Editing Siderno

{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                = Siderno
| official_name       = Città di Siderno
| native_name         = {{Langx|el|Sidérno}}
| image_skyline       =Siderno-monumento-al-marinaio.gif
| imagesize           = 
| image_alt           = 
| image_caption       = Monument to the Seaman in Siderno.
| image_shield        = Siderno-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt          = 
| image_map           =  | map_alt             = 
| map_caption         =  | pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| coordinates         = {{coord|38|16|N|16|18|E|region:IT_type:city(17371)|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region              = [[Calabria]]
| metropolitan_city   = [[Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria|Reggio Calabria]] (RC)
| frazioni            = See [[Siderno#Frazioni|list]]
| mayor_party         =[[Democratic Party (Italy)|PD]] 
| mayor               = Mariateresa Fragomeni
| area_footnotes      = 
| area_total_km2      = 31
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total    = 18187
| population_as_of    = 31 March 2018
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym  = Sidernesi
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m         = 4
| twin1               = 
| twin1_country       = 
|istat=| saint               = Maria SS. di Porto Salvo
| day                 = September 8
| postal_code         = 89048
| area_code           = 0964
| website             = {{official website|http://www.comune.siderno.rc.it}}
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Siderno''' ({{langx|scn|label=[[Central-Southern Calabrian|Calabrian]]|Sidernu}} or {{lang|scn|Siderni}}; {{cns|{{Langx|el|Σιδέρνο|translit=Sidérno}}|date=May 2019}}) is a town and ''[[comune]]''  in  the [[Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria]], [[Calabria]], southern [[Italy]], about 3 kilometres from [[Locri]]. 

'''Siderno Marina''' is the newer town located on the [[Ionian Sea|Ionian coast]]. It is a destination for both Italian and foreign [[tourism|tourists]] and has a bathing beach.

'''Siderno Superiore''' is the old town, higher up on the flank of the coastal mountain range. It has historic palaces, old buildings and very narrow streets. Its population has largely relocated to the Marina which offers more job opportunities and services.

==History==
The early history of the town is unknown. The old town in the hilly inland was probably founded in the 10th century by some people from [[Locri]], who had fled to the area to defend themselves from Saracen incursions; in the following century it became a hamlet of the county of [[Grotteria]] and was home to various feudal lords. Siderno Marina was built along the coast after the [[1783 Calabrian earthquakes|1783 earthquake]].<ref name=siderno>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110712221957/http://www.hotelsincalabria.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=88&lang=en Siderno]}} (''Retrieved January 22, 2010'')</ref>

=== Geography ===
==Climate ==

{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | collapsed   = yes
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Siderno (1961-1990)
 | year high C = 23.3
 | year low C  = 14.6
 | Jan high C  = 15.2
 | Feb high C  = 15.8
 | Mar high C  = 17.3
 | Apr high C  = 20.2
 | May high C  = 24.6
 | Jun high C  = 29.4
 | Jul high C  = 32.7
 | Aug high C  = 33.0
 | Sep high C  = 29.7
 | Oct high C  = 24.6
 | Nov high C  = 20.6
 | Dec high C  = 17.0
 | Jan low C   = 8.2
 | Feb low C   = 8.0
 | Mar low C   = 9.4
 | Apr low C   = 11.5
 | May low C   = 15.2
 | Jun low C   = 19.0
 | Jul low C   = 22.2
 | Aug low C   = 22.4
 | Sep low C   = 19.7
 | Oct low C   = 16.1
 | Nov low C   = 12.9
 | Dec low C   = 10.1
|date=April 2024}}

===Emigration===
Large-scale emigration abroad as well as to Northern Italy, which began to diminish only in the 1970s, has had a lasting effect on the demographic situation in the region. Emigrants from Siderno immigrated to the United States, Canada and Australia<ref>[http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/pisconeri Maria Pisconeri (née Panetta)], Italian Lives in Western Australia</ref><ref>[http://www.familiesunearthed.com/lagana/lagana-giovanni.htm Giovanni Lagana & Maria Larosa], Lagana Family Genealogy</ref> since the end of the 19th century to find employment.

Many moved to Canada settled in [[Schreiber, Ontario]] due to then-ongoing construction of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. Half of Schreiber's 2,000 residents trace their roots to Siderno.<ref name=doc>[http://www.whitepinepictures.com/seeds/i/7/index.html Sons and Daughters: The Italians of Schreiber], A Scattering of Seeds – The Creation of Canada</ref>

==Economy==
Siderno  is a  tourist resort  on the Ionian coast of the province of Reggio Calabria, with wide, sandy beaches, and a clear sea .<ref name=siderno/>

The Siderno area is a center of production of [[bergamot orange]], a citrus fruit that is used as an essence and fundamental ingredient in cosmetics, for its wound healing properties in the pharmaceutical industry, and for flavouring in the food industry.<ref name=siderno/>

==Crime==
{{main|Siderno Group}}
The town is home to the [['Ndrangheta]], a [[Mafia]]-type criminal organization based in Calabria. Several powerful criminal clans originate from the town. Siderno was the fiefdom of [[Antonio Macrì]], the undisputed local boss until his demise in January 1975. Several of the criminal clans are sometimes involved in bloody feuds.<ref name=np300705>[http://www.canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=9af45529-0622-4e8e-be40-ebfc4c7a4f2b Back to the 'wolves'], National Post, July 30, 2005</ref> The town is home to one of the 'Ndrangheta's biggest and most important clans, the [[Commisso 'ndrina]], heavily involved in the global cocaine business and money laundering.<ref name=gratteri133>{{in lang|it}} Gratteri & Nicaso, ''Fratelli di Sangue'', p. 133</ref>

Several clans moved to [[Canada]], in particular the [[Greater Toronto Area]], home to what Canadian law enforcement call the [[Siderno Group]], which has been here since at least the 1950s. "The criminal minds of Siderno are in Canada", according to the Siderno police force. One of them, [[Antonio Commisso]], was arrested in June 2005.<ref name=np241107>[https://nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=78bf4dea-ad71-4ecb-ba1d-d6c18fb311cf&k=20772 Why Italy's scariest Mob loves Canada] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104042853/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=78bf4dea-ad71-4ecb-ba1d-d6c18fb311cf&k=20772 |date=2013-01-04 }}, National Post, November 24, 2007</ref> Individuals related to the so-called Siderno Group were still active in Southern Ontario in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/07/02/man-killed-in-woodbridge-shooting-had-family-ties-to-organized-crime.html|title=Man killed in Woodbridge shooting had family ties to organized crime – The Star|newspaper=The Toronto Star|date=2 July 2018|last1=Edwards|first1=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-less-you-know-the-better-it-is-mob-links-to-shocking-murder-of-man-woman-on-quiet-woodbridge-street|title='The less you know the better it is': Mob links in murder of man, woman on quiet Woodbridge street|newspaper=National Post|date=29 June 2018|last1=Humphreys|first1=Adrian}}</ref>

==People==
* [[Antonio Commisso]] (born 1956), 'Ndrangheta boss
* [[Antonio Macrì]] (1902–1975), historical 'Ndrangheta boss
* [[Francesco Panetta]] (born 1963), former long-distance runner
* [[Nicola Zitara]] (born 1927), historian<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.eleaml.org/nicola/nicoport.html Nicola Zitara]</ref>
* [[Leon Panetta]] (born 1938) – who served in the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]] as [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency]] from 2009 to 2011, and as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] from 2011 to 2013, as well as Chief of Staff in the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] from 1994 to 1997 –, is issued from a family native from Siderno. He was responsible for the operation that led to the [[Death of Osama bin Laden]], the leader and founder of al-Qaeda and the mastermind of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11]] attacks
*[['Ndrangheta]], Italy's most powerful organized crime syndicate has their roots in Siderno, and continue to use this city as a base of operations.

==Twin cities==
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Thunder Bay]], [[Canada]]

==Frazioni==<!--PLEASE LEAVE IT IN THIS FORM, OR CHANGE THE LINK TO THIS SECTION IN THE INFOBOX-->
Donisi ({{Langx|el|Διονυσση|translit=Dionyssi}}), Vennerello, Mirto ({{Langx|el|Μυρτώς|translit=Myrtos}}), Campo, Lucis, Zammariti, Pellegrina, Arona, San Filippo, Leone, Grappidaro, Gonia ({{Langx|el|Γωνιά|translit=Ghonià}}), Pergola, Lamia.

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{in lang|it}} Gratteri, Nicola & Antonio Nicaso (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TTUWeZBiBrUC Fratelli di Sangue]'', Cosenza: Luigi Pellegrini Editore {{ISBN|88-8101-373-8}}

==External links==
* [[:it:Siderno|Italian Wikipedia article on Siderno]]


{{Province of Reggio Calabria}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Siderno| ]]