Editing Sidney Lanier

{{short description|American musician and poet (1842 – 1881)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name        = Sidney Lanier
| image       = Sidney Lanier - Project Gutenberg eText 16622.jpg
| caption     = 
| pseudonym   = 
|birth_name=Sidney Clopton Lanier
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1842|2|3|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Macon, Georgia]], U.S.
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1881|9|7|1842|2|3|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Lynn, North Carolina]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[Green Mount Cemetery]], Baltimore, Maryland
| occupation  = {{flatlist|
* Poet
* musician
* [[Academia|academic]]
}}
| nationality = American
| period      = 1867–1881
| genre       = 
| subject     = 
| movement    = 
| influences  = 
| influenced  = 
| signature   = 
| website     = 
}}
'''Sidney Clopton Lanier'''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.netstate.com/states/peop/people/ga_scl.htm | title = Sidney Clopton Lanier | date = September 24, 2009 | access-date = 2012-12-06 | publisher = Netstate}}</ref> (February 3, 1842 – September 7, 1881) was an American musician, poet and author. He served in the [[Confederate States Army]] as a private,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/the-daily-post/lanier-middle-school-name-change/|title=Should Houston's Lanier Middle School Lose Its Name Because Of Confederate Ties?|first=John|last=Lomax|date=January 14, 2016|publisher=TexasMonthly}}</ref> worked on a blockade-running ship for which he was imprisoned (resulting in his catching [[tuberculosis]]), taught, worked at a hotel where he gave musical performances, was a church [[organist]], and worked as a lawyer. As a poet he sometimes used [[dialect]]s. Many of his poems are written in heightened, but often archaic, [[American English]]. He became a flautist and sold poems to publications. He eventually became a professor of literature at [[Johns Hopkins University]] in [[Baltimore]], and is known for his adaptation of musical meter to poetry. Many schools, other structures and two lakes are named for him, and he became hailed in the South as the "poet of the Confederacy".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.apr.org/post/brother-sid-novel-sidney-lanier#stream/0|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=August 23, 2018|date=May 5, 2014|first=Don|last=Noble|title=Review of ''Brother Sid: A Novel of Sidney Lanier''}}</ref>  A 1972 US postage stamp honored him as an "American poet".

==Biography==
Sidney Clopton Lanier was born February 3, 1842, in [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]], Georgia,<ref>Anderson, Charles Robert. ''Sidney Lanier: Poems and Letters''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969: 90.</ref> to parents [[Robert S. Lanier|Robert Sampson Lanier]] and Mary Jane Anderson. On his father's side he was descended of French [[Huguenot]]s.<ref>Starke 8.</ref> His middle name, "Clopton", was in honor of [[David Clopton]], a former classmate of his father's.<ref>Starke 10.</ref> He began playing the flute at an early age, and his love of that musical instrument continued throughout his life. He attended [[Oglethorpe University]], which at the time was near [[Milledgeville, Georgia]], and he was a member of the [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] fraternity. He graduated first in his class shortly before the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]].<ref>Starke 33.</ref> He returned to Oglethorpe the next year, as a tutor, and befriended Milton Harlow Northrup, a New York native, who was a conductor at the school.<ref>Starke 38.</ref>

During the war, he served in the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] signal corps, primarily in the [[Tidewater (region)|tidewater region]] of [[Virginia]]. Later, he and his brother Clifford served as pilots aboard English [[blockade runner]]s,<ref name="NA" /> and Lanier's ship, the ''Lucy'', was captured by the [[USS Santiago de Cuba (1861)|USS ''Santiago de Cuba'']], on November 3, 1864.<!-- Refusing to take the advice of the British officers on board to don one of their uniforms and pretend to be one of them, he was captured. --><ref>Starke 65</ref> He was incarcerated in a military prison at [[Point Lookout State Park|Point Lookout]] in [[Maryland]], where he contracted [[tuberculosis]]<ref name=hmdb >{{cite web|title=Sidney Lanier/Prattville Male and Female Academy Site|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=70802|website=Historical Marker Database|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-date=March 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315214757/http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=70802|url-status=dead}}</ref> (generally known as "consumption" at the time).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.baltimoremd.com/monuments/lanier.html |first=Christopher T. |last=George |title=Sidney Lanier—Baltimore's Southern Poet-Musician}}</ref> He suffered greatly from this disease, then incurable and usually fatal, for the rest of his life.

[[File:Sidney Lanier.jpg|thumb|left|Sidney Lanier]]
Shortly after the war, he taught school briefly,<ref name=hmdb /> then moved to [[Montgomery, Alabama]], where he worked as a night clerk at the [[Exchange Hotel, Montgomery|Exchange Hotel]] (a hotel partly owned by his grandfather; his brother Clifford also worked there and became a part owner after the war<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blue|first1=Matthew Powers|last2=Neeley|first2=Mary Ann|title=The Works of Matthew Blue: Montgomery's First Historian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GlPUCLma3JoC&pg=PA208|year=2010|publisher=NewSouth Books|isbn=9781588380319 |page=64}}</ref>), and also performed as a musician.  He was the regular organist at the First Presbyterian Church in nearby [[Prattville, Alabama|Prattville]]. He wrote his only novel, ''Tiger Lilies'' (1867), while in Alabama.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2907 |title=Sidney Lanier |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |first=Serena |last=Blount |date=June 26, 2013 |access-date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>

This novel was partly autobiographical, describing a stay in 1860 at his grandfather's [[Montvale Springs]] resort hotel near [[Knoxville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite book|page=45 |last=Martin|first=C. Brenden|title=Tourism in the Mountain South: A Double-edged Sword|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jC3ag3FT0e4C&pg=PA45|access-date=2013-12-22 |year=2007|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=978-1-57233-575-2}}</ref> In 1867, he moved to Prattville, at that time a small town just north of Montgomery, where he taught at a small school. He married Mary Day of Macon in 1867<ref name=hmdb /> and moved back to his hometown, where he began working in his father's law office.

After passing the Georgia bar, Lanier practiced as a lawyer for several years.<ref name=hmdb /> During this period he wrote a number of lesser poems, using the "[[white cracker|cracker]]" and "[[negro]]" dialects of his day, about poor white and black farmers in the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] South. He traveled extensively through southern and eastern portions of the United States in search of a cure for his tuberculosis.

While on one such journey in [[Texas]], he rediscovered his native and untutored talent for the flute and decided to travel to the northeast in hopes of finding employment as a musician in an orchestra. Unable to find work in New York City, [[Philadelphia]], or [[Boston]], he signed on to play flute for the Peabody Orchestra in [[Baltimore, Maryland]],<ref name=hmdb /> shortly after its organization. He taught himself [[musical notation]] and quickly rose to the position of first flautist. He was famous in his day for his performances of a personal composition for the flute called "Black Birds", which mimics the song of that species.

In an effort to support Mary and their three sons, he also wrote poetry for magazines. His most famous poems were "Corn" (1875), "The Symphony" (1875), "Centennial Meditation" (1876), "The Song of the Chattahoochee" (1877),<ref name=hmdb /> "[[The Marshes of Glynn]]", (1878)<ref name=hmdb /> "[[A Sunrise Song]]" (1881), and "[[Evening Song (poem)|Evening Song]]" (1884).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Evening song {{!}} Look off, dear Love, across the sallow sands {{!}} LiederNet |url=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=21080 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.lieder.net}}</ref> These poems are generally considered his greatest works, and have been set to music by many composers, including [[Charles Tomlinson Griffes]] and [[Grace W. Root]].<ref name=":0" /> "The Marshes of Glynn" and "A Sunrise Song" are part of an unfinished set of lyrical nature poems known as the "Hymns of the Marshes", which describe the vast, open [[salt marshes]] of [[Glynn County, Georgia|Glynn County]] on the coast of Georgia. (The [[Sidney Lanier Bridge|longest bridge in Georgia]] is in Glynn County and is named for Lanier.)

===Later life===
Later in his short 39-year life, he became a student, lecturer, and, finally, a faculty member at the [[Johns Hopkins University]] in Baltimore, specializing in the works of the English novelists,<ref name=hmdb /> [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], the [[Elizabethan era|Elizabethan]] [[Sonnet#English (Shakespearean) sonnet|sonneteers]], [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer]], and the [[Old English literature#Poetry|Old English poets]]. He published a book entitled ''The Science of English Verse'' (1880) in which he developed a novel theory exploring the connections between musical notation and meter in poetry. In 1883, a posthumous collection of lectures, entitled ''The English Novel and Its Principle of Development'' was published.

[[File:Death house of Sidney Lanier.jpg|thumb|right|The house in which Lanier died.]]
[[File:Grave of Sidney Lanier.jpg|thumb|Memorial stone for Lanier.]]
Lanier finally succumbed to complications caused by his tuberculosis<ref name=hmdb /> on September 7, 1881, while convalescing with his family near [[Lynn, North Carolina]]. He was 39. He is buried in [[Green Mount Cemetery]] in Baltimore.

==Writing style and literary theory==
A poet who connected musical notation with poetic meter, he was described by C.K. Williams as "a deft metrical technician",.<ref>C. K. Williams,  ''Poets on Poets'' Carcanet Press, Manchester, 1997 {{ISBN|9781857543391}}, p.436</ref> He developed a unique style of poetry written in [[Meter (poetry)|logaoedic dactyl]]s, which was heavily influenced by the works of Anglo-Saxon poets.  He wrote several of his greatest poems in this meter, including "Revenge of Hamish" (1878), "The Marshes of Glynn" and "Sunrise". In Lanier's hands, the logaoedic dactylic meter led to a free-form, almost prose-like style of poetry that was greatly admired by [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow]], [[Bayard Taylor]], [[Charlotte Cushman]], and other poets and critics of the day. The "sprung verse" metrical system developed by [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]] at about the same time superficially resembles Lanier's practice but shows no influence (and there is no evidence that they knew each other or that either had read any of the other's works).

Lanier also published essays on literary and musical topics. He edited a notable series of four [[abridgement]]s, published by [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], of literary works about [[knight]]ly combat and [[chivalry]] in modernized language more appealing to the boys of his day:
*''The Boy's Froissart'' (1879), a retelling of [[Jean Froissart]]'s ''[[Froissart's Chronicles]]'', which tell of adventure, battle and custom in medieval "England, France, Spain, etc."<ref name="Lanier 1879">{{cite book |editor-last1= Lanier |editor-first1= Sidney |editor1-link=Sidney Lanier |date= 1879 |title= The Boy's Froissart being Sir John Froissart's Chronicles of Adventure, Battle, and Custom in England, France, Spain, etc. |url= https://archive.org/details/boysfroissartbei02froi/page/n9/mode/2up 
|location= New York |publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons}}</ref>
*''[[The Boy's King Arthur]]'' (1880), based on [[Sir Thomas Malory]]'s compilation of the legends of [[King Arthur]] and the [[Knights of the Round Table]].<ref name="Lanier 1880">{{cite book |editor-last1= Lanier |editor-first1= Sidney |editor1-link=Sidney Lanier |date= 1880 |title = The Boy's King Arthur being Sir Thomas Malory's History of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table |url = https://archive.org/details/boyskingarthurbe00lani/page/n5/mode/2up |location= New York |publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons}}</ref>
*''The Boy's Mabinogion'' (1881), based on the early Welsh legends of King Arthur, as retold in the ''[[Red Book of Hergest]]''.<ref name="Lanier 1881">{{cite book |editor-last1= Lanier |editor-first1= Sidney |editor1-link=Sidney Lanier |date= 1881 |title= The Boy's Mabinogion being The Earliest Welsh Tales of King Arthur in the Famous Red Book of Hergest |url= https://archive.org/details/boysmabinogionbe00lani/page/n7/mode/2up |location= New York |publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons}}</ref>
*''The Boy's Percy'' (published posthumously in 1882), consisting of old ballads of war, adventure and love based on [[Thomas Percy (Bishop of Dromore)|Bishop Thomas Percy]]'s ''[[Reliques of Ancient English Poetry]]''.<ref name="Lanie 1882">{{cite book |editor-last1= Lanier |editor-first1= Sidney |editor1-link=Sidney Lanier |date= 1882 |title= The Boy's Percy being Old Ballads of War, Adventure and Love from Bishop Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry |url= https://archive.org/details/boyspercybeingol00perc/page/n7/mode/2up |location= New York |publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons}}</ref>

He also wrote two travelogues that were widely read at the time, entitled [https://archive.org/details/floridaitsscene00lanigoog/page/n9 ''Florida: Its Scenery, Climate and History''] (1875) and ''Sketches of [[India]]'' (1876) (although he never visited India).

==Legacy and honors==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Sidney Lanier US stamp.jpg|thumb|1972 U.S. postage stamp, Sidney Lanier – American Poet]]
The [[Sidney Lanier Cottage]] in [[Macon, Georgia]], is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. The square stone [[Four Southern Poets Monument]], located between 7th and 8th Streets in Augusta, lists Lanier as one of Georgia's four great poets, all of whom were in the Confederate military.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eerdmans.com/shop_products/9780802864871_l.jpg |title=Hanna's Child |access-date=April 30, 2010 |archive-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306050607/http://www.eerdmans.com/shop_products/9780802864871_l.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The southeastern side bears this inscription:  "To Sidney Lanier 1842–1880. The Catholic man who hath mightily won God out of knowledge and good out of infinite pain and sight out of blindness and purity out of a stain."  The other poets on the monument are [[James Ryder Randall]], Fr. [[Abram Ryan]], and [[Paul Hayne]].

Baltimore honored Lanier with a large and elaborate bronze and granite sculptural monument, created by [[Hans K. Schuler]] and located on the campus of the [[Johns Hopkins University]]. In addition to the monument at Johns Hopkins, Lanier was also later memorialized on the campus of [[Duke University]] in [[Durham, North Carolina]]. Upon the construction of the iconic [[Duke Chapel]] between 1930 and 1935 on the university's West Campus, a statue of Lanier was included alongside two fellow prominent Southerners, [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Robert E. Lee]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/history/histnotes/stonesetters.html |title=The Stonesetters |access-date=April 29, 2010 |archive-date=March 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307042722/http://library.duke.edu/uarchives/history/histnotes/stonesetters.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> This statue, which appears to show a Lanier older than the 39 years he actually lived, is situated on the right side of the portico leading into the chapel narthex. It is prominently featured on the cover of the 2010 autobiographical memoir ''Hannah's Child'', by [[Stanley Hauerwas]], a Methodist theologian teaching at [[Duke Divinity School]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/heartland/pines/3093/augusta.html|title=Frankies Confederate Monuments and Memorials of the South}}</ref>

[[The United Daughters of the Confederacy]] worked successfully to enhance Lanier's legacy.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Noble |first1=Don |title=Brother Sid: A Novel of Sidney Lanier |url=https://www.apr.org/post/brother-sid-novel-sidney-lanier#stream/0 |website=www.apr.org |date=May 5, 2014 |access-date=22 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Lanier's poem "The Marshes of Glynn" is the inspiration for a [[cantata]] by the same name that was created by the modern English composer [[Andrew Downes (composer)|Andrew Downes]] to celebrate the Royal Opening of the [[Adrian Boult Hall]] in Birmingham, England, in 1986.

[[Piers Anthony]] used Lanier, his life, and his poetry in his science-fiction novel ''[[Macroscope (novel by Piers Anthony)|Macroscope]]'' (1969).  He quotes from "The Marshes of Glynn" and other references appear throughout the novel.

In 1980, Yugoslav rock band [[Lutajuća Srca]] recorded the song "Večernja pesma", featuring lyrics from Lanier's "An Evening Poem" in [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], the song becoming a minor hit for the band.<ref name="janjatović">{{cite book|last=Janjatović|first=Petar|title= EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006|year=2007|publisher=self-released|location=Belgrade|page=138}}</ref>

Several entities have been named for Sidney Lanier. Among them are:

===Inhabited places===
*[[Lanier County, Georgia]]
*Sidney Lanier Avenue, residential street, Athens, Georgia
*Sidney Lanier Lane, residential street, Greenwich, Connecticut
*Lanier Avenue, Fayetteville, Georgia
*Lanier Street, residential street, Decatur, Alabama
*[[Lanier Heights]], neighborhood, Washington, D.C.
*(Indirectly) {{USS|Lanier|APA-125|6}}, which was named for the county.

===Bodies of water===
*[[Lake Lanier]], operated by the [[U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] northeast of [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*Lake Lanier in [[Landrum, South Carolina]].

===Schools===
*[[Sidney Lanier High School]] in [[Montgomery, Alabama]] (The Montgomery County Board of Education voted to close the school in 2024)
* Sidney Lanier School in [[Gainesville, Florida]]<ref>[http://www.sbac.edu/~lanier/ Sidney Lanier School] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228234527/http://www.sbac.edu/~lanier/ |date=February 28, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Lanier University]], short-lived university; first Baptist, then owned by the [[Ku Klux Klan]] for a year, in [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
*[[Glynn Academy#Sidney Lanier Building|The Sidney Lanier Building]] (previously Sidney Lanier Elementary School) on the campus of [[Glynn Academy]], in Brunswick, Georgia
*[[Lanier Middle School (Sugar Hill, Georgia)|Lanier Middle School in Sugar Hill, Georgia]]
*[[Lanier High School (Sugar Hill, Georgia)|Lanier High School in Sugar Hill, Georgia]]
* Lanier Elementary School in [[Gainesville, Georgia]]<ref>[http://www.hallco.org/tp3/school.aspx?CountyID=1&SchoolID=37 Lanier Elementary School website]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*Sidney Lanier Elementary School in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
* [[Lanier High School (Austin, Texas)|Sidney Lanier High School]] in Austin, Texas. Renamed to Juan Navarro High School Feb, 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.laniervikings.org/ |title=Lanier Viking High School Website |access-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329190446/http://www.laniervikings.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Sidney Lanier Expressive Arts Vanguard Elementary School in [[Dallas, Texas]]
* [[Lanier Middle School (Houston)|Lanier Middle School in Houston, Texas]] (Now Bob Lanier Middle School after 90 years as Sidney Lanier Middle School)
*[[Lanier High School (San Antonio, Texas)|Lanier High School in San Antonio, Texas]]
* Sidney Lanier Elementary School in Tampa, Florida
* [[Lanier Technical College]] in Gainesville, Georgia
* Katherine Johnson Middle School in Fairfax, Virginia was named Sidney Lanier Middle School for 60 years before being renamed for Johnson in 2021.<ref>[http://www.fcps.edu/LanierMS/ Lanier Middle School in Fairfax website]</ref><ref>[https://www.cityoffairfaxschools.org/apps/news/article/1330350 City of Fairfax Schools press release]</ref>
* Lanier Elementary school in Blount County, Tennessee<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff reports |title=Lanier named for a poet |url=https://www.thedailytimes.com/z_hub_styles/mdt_special/lanier-named-for-a-poet/article_b0e0197e-b138-5b5a-ad0d-56aff9dfd9c1.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Daily Times |date=May 9, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

===Other===
[[File:Lanier's Oak, Brunswick, GA, US.jpg|thumb|Sidney Lanier sat under [[Lanier's Oak|this oak tree]] and was inspired to write the poem "[[The Marshes of Glynn]]".]]

*[[Sidney Lanier Cottage]], the birthplace of Lanier, in Macon, Georgia
*[[Sidney Lanier Bridge]] over the South Brunswick River in [[Brunswick, Georgia]]
*[[Sidney Lanier Monument]], a monument in [[Piedmont Park]] in Atlanta
*[[Lanier's Oak]] in Brunswick, Georgia
*[[The Lanier Library]], Tryon, North Carolina. Lanier's widow, Mary, donated two of his volumes of poetry to begin the collection when the library was established in 1890.
*Sidney Lanier Camp, Eliot, Maine.
*[[Sidney Lanier Boulevard]] in Duluth, GA
*The Sidney Lanier Suite at The Harwood Cottage at Historic Macon, GA
*The [[World War II]] [[Liberty Ship]] {{SS|Sidney Lanier}} was named in his honor.
*A 1972 US eight-cent postage stamp: "Sidney Lanier - American poet"
*Sidney Lanier Memorial Scholarship at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ucla.academicworks.com/opportunities/31375 |title=Sidney Lanier Memorial Scholarship |author=<!--Not stated--> |website= University of California Los Angeles-Scholarships|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
* Lanier Island, in the [[Mackay River]] in Glynn County, Georgia.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="NA">{{cite book|title=Compiled service records of Confederate Soldiers who served in organizations raised directly by the Confederate Government|series=Series: Carded Records Showing Military Service of Soldiers Who Fought in Confederate Organizations , 1903 - 1927|url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/22105075|publisher=National Archives|access-date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
}}

==Citations and further reading==
* De Bellis, Jack. ''Sidney Lanier, Poet of the Marshes'', in ''Southern Literature Series''. Atlanta, Ga.: Georgia Humanities Council, 1988. {{ISBN|0-8203-1319-X}} (assigned to the University of Georgia Press).
* Fish, Tallu. ''Sidney Lanier, America's Sweet Singer of Songs''. Cynthiana, Ky.: Privately Printed ... [for distribution by] Betty Fish Smith, 1988. Without ISBN
* Fishburne, Charles C., junior. ''Sidney Lanier, Poet of the Marshes, Visits Cedar Keys [in] 1875''. Cedar Key, Flor.: Sea Hawk Publications, 1986. Without ISBN
* Gabin, Jane S. ''A Living Minstrelsy: The Poetry and Music of Sidney Lanier''. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1985. {{ISBN|0-86554-155-8}}
* Lamar, May. ''Brother Sid''. Montgomery, AL.: The Donnell Group, 2012. {{ISBN|0988416506}}.
* Starke, Aubrey Harrison. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015000629850&seq=11 ''Sidney Lanier: A Biographical and Critical Study'']. Chapel Hill, NC:  The University of North Carolina Press, 1933.

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=299| name=Sidney Lanier}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sidney Clopton Lanier}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3020}}
*[https://gutenberg.org/etext/1224 A Biography Of Sidney Lanier] at Project Gutenberg
*[https://aspace.library.jhu.edu/repositories/3/resources/1133 Sidney Lanier papers] at the Johns Hopkins University
*[https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/sidney-lanier-1842-1881/ Sidney Lanier] in ''The New Georgia Encyclopedia''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040828014744/http://www.historicmacon.org/slc.html Sidney Lanier Cottage House Museum] in [[Macon, Georgia]]
*Sheet music for [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/5821 "A ballad of trees and the master"], Boston: Oliver Ditson Company, 1899, from the [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18444 Alabama Sheet Music Collection]
*Sheet music for [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/5793 "Sunset"], New York: G. Schirmer, 1877, from the [http://purl.lib.ua.edu/18444 Alabama Sheet Music Collection]

{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lanier, Sidney}}
[[Category:1842 births]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:Poets from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]]
[[Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty]]
[[Category:Confederate States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:Oglethorpe University alumni]]
[[Category:Oglethorpe University faculty]]
[[Category:People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Musicians from Macon, Georgia]]
[[Category:Musicians from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Mythopoeic writers]]
[[Category:Writers of modern Arthurian fiction]]
[[Category:Writers from Macon, Georgia]]
[[Category:Poets from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees]]
[[Category:19th-century American poets]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century American musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century American male writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American male musicians]]
[[Category:American male organists]]
[[Category:American flautists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in North Carolina]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Burials at Green Mount Cemetery]]
[[Category:Blockade runners of the American Civil War]]
[[Category:American Civil War prisoners of war held by the United States]]