]], to launch air strikes against artillery and mortar positions in and around Sarajevo that were determined by UNPROFOR to be responsible for attacks against civilian targets.<ref name="nh-ev">{{citation|title=NATO Handbook: Evolution of the Conflict|publisher=NATO|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm|access-date=12 August 2011|archive-date=6 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206234650/http://www.nato.int/docu/handbook/2001/hb050102.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American national biography|first=Mark Christopher|last=Carnes|page=29|volume=29|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780195222029|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZczV8ZxgL4C&pg=PA29}}</ref> Only [[Greece]] failed to support the use of airstrikes, but did not veto the proposal.<ref name="Bethlehem1997pliii"/> The council also issued an ultimatum at the 9 February meeting to the Bosnian Serbs demanding that they remove heavy weapons around Sarajevo by midnight of 20–21 February or face air strikes.<ref name="Bethlehem1997pliii"/> There was some confusion surrounding compliance with the ultimatum, and [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Hungarian Prime Minister]] [[Péter Boross]] announced that his country's air space would be closed to NATO aircraft in the event of airstrikes.<ref name="Bethlehem1997pliii"/> On 12 February 1994, Sarajevo enjoyed its first casualty-free day in 22 months (since April 1992).<ref name="Bethlehem1997pliii"/> As many as 400 NATO aircraft participated in the air campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahnken |first=Thomas G. |url=https://archive.org/details/technologyameric1945mahn/page/n194 |title=Technology and the American Way of War Since 1945 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-231-12337-2 |location=New York |page=182 |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[File:Bombing republika srpska.jpg|thumb|A Bosnian Serb target is hit by U.S. aircraft]] On 5 August, the VRS seized several weapons from the Illidža Weapons Collection site in clear violation of the [[exclusion zone]] agreement. During the seizure, the Serbs injured a Ukrainian UNPROFOR peacekeeper. In response to the attack, the UN once again requested NATO air support. Two U.S. A-10 aircraft repeatedly strafed Serb targets, prompting the Serbs to return the seized weapons to the collection site.<ref name="Bucknam, p. 163"/> On 22 September, UNPROFOR again requested NATO air support in the Sarajevo area after Serb forces attacked a French [[armored personnel carrier]]. In response, two British Jaguar aircraft struck and destroyed a Serb tank.<ref name = "AFSOUTH">AFSOUTH Fact Sheet</ref> [[File:Sarajevo june 1995.jpg|thumb|Bosnian Army Offensive Operations in the Sarajevo Region, 15–22 June 1995]] As the fighting gradually widened in 1995, [[Bosnian offensive on Sarajevo (1995)|Bosnian Muslim forces launched a large-scale offensive in the area of Sarajevo]]. In response to the attack, the Bosnian Serbs seized heavy weapons from a UN-guarded depot, and began shelling targets.<ref>Beale, p. 33</ref> As a retaliation for these actions, the UN commander, Lt. General [[Rupert Smith]], requested NATO air strikes. NATO honored the request on 25 May and 26 May 1995 by [[1995 Pale air strikes|bombing a Serb ammunition dump near Pale]].<ref name = "AFSOUTH"/> The mission was carried out by USAF [[F-16]]s and [[Spanish Air Force]] [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|EF-18A]] Hornets armed with laser-guided bombs.<ref>Ripley, p. 23</ref> The Serbs then seized 377 UNPROFOR hostages and used them as human shields for a variety of targets in Bosnia, forcing NATO to end its strikes.<ref>Bucknam, p. 215</ref> On 27 May 1995, Serb soldiers posing as French troops captured two UN observation posts at either end of the front-line [[Vrbanja bridge]] without firing a shot. They wore French uniforms, flak jackets and helmets, were armed with French weapons and drove a French armoured personnel carrier – all stolen from UN troops detained outside the city. The soldiers disarmed the 12 peacekeepers at gunpoint. Ten were taken to an unknown destination while two remained on the bridge as human shields. The French responded by sending 30 troops, backed by six light tanks, to storm the northern end of the bridge. Two French soldiers were killed in [[Battle of Vrbanja Bridge|the clash]] and five were wounded, while four Serb soldiers were killed and four were taken prisoner. At the end of the day, the Serbs remained in control of the southern portion of the bridge, while the French occupied the northern portion.<ref>{{cite news| newspaper=The Independent| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/french-humiliation-sparks-battle-of-vrbanja-bridge-1621353.html| title=French humiliation sparks battle of Vrbanja| date= 28 May 1995| access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref> The Serbs later abandoned the southern portion of the bridge. In 1995, the international forces firmly turned against the besiegers after the second Markale massacre of 28 August. On 30 August, the [[Secretary General of NATO]] announced the start of air strikes, supported by UNPROFOR rapid reaction force artillery attacks.<ref name="changing69">{{cite book | title= The changing rules on the use of force in international law | first= Tarcisio | last= Gazzini | year= 2005 | page= 69 | publisher= [[Manchester University]] Press | isbn= 978-0-7190-7325-0 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimGeTLOLkC&pg=PA69}}</ref> On that same day, a French [[Dassault-Breguet Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]] was downed by a Bosnian Serb shoulder-fired SAM near Pale.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency. (2002). ''Balkan battlegrounds: a military history of the Yugoslav conflict, 1990–1995.'' Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Russian and European Analysis, v. 1, page 378</ref> On 1 September, NATO and the UN demanded the lifting of the siege, removal of heavy weapons from the heavy weapons exclusion zone around Sarajevo, and complete security of other UN [[safe area (Bosnian War)|safe area]]s. The Bosnian Serb leaders were given a deadline of 4 September, and the [[Operation Deliberate Force]] bombing campaign was suspended. Heavy weapons had not been removed when the deadline passed. On 5 September, air strikes resumed on Bosnian Serb positions around Sarajevo and near the Bosnian Serb headquarters at Pale. On 14 September, they were again suspended, this time to allow the implementation of an agreement with the Bosnian Serbs which included the withdrawal of heavy weapons from the exclusion zone. Finally, on 20 September 1995, French General [[Bernard Janvier]] (Commander of UNPROFOR) and U.S. Admiral [[Leighton W. Smith Jr.]] (CINCSOUTH) agreed that it was not necessary to resume the strikes as the Bosnian Serbs had complied with the UN's conditions. Operation Deliberate Force was terminated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planken.org/balkans/chronology/unprofor/1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314010216/http://planken.org/balkans/chronology/unprofor/1995|url-status=dead|title=1995 | planken.org|archive-date=14 March 2016|website=planken.org}}</ref> ==Lifting of the siege== Fighting escalated on the ground as joint Bosnian and Croatian forces went on the offensive with Operations [[Operation Mistral 2|Mistral 2]], [[Operation Sana|Sana]] and [[Operation Southern Move|Southern Move]] in September–October 1995. The Serbs were slowly driven back in Sarajevo and elsewhere, which eventually allowed the city's heating, electricity and water supplies to be restored.<ref name=":7" /> A [[ceasefire]] was reached in October 1995.<ref name=":7" /> On 14 December, the [[Dayton Agreement]] brought peace to the country and led to stabilization.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 1996 |title=Dayton Accords |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/dayton |access-date=5 May 2014 |publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> One of the last acts of hostility of the siege occurred at around 6 pm on 9 January 1996, when a single [[rocket-propelled grenade]] was fired at a tram running down the main street of Sarajevo, killing a 55-year-old woman, Mirsada Durić, and wounding 19 others.<ref name=NewYorkTimes>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/10/world/sarajevo-grenade-leaves-one-dead-and-19-wounded.html Sarajevo Grenade Leaves One Dead And 19 Wounded] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306120413/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/10/world/sarajevo-grenade-leaves-one-dead-and-19-wounded.html |date=6 March 2016 }}" (10 January 1996). The New York Times.</ref> The grenade was fired from the neighbourhood of [[Grbavica (Sarajevo)|Grbavica]], which was held by the Serbs at the time.<ref name=":7" /> After the attack, French troops from the [[Implementation Force]] (IFOR) searched the building from which the grenade was launched but did not capture the perpetrator(s).<ref name=":7" /> The Bosnian government officially declared an end to the siege of Sarajevo on 29 February 1996, when Bosnian Serb forces left positions in and around the city.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kidd |first1=James |title=The ghosts of Sarajevo: a journalist looks back at the enduring tragedy of the Balkan wars |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/the-ghosts-of-sarajevo-a-journalist-looks-back-at-the-enduring-tragedy-of-the-balkan-wars-1.76494 |access-date=17 September 2021 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=30 March 2017}}</ref> More than 70,000 Sarajevan Serbs subsequently left the Muslim-controlled districts of the city and moved to the Republika Srpska, taking all of their belongings with them.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Dubinsky| first1=Alex| last2=Djukić| first2=Slavoljub| title=Milosevic and Markovic: A Lust for Power| publisher=McGill-Queen's Press | year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7735-6939-3|pages=83–84}}</ref> ==Aftermath== ===Casualties=== [[File:Sarajevo martyrs memorial cemetery 2009 2.jpg|thumb|right|The Martyrs' Memorial Cemetery Kovači for victims of the war in [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Stari Grad]]]] [[File:Sarajevo – Kovači memorial 2.jpg|thumb|right|Names of all victims on a wall next to Kovači Cemetery]] The besieged population comprised not only Bosniaks and Croats, but also Serbs that had remained in the town and who were killed by fire from the besieging VRS forces. The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980. There are estimates that prior to the siege the population in the city proper was 435,000. Estimates of the current population range between 300,000 and 380,000. In 1994, a report filed on the total number of deaths over a span of 315 days concluded that 2,474 people died, with an average of approximately eight killed in the city per day. A report on the total number of wounded over a span of 306 days concluded that 13,472 were wounded, an average of approximately 44 per day. This same report estimated the number of people killed or missing in the city to be nearly 10,000, including over 1,500 children. An additional 56,000 people were wounded, including nearly 15,000 children.<ref name="UNCOE" /> A report produced by the ICTY after the war put the death toll of the siege at 4,548 [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ARBiH]] soldiers and 4,954 Sarajevan civilians killed.<ref>{{cite web| publisher=ICTY| url=http://www.icty.org/x/file/About/OTP/War_Demographics/en/slobodan_milosevic_sarajevo_030818.pdf| author=Demographic Unit, OTP|title=Death Toll in the Siege of Sarajevo, April 1992 to December 1995: A Study of Mortality Based on Eight Large Data Sources| id=IT-02-54| date=18 August 2003| access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| publisher=BBC| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13561407| title=Ratko Mladic arrested: Bosnia war crimes suspect held| date=26 May 2011| access-date=1 August 2013}}</ref> The Research and Documentation Center in Sarajevo (RDC) found that the siege left a total of 13,952 people dead: 9,429 Bosniaks, 3,573 Serbs, 810 Croats and 140 others. Of these, 6,137 were ARBiH soldiers and 2,241 were soldiers fighting either for the JNA or the VRS.<ref name="rdc" /> On the other hand, according to historian Smail Čekić, the ARBiH suffered 3,587 casualties within the besieged city of Sarajevo, with 1,114 soldiers being killed in 1992 alone.<ref name="Cekic">{{cite book |last1=Čekić |first1=Smail |title=Monografija 1. Korpusa |location=Bosnia |url=http://www.institut-genocid.unsa.ba/userfiles/file/monografija_1Korpus_DIGITAL_optimizirano.pdf |pages=390–392 |access-date=19 February 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515213117/http://institut-genocid.unsa.ba/userfiles/file/monografija_1Korpus_DIGITAL_optimizirano.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2024}} The RDC estimates that a total of 5,434 civilians were killed during the siege, including 3,855 Bosniaks, 1,097 Serbs and 482 Croats. More than 66 percent of those killed during the siege were Bosniaks, 25.6 percent were Serbs, 5.8 percent were Croats and 1 percent were others. About 14.5 percent of all Bosnian War fatalities occurred in besieged Sarajevo.<ref name="rdc" /> Officials of the [[Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina]] have estimated that at least 150 Sarajevan Serb civilians were killed by government forces, while some nationalistic groups among Serbs and Republika Srpska officials have put the number at "many thousands". However, efforts to substantiate Bosnian Serb claims have been unconvincing.<ref>{{cite book| last=Donia| first=Robert J.| title=Sarajevo: A Biography| publisher=University of Michigan Press| year=2006 |isbn=978-0-472-11557-0|page=323}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] reported that of the estimated 65,000 to 80,000 children in the city, at least 40% had been directly shot at by snipers; 51% had seen someone killed; 39% had seen one or more family members killed; 19% had witnessed a massacre; 48% had their home occupied by someone else; 73% had their home attacked or shelled; and 89% had lived in underground shelters. It is probable that the psychological trauma suffered during the siege will bear heavily on the lives of these children in the years to come. As a result of the high number of casualties and the wartime conditions, there are makeshift cemeteries throughout Sarajevo and its surrounding areas. Parks, athletic fields and other open spaces were utilized as graveyards. One such site is the sports complex built for the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]. A 1994 report stated that "the siege has also had a profound effect on the psyche and future of the city's population. The Bosnian Government has reported a soaring suicide rate by Sarajevans, a near doubling of abortions and a 50% drop in births since the siege began."<ref name="UNCOE" /> A memorial with the names of 521 children killed during the siege was unveiled on 9 May 2010. The cases of another 500 children are being verified.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=3006345 |title=Sarajevo unveils memorial for children killed during siege |author=Agence France-Presse |date=9 May 2010 |newspaper=National Post |access-date=10 May 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:Mezarje Stadion Cemetery.jpg|thumb|center|800px|Mezarje Stadion Cemetery, Patriotske lige, [[Sarajevo]].]] ===Structural and property damage and destruction=== [[File:Sarajevo Grbavica.JPG|thumb|left|Heavily damaged apartment buildings near [[Vrbanja bridge]] in the [[Grbavica (Sarajevo)|Grbavica]] district on the left bank of the [[Miljacka]] river, on Zagrebačka street]] The structural and property damage in Sarajevo as a result of the siege included specifically protected targets such as hospitals and medical complexes, medical facilities (including ambulances) and medical personnel, as well as cultural property, such as the manuscript collection of the [[Oriental Institute in Sarajevo]], one of the richest collections of Oriental manuscripts in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjfBaNW1i4EC&pg=PA62 |title=Libraries in open societies ... – Google Books |isbn=9780789019684 |access-date=5 August 2010|last1=Leich |first1=Harold M. |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press }}</ref> For foreigners, an event that defined the besiegers' cultural objectives occurred during the night of 25 August 1992. This was the bombardment – with incendiary shells – that resulted in the total destruction of the irreplaceable National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the central repository of Bosnian written culture and a major cultural center for all the Balkans. Among the losses were about 700 manuscripts and incunabula, and a unique collection of Bosnian serial publications, some from the middle of the 19th-century Bosnian cultural revival. Libraries all over the world cooperated afterwards to restore some of the lost heritage, through donations and e-texts, rebuilding the Library in cyberspace. [[File:Evstafiev-bosnia-cello.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vedran Smailović]] playing in the partially destroyed [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Library]] in Sarajevo in 1992]] [[File:Dobrinja in 1996.JPEG|thumb|Destruction in Sarajevo's [[Dobrinja]] district photographed after the siege]] Also unjustified by any military necessity, and equally prohibited, were the attacks on civilian property. The Bosnian government estimated that shelling destroyed over 10,000 apartments and damaged over 100,000 others. Of the other buildings in the city, 23% were reported as seriously damaged, 64% as partially damaged and 10% as slightly damaged. In its report, the [[Council of Europe]]'s Committee on Culture and Education commented on the structural damage in the city.<ref name="UNCOE" /> The Committee stated: {{blockquote|It is plain that Sarajevo has suffered badly at the hands of its attackers. Apart from the obvious human cost in the continued suffering and difficulties of day to day living, there has been serious damage to the urban fabric. The infrastructure (drainage, electricity, telephone services, etc.) is badly damaged. Most buildings are damaged significantly and probably all buildings are damaged to a greater or lesser degree (broken glass etc.). Some buildings have been completely destroyed including ancient monuments (such as the Library) and including a number of modern steel framed buildings (such as the Unis Building) which in some cases have simply collapsed. 35,000 dwellings are also assessed to have been destroyed during the past year.<ref name="UNCOE" />}} Sarajevo has made a substantial recovery in terms of the number of buildings that have been fully restored and reoccupied. However, as of 2017, many buildings remained heavily damaged and scarred.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A City that Doesn't Forget: Sarajevo Thirty Years after the War |url=https://www.sah.org/community/sah-blog/sah-blog/2022/07/08/a-city-that-doesn-t-forget-sarajevo-thirty-years-after-the-war |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Default}}</ref> Although the city had been a model for inter-ethnic relations,{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} the siege brought dramatic population shifts. In addition to the thousands of refugees who left the city, many Sarajevo Serbs left for the Republika Srpska, and the percentage of Serbs in Sarajevo decreased from more than 30% in 1991 to slightly over 10% in 2002.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Regions of [[Novo Sarajevo]] that are now part of the Republika Srpska have formed [[East Sarajevo]], where much of the pre-war Serbian population lives today. New construction projects and foreign capital investment have made Sarajevo perhaps the fastest-growing city in the [[former Yugoslavia]]. The population grew to 401,000 in 2002,<ref name=":7" /> which is 20,000 fewer than the pre-1991 census estimate. [[File:Robna kuća Sarajka (today BBI Centar).jpg|thumb|center|800px|An iconic building before the war was ''Robna kuća Sarajka''. Today [[ARIA Centar]] stands in its place.]] ==Convictions by the ICTY== On 5 December 2003, the [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]] (ICTY) convicted the first commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, General Stanislav Galić, of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo, including the first Markale massacre.<ref name="galic" /> Galić was sentenced to life imprisonment for the [[crimes against humanity]] during the siege.<ref name="galic" /> In the case against Galić, the prosecution alleged in an opening statement that: {{blockquote|The siege of Sarajevo, as it came to be popularly known, was an episode of such notoriety in the conflict in the former Yugoslavia that one must go back to World War II to find a parallel in European history. Not since then had a professional army conducted a campaign of unrelenting violence against the inhabitants of a European city so as to reduce them to a state of medieval deprivation in which they were in constant fear of death. In the period covered in this Indictment, there was nowhere safe for a Sarajevan, not at home, at school, in a hospital, from deliberate attack.|Prosecution Opening Statement, ICTY vs Stanislav Galić, 2003<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/tribunalen.nsf/6c3f0d5286f9bf3cc12571b500329d62/31f622000d199e48c12571fe004be26e?OpenDocument |title=ICTY: Stanislav Galić judgement and opinion |date=5 December 2003 |publisher=[[ICTY]] |access-date=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716103929/http://sim.law.uu.nl/sim/caselaw/tribunalen.nsf/6c3f0d5286f9bf3cc12571b500329d62/31f622000d199e48c12571fe004be26e?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 July 2012}}</ref>}} [[File:Initial appearance Radovan Karadžić at his trial - 31 July 2008.jpg|thumb|right|Karadžić at [[Trial of Radovan Karadžić|his trial]] in July 2008]] In 2007, General [[Dragomir Milošević]],<ref name="milosevic" /> who replaced Galić as commander of the Sarajevo-Romanija Corps, was found guilty of the shelling and sniper terror campaign against Sarajevo and its citizens from August 1994 to late 1995, including the second Markale massacre. He was sentenced to 29 years in prison. The ICTY concluded that the Markale town market was hit on 28 August 1995 by a 120 mm mortar shell fired from Sarajevo-Romanija Corps positions.<ref name="milosevic" /> In 2011, the former Chief of the [[Staff (military)|General Staff]] of the Yugoslav Army, General [[Momčilo Perišić]], was sentenced to 27 years in prison for aiding and abetting murder because the army under his supervision provided "large-scale logistic support in ammunition, fuel and spare parts" as well as "necessary expert assistance" to the VRS during the siege.<ref name="Perisic Verdict"/> According to an estimate of the Main Staff from 1994, the VRS received about 25 million bullets and over 7,500 shells from the Yugoslav army to wage the war in Bosnia. However, the judges ruled that Perišić did not have effective control over the VRS officers, who largely fought independently of his instructions, yet still received payment and benefits from Belgrade.<ref name="Perisic Verdict">{{cite web|url=http://www.icty.org/x/cases/perisic/tjug/en/110906_summary.pdf|title=Summary of the Judgement in the Case of Prosecutor v. Momčilo Perišić|date=6 September 2011|publisher=International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia|access-date=7 September 2011|location=The Hague}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sense-agency.com/icty/perisic-sentenced-to-27-years-for-crimes-in-bh-and-croatia.29.html?cat_id=1&news_id=13151|title=PERISIC SENTENCED TO 27 YEARS FOR CRIMES IN BH AND CROATIA|date=6 September 2011|publisher=Sense-Agency|access-date=7 September 2011|location=The Hague|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328212556/http://www.sense-agency.com/icty/perisic-sentenced-to-27-years-for-crimes-in-bh-and-croatia.29.html%3Fcat_id%3D1%26news_id%3D13151|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, Perišić's conviction was overturned and he was released from prison.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2013 |title=Momcilo Perisic: Yugoslav army chief conviction overturned |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21621242 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> In 2016, Republika Srpska leader [[Radovan Karadžić]] was found guilty of the [[Srebrenica massacre]] as well as 10 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. He was sentenced to 40 years imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simons |first=Marlise |date=24 March 2016 |title=Radovan Karadzic, a Bosnian Serb, Is Convicted of Genocide |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/world/europe/radovan-karadzic-verdict.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hume |first=Tim |date=24 March 2016 |title=Radovan Karadzic found guilty of genocide, sentenced to 40 years |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/24/europe/karadzic-war-crimes-verdict/index.html |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> In 2019, the appeal he filed against his conviction was rejected and the sentence was increased to [[life imprisonment]].<ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2019 |title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: Karadžić life sentence sends powerful message to the world |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/03/bosnia-herzegovina-karadzic-life-sentence-sends-powerful-message-to-the-world/ |access-date=10 April 2019 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=20 March 2019 |title=Radovan Karadžić war crimes sentence increased to life in prison |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2019/mar/20/radovan-karadzic-faces-final-verdict-in-bosnia-war-crimes-case |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref> On 22 November 2017, general Ratko Mladić was also sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty on 10 counts.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58143#.WhadpdLiXIU|title=UN hails conviction of Mladic, the 'epitome of evil,' a momentous victory for justice|date=22 November 2017|publisher=UN News Centre|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/22/ratko-mladic-convicted-of-genocide-and-war-crimes-at-un-tribunal|title=Ratko Mladić convicted of war crimes and genocide at UN tribunal|date=22 November 2017|author=Owen Bowcott, Julian Borger|time=11:00|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=23 November 2017}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Siege of Bihać (1992–95)|Siege of Bihać]] * [[Siege of Goražde]] * [[Siege of Srebrenica]] * [[Siege of Mostar]] * ''[[This War Of Mine]]'' ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{cite book|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Contested Lands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02856-2}} * {{cite book|last1=Burg|first1=Steven L.|last2=Shoup|first2=Paul S.|title=The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention|edition=2nd|url=https://archive.org/details/warinbosniaherze00stev|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3189-3}} * {{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Philip|title=Framing Post-Cold War Conflicts: The Media and International Intervention|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7190-7696-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/framingpostcoldw0000hamm}} * {{cite book|last=Mulaj|first=Klejda|title=Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: Nation-state Building and Provision of In/security in Twentieth-century Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C21t6bdyv3cC|year=2008|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-1782-8}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0405/remember_sarajevo.pdf "Remember Sarajevo" by Roger M. Richards], is an eBook of photographs and text from the siege of Sarajevo. *[https://meetbosnia.com/sarajevo-siege-4-devastating-years-longest-siege/ Sarajevo Siege | 4 Devastating Years of Longest Siege.] {{Bosnian War}} {{Sarajevo}} {{Siege of Sarajevo}} {{Wars and battles involving Serbs}} {{Yugoslav wars}} {{Alija Izetbegović}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|43.8476|N|18.3564|E|type:city|display=title|name=Sarajevo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Siege Of Sarajevo}} [[Category:Siege of Sarajevo| ]] [[Category:Sieges involving Serbia|Sarajevo]] [[Category:Battles of the Bosnian War]] [[Category:Sarajevo in the Bosnian War| ]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1992]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1993]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1994]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1995]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1996]] [[Category:Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War]] [[Category:Mass murder in 1992]] [[Category:Mass murder in 1993]] [[Category:Mass murder in 1994]] [[Category:Mass murder in 1995]] [[Category:Mass murder in 1996]] [[Category:1990s in Sarajevo]] [[Category:Urban warfare]] [[Category:Attacks on hospitals during the Yugoslav Wars]] [[Category:Yugoslav People's Army]]
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