Editing Sibe people

{{Short description|Tungusic ethnic group of Northeast China and Xinjiang}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Sibe
| native_name      = {{MongolUnicode|lang=sjo|ᠰᡞᠪᡝ}}<br/>Sibo, Xibe, Xibo
| image            = Lansdell-1885-p211-Sibo-military-colonists.jpg
| caption          = "Sibo military colonists"{{snd}}picture drawn by [[Henry Lansdell]] during his 1882 visit to what is now [[Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County]]
| population       = 190,481
| regions          = {{flag|China}} <span style="font-size:90%;">([[Liaoning]]{{·}}[[Xinjiang]]{{·}}[[Heilongjiang]]{{·}}[[Jilin]]{{·}}[[Inner Mongolia]])</span>
| languages        = [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Xibe language|Sibe]]
| religions        = [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[shamanism]]<ref name="PD">{{cite web|url=http://english.people.com.cn/102759/7567650.html|title=The Xibe ethnic minority|date=2011-11-12|access-date=2012-11-29|publisher=People's Daily|editor=Huang Beibei}}</ref>
| related          = [[Manchu people|Manchus]], [[Daur people|Daur]], [[Nanai people|Nanai]], [[Orok people|Orok]], [[Evenks]] and [[Solon people|Solon]]
}}

The '''Sibe'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Sibo''', '''Xibe''' or '''Xibo'''.}}{{efn|[[Xibe language|Sibe]]: {{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠰᡞᠪᡝ|lang=sjo}}, [[File:sibe.png|20px]], {{IPA|sjo|ɕivə|}};{{sfn|Zikmundová|2013|p=10}} {{zh|s=锡伯|t=錫伯|p=Xībó}}}} are a [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic-speaking]] [[East Asian people|East Asian]] ethnic group living mostly in [[Xinjiang]], [[Jilin]] and [[Shenyang]] in [[Liaoning]].{{sfn|Zikmundová|2013|p=10}} The Sibe form one of the 56 [[List of ethnic groups in China|ethnic groups officially recognized by China]], and had a recorded population of 190,481 in the [[2010 Chinese census|2010 Chinese Census]], comprising just over 0.014% of China's total population.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=1-6 Population by gender and ethnicity in various regions |script-title=zh:1-6 各地区分性别、民族的人口 |trans-title=1-6 Population by sex, ethnicity and region |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611025911/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=www.stats.gov.cn |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |language=zh}}</ref>

==Nomenclature==
The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced ''Śivə'', the official Chinese term is ''Xibo'', in Russian literature the terms Сибинцы (sibintsy) and Шибинцы (shibintsy) are used, while in English works the name ''Sibe'' has been established, which corresponds to the written form.{{sfn|Zikmundová|2013|p=10}}

==History==
[[File:Yili-military-complex-ca-1809.jpg|thumb|A c. 1809 map of the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture|Ili Region]] with south on top showing the Sibe [[Eight Banners]] ({{lang|zh|锡伯八旗}}) stationed across the [[Ili River]] from the Manchu [[Huiyuan, Xinjiang|Fort Huiyuan]] ({{lang|zh|惠远城}}), exactly where [[Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County]] is nowadays]]
According to the Russian scholar Elena P. Lebedeva, the Sibe people originated as a southern, [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]]-speaking offshoot of the ancient [[Shiwei people]]. They lived in small town-like settlements, a portion of them [[nomad]]ic, in the [[Songyuan]] and [[Qiqihar]] areas of what is now Jilin.<ref name="Gorelova">{{cite book|title=Post-Soviet Central Asia|editor1-first=Touraj|editor1-last=Atabaki|editor2-first=John|editor2-last=O'Kane|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|chapter=Past and Present of a Manchu Tribe: The Sibe|first=Liliya|last=Gorelova|pages=325–327}}</ref>

When the [[Buyeo kingdom]] was conquered by the [[Xianbei]] in 286 AD, the southern Shiwei started practicing agriculture.<ref name="Gorelova"/> Some historians have theorized that the Xianbei were the direct progenitors of the Sibe,<ref name="PD"/> a theory described by some as politically motivated.{{sfn|Zikmundová|2013|p=11}} [[Pamela Kyle Crossley]] writes the Xianbei might have undergone a [[language shift]] from an earlier Turkic or proto-Mongolian language to a Tungusic one. However, the name "Sibe" was not used in historical records during Xianbei times.<ref name=manchus213>{{harvnb|Crossley|1997|p=213}}</ref>

The [[Han dynasty]], [[Cao Wei]] and the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]] at times controlled the Sibe until the advent of the [[Göktürks]], who accorded the Sibe lower status than did the Chinese dynasties.<ref name="Gorelova"/> At the height of their territorial dispersion, the Sibe lived in an area bounded by [[Jilin]] to the east, [[Hulunbuir]] to the west, the [[Nen River]] to the north and the [[Liao River]] to the south.<ref name="PD"/> After the fall of the [[Liao dynasty]], the Sibe became vassals of the [[Khorchin Mongols]] who moved to the [[Nen River|Nen]] and [[Songhua River|Songhua river]] valleys in 1438 after the Khorchin were defeated by the [[Oirats]].<ref name="Gorelova"/>

[[Nurhaci]], the first prominent figure of the [[Manchu people]], routed the Sibe during the battle of Gure in 1593 on his way to founding the [[Qing dynasty]] of China. From that point, the Qing contracted the Sibe for [[Logistics|logistical support]] against the [[Russian Empire]]'s expansionism on China's northern border.<ref name="Gorelova"/> Crossley claims that the Sibe were so "well known to Russians moving toward the Pacific" that the Russians named [[Siberia]] after them.<ref name=manchus213/> In 1692, the Khorchin dedicated the Sibe, the Gūwalca and the [[Daur people|Daur]] to the [[Kangxi Emperor]] in exchange for silver. The Sibe were incorporated into the [[Eight Banners]] and were stationed in [[Qiqihar]] and other cities in [[Northeast China]].<ref name="Rawski1998">{{cite book|author=Evelyn S. Rawski|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|url=https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws|url-access=registration|date=15 November 1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92679-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lastemperorssoc00raws/page/242 242]–}}</ref>

In 1700, some 20,000 Qiqihar Sibes were resettled in [[Hohhot]] (modern [[Inner Mongolia]]); 36,000 Songyuan Sibes were resettled in [[Shenyang]], [[Liaoning]]. The relocation of the Sibe from Qiqihar is believed by Gorelova to be linked to the Qing's complete annihilation of the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they revolted against the Qing.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=ceased+exist+rebellions Gorelova 2002], p. 36.</ref> According to [[Jerry Norman (sinologist)|Jerry Norman]], after a revolt by the Qiqihar Sibes in 1764, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] ordered an 800-man military escort to transfer 18,000 Sibe to the [[Ili (river)|Ili River]] of [[Dzungaria]].<ref name="Gorelova"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=Valley+of+Xinjiang+to+colonize+Jungaria,+where+their+descendants+still+live+today.+It+is+as+yet+unclear+why+the+Sibes+were+chosen+for+this+purpose+unless+it+was+their+opposition+to+the+ruling+Manchu+Dynasty+(Lebedeva+%26+Gorelova,+1994:10-1).+In+the+document+number+seven+of+the+above-mentioned+collection+there+is+information+about+disor%C2%AD+der+among+the+Sibes.+It+is+also+mentioned+that+the+Qiqihar+Sibe+companies’+commanders+and+their+officers+were+removed+from+their+posts.+During+their+transfer+from+Mukden+to+the+Ili+Valley,+the+Sibes+were+convoyed+by+Manchu+regular+forces+of+eight+hundred+officers+and+men.+All+these+facts+corroborate+the+compulsory+nature+of+the+Sibe’s+transfer+to+Xinjiang+(SU).&dq=Valley+of+Xinjiang+to+colonize+Jungaria,+where+their+descendants+still+live+today.+It+is+as+yet+unclear+why+the+Sibes+were+chosen+for+this+purpose+unless+it+was+their+opposition+to+the+ruling+Manchu+Dynasty+(Lebedeva+%26+Gorelova,+1994:10-1).+In+the+document+number+seven+of+the+above-mentioned+collection+there+is+information+about+disor%C2%AD+der+among+the+Sibes.+It+is+also+mentioned+that+the+Qiqihar+Sibe+companies’+commanders+and+their+officers+were+removed+from+their+posts.+During+their+transfer+from+Mukden+to+the+Ili+Valley,+the+Sibes+were+convoyed+by+Manchu+regular+forces+of+eight+hundred+officers+and+men.+All+these+facts+corroborate+the+compulsory+nature+of+the+Sibe’s+transfer+to+Xinjiang+(SU).&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Rl9oU_ebHe3QsQSPw4GADQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA Gorelova 2002], p. 37.</ref>

In Ili, the Xinjiang Sibe built [[Gompa|Buddhist monasteries]] and cultivated vegetables, [[tobacco]] and [[Poppy|poppies]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ&q=In+Xinjiang+the+Sibes+were+engaged+only+in+agriculture.+They+sowed+wheat,+barley+and+millet,+cultivated+onions,+garlic,+aubergine,+cucumbers,+and+other+vegetables+and+grew+corn,+tobacco-plant+and+poppy+as+well.+As+food+they+used+farm+produce,+fish,+and+very+rarely+meat.+Their+clothes+did+not+differ+from+those+of+the+Chinese. Gorelova 2002], p. 37.</ref> The Sibe population declined after the Qing used them to suppress the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt (1862–77)]] by the [[Hui people|Hui]]<ref name="Gorelova"/> and to fight against the Russian occupation of Ili during the revolt.<ref name="PD"/> The scarcity of provisions in Ili became such that the Governor at last saw himself obliged to dismiss his last auxiliaries, the Thagor Kalmuks. In the meantime both Solons and Sibos were being attacked and plundered and were obliged to make peace with the insurgents, so that only Ili, Khorgos, Losigun and Suidun, remained in the hands of the Mantchus. Ili was now entirely surrounded and it was resolved to reduce it by famine. The situation there was indeed frightful; all the provisions had been exhausted and the only food was horses, dogs and cats. Typhus so raged that from 50 to 100 men died daily.<ref>{{cite book|date=1876|title=Turkistan: 2|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189365|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle &Rivington|edition=5|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189365/page/n215 181]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schuyler|first=Eugene|date=1876|title=Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara and Kuldja, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TtbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA181|publisher=S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington|edition=2|page=181}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Schuyler|first=Eugene|date=1876|title=Turkestan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khorand, Bukhara, and Kuldja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vXcGyEI-VcC&pg=PA181|publisher=Sampson Low|edition=4|page=181}}</ref>

During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China (1912–49)]] period, many northeastern Sibe joined [[anti-Japanese volunteer armies]], while northwestern Sibe fought against the [[Kuomintang]] during the [[Ili Rebellion]]. After the [[Chinese Communist Revolution]] in 1949 established the People's Republic of China (PRC), large-scale educational and hygiene campaigns increased Sibe literacy and resulted in the eradication of [[Qapqal disease]] (a form of type A [[botulism]]).

In 1954, the PRC established the [[Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County]] to replace Ningxi County in Xinjiang, in the group's area of highest ethnic concentration.

==Culture==
{{Further|Shamanism in the Qing dynasty}}
Most historical analyses indicate that the Sibe people were never treated as part of the Manchu proper, nor do they ever perceive themselves as being the same as the Manchu people. The Sibe garrisons were administered separately from those of the Manchu and did not enjoy the same rights as them. The Sibe soldiers had to earn their living by squatting on land to become self-sufficient, while the Manchu garrisons were supplied by the Qing state. Possibly due to the unequal administrative treatment in the history, alongside their late incorporation into the [[Eight Banners]], there is both a Sibe self-perception and state recognition of the Sibe people in more recent times as a national minority that is distinct from the Manchu.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.21832/9781800411562/html |title=Language Standardisation and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts: Asian Perspectives |date=2022-12-31 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=978-1-80041-156-2 |editor-last=McLelland |editor-first=Nicola |doi=10.21832/9781800411562 |editor-last2=Zhao |editor-first2=Hui}}</ref>

Historical religions of the Sibe included [[shamanism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Customary Sibe attire included short buttoned jackets and trousers for men and close-fitting, long and lace-trimmed gowns for women. [[Arranged marriage]] was common and women had low social status, including no right to inherit property.<ref name="PD" /> Nowadays almost all the Sibe wear modern clothing and the traditional clothing is worn by elders during festivals. Traditionally, the Sibe were divided into many ''hala'', male-led clans consisting of people who shared the same [[surname]]. Until modern times, the dwellings of the Sibe housed up to three different generations from the same family, since it was believed that while the father was alive no son could break the family clan by leaving the house.<ref name="PD" />

The Sibe in [[Northeast China]] speak [[Mandarin Chinese]] as their [[first language]]. In some Sibe communities in [[Northeast China]], women are not allowed to live with men before formal marriage. During this time, the man must formally propose and express his intention to marry through specific acts and ceremonies. Only after the woman accepts the proposal and the marriage is finalized can she move into the man's home. In Xinjiang, descendants of the [[Qing dynasty]] military garrison speak the [[Xibe language]], a Southern [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic language]] that underwent morphophonological changes and the adoption of loanwords from languages spoken in Xinjiang including [[Mandarin Chinese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], and [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]].

The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared musical culture and adopted elements from each other's music.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sQlxJdK6wGUC&dq=uyghur+village&pg=PA194 Harris 2004], p. 194.</ref>

== Distribution ==
According to the [[2010 Chinese census|2010 Chinese Census]], there were 190,481 Sibe people in [[China]]: 99,571 males and 90,910 females.<ref name=":2" /> The largest Sibe population within China was in the [[Provinces of China|province]] of [[Liaoning]], home to 132,431 Sibe people, 69.52% of all Sibe people in China, but just 0.30% of Liaoning's total population.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]] of [[Xinjiang]] is also home to a sizable number of Sibe people: 34,399 in total, accounting for 18.06% of all Sibe people in China, and 0.16% of Xinjiang's total population.<ref name=":2" /> Outside of these two, [[Heilongjiang]], [[Jilin]], and [[Inner Mongolia]] have the largest Sibe populations, totaling 7,608, 3,113, and 3,000, respectively.<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Distribution of Sibe people in China
! rowspan="2" |Provincial-level division
! colspan="2" |2010<ref name=":2" />
|-
!Population
!Percent of total Sibe in China
|-
|[[Liaoning]]
|132,431
|69.52%
|-
|[[Xinjiang]]
|34,399
|18.06%
|-
|[[Heilongjiang]]
|7,608
|3.99%
|-
|[[Jilin]]
|3,113
|1.63%
|-
|[[Inner Mongolia]]
|3,000
|1.57%
|-
|[[Beijing]]
|2,569
|1.35%
|-
|[[Hebei]]
|851
|0.45%
|-
|[[Guangdong]]
|705
|0.37%
|-
|[[Shanghai]]
|696
|0.37%
|-
|[[Shandong]]
|661
|0.35%
|-
|[[Tianjin]]
|536
|0.28%
|-
|[[Jiangsu]]
|433
|0.23%
|-
|[[Shaanxi]]
|416
|0.22%
|-
|[[Sichuan]]
|381
|0.20%
|-
|[[Gansu]]
|299
|0.16%
|-
|[[Henan]]
|273
|0.14%
|-
|[[Hubei]]
|228
|0.12%
|-
|[[Zhejiang]]
|200
|0.10%
|-
|[[Guizhou]]
|185
|0.10%
|-
|[[Ningxia]]
|184
|0.10%
|-
|[[Shanxi]]
|158
|0.08%
|-
|[[Yunnan]]
|158
|0.08%
|-
|[[Guangxi]]
|146
|0.08%
|-
|[[Anhui]]
|143
|0.08%
|-
|[[Chongqing]]
|143
|0.08%
|-
|[[Fujian]]
|142
|0.08%
|-
|[[Hunan]]
|136
|0.07%
|-
|[[Qinghai]]
|128
|0.07%
|-
|[[Jiangxi]]
|81
|0.04%
|-
|[[Hainan]]
|72
|0.04%
|-
|[[Tibet]]
|6
|< 0.01%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''190,481'''
|'''100.00%'''
|}

=== Xinjiang ===
Approximately 43,000 Sibe people live in the [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]] of [[Xinjiang]], of which, approximately 34,000 live in the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]], where the [[Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County]] is located.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-03-15|title=|script-title=zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数|trans-title=3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)|url=http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101904/http://www.xjtj.gov.cn/sjcx/tjnj_3415/2016xjtjnj/rkjy/201707/t20170714_539450.html|archive-date=2017-10-11|access-date=2021-06-11|website=www.xjtj.gov.cn|publisher=Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|language=zh}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=|script-title=zh:3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数|trans-title=3-7 Population by Nationality by Prefecture, State, City and County (City)|url=http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101062133/http://tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn/tjj/rkjyu/202006/3b1eef1049114b0c9cf9e81bf18433ef.shtml|archive-date=2020-11-01|access-date=2021-06-11|website=tjj.xinjiang.gov.cn|publisher=Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region|language=zh}}</ref> As of 2018, 19,984 Sibe people live in the [[autonomous county]], comprising 10.28% of its total population, which is dominated by larger groups, such as the [[Han Chinese]], [[Uyghurs]], and [[Kazakhs]].<ref name=":1" /> In 2015, 20,426 Sibe people lived in the autonomous county, comprising 10.38% of its total population.<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Distribution of Sibe people in Xinjiang
! rowspan="2" |Prefecture-level division
! colspan="2" |2015<ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |2018<ref name=":1" />
|-
!Population
!Percent of total Sibe in Xinjiang
!Population
!Percent of total Sibe in Xinjiang
|-
|[[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]]
|34,457
|80.18%
|33,879
|79.21%
|-
|[[Ürümqi]]
|5,686
|13.23%
|5,767
|13.48%
|-
|[[Karamay]]
|986
|2.29%
|1,033
|2.42%
|-
|[[Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture]]
|651
|1.51%
|666
|1.56%
|-
|[[Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture]]
|196
|0.46%
|425
|0.99%
|-
|[[Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture]]
|265
|0.62%
|226
|0.53%
|-
|[[Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps]]
|305
|0.71%
|202
|0.47%
|-
|[[Aksu Prefecture|Aksu]]
|126
|0.29%
|177
|0.41%
|-
|[[Hami]]
|158
|0.37%
|155
|0.36%
|-
|[[Kashgar Prefecture|Kashgar]]
|100
|0.23%
|133
|0.31%
|-
|[[Hotan Prefecture|Hotan]]
|12
|0.03%
|55
|0.13%
|-
|[[Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture]]
|6
|0.01%
|33
|0.08%
|-
|[[Turpan]]
|26
|0.06%
|21
|0.05%
|-
|'''Xinjiang Total'''
|'''42,974'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''42,772'''
|'''100.00%'''
|}

==Notable individuals==
*[[Tong Liya]] ({{lang|zh|佟丽娅}}), actress
*[[Wu Qian (basketball, born 1986)|Wu Qian]] ({{lang|zh|吴谦}}), retired basketball player

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Zikmundová|first1=Veronika|title=Spoken Sibe: Morphology of the Inflected Parts of Speech|date=2013|publisher= [[Karolinum Press]] |location=Prague|isbn=978-80-24621036|edition=1st}}
*Wu Yuanfeng, Zhao Zhiqiang. 1981. "Sibezu xiqian gaishu" [A general account of the westward migration of the Sibe]. ''Minzu yanjiu'' 2:22–29.
*Ramsey, S. Robert. 1987. ''The Languages of China''. Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey {{ISBN|0-691-06694-9}}
*''C. G. Mannerheimin Valokuvia Aasian-Matkalta 1906–1908 (Photographs By C. G. Mannerheim From His Journey Across Asia 1906–1908)'', (Otava, Keuruu: 1990) {{ISBN|951-1-11357-7}}. Contains photographs of Sibe and other ethnic groups.
*{{citation|first=Pamela Kyle|last=Crossley|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2002|isbn=0-631-23591-4|title=The Manchus|series=Volume 14 of Peoples of Asia|edition=3|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0KHLEvqvET8C}}
*{{cite book|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies, Manchu Grammar|editor-first=Liliya M.|editor-last=Gorelova|volume=Seven Manchu Grammar|year=2002|publisher=Brill Academic Pub|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ|isbn=9004123075|access-date=6 May 2014}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XOTQ2MDAxNjA=.html Video on Sibe culture (in Chinese)]
*[http://www.atarn.org/xibe_manchu/xibe.htm Website on Sibe archery]
*[https://minibuleku.github.io/ Mini Buleku A Recorded Sibe Dictionary]
*[http://sibe.51.net Sibe Culture (in Eng and Chinese)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142134/http://sibe.51.net/ |date=2012-02-25 }}
*[http://www.manchustudiesgroup.org/2013/04/04/a-tatar-among-the-tartars-an-excerpt-from-nushirvan-yavshefs-travel-writings/ The Sibe in the Early 20th Century] by [[David Brophy (historian)|David Brophy]], ANU

{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{Tungusic peoples}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sibe people| ]]
[[Category:Tungusic peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]]